D A U T U HA H D I C H D G I A O DDC VA D A O TAO V A V A N DE K A H D I H O A , HOY D O N G C A C NGUON LUG CHO P H A T TRIEN GIAO DOC V A D A D TAO • • • a O ThS VU TH| LOAN* Giao due (GD) Id qudc s[.]
D A U T U H A H D I C H D G I A O D D C V A D A O TAO V A V A N DE K A H D I H O A , HOY D O N G C A C N G U O N LUG C H O P H A T T R I E N G I A O DOC V A D A D TAO • • • a O G iao due (GD) Id qudc sach hdng ddu, ddu tu cho GD Id ddu tu cho phdt trien, bdi phdt trien GD tao ddng luc de phdt trien kinh te xd hdi, thuc day su nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dqi hda ddt nude, Id dieu kien de tao vd phdt huy Iqi the canh tranh cua Viet Nam ve nguon nhdn lyc qua trinh todn cdu hda Trong dieu kien ddt nude cdn ngheo, khu vyc GD cdng, nhdt Id GD phd' thdng cdn nhieu ddu tu cua ngdn sach Nhd nude ve ca sd vdt chdt vd cdc dieu kien day hoc thi viec huy ddng moi nguon lyc cua xd hdi ddu tu cho GD cd vai trd quan trong phdt trien vd ndng cao chdt luqng GD nude nhd Ddng vd Nhd nude ta dd cd cdc nghj quyet, chinh sach de chi dao vd thuc thi tu tudng xd hdi hda GD nhu Id mat gidi phap quan phdt trie'n GDDT nude nhd Tuy nhien, thyc te cho thdy, cdc no lyc huy ddng nguon lyc khan hiem cua xd hdi de ddu tu cho GD cdn nhieu Idng phi, chua dat duqc hieu qua vd sd' luqng, chdt luqng ddu mong dqi Nhieu nghien cuu dd chi cdc nguyen nhdn, dd van de dy bdo nguon nhdn lyc (cd ve sd luqng vd chdt luqng) cdn chua duqc chii trong, sd lieu cdn ngheo nan vdi dd tin cdy thdp Ben canh dd, md hdu het cdc ca sd GD-DT cung nhu cdc ca quan quan li GD cdc cap qua chu den cdc bien phap huy ddng them cdc nguon lyc ciia nhd nude vd xd hdi cho GD-DT thi bien phap su dyng tiet kiem, hieu qua cdc nguon lyc dd cd vd se cd dudng nhu Iqi it duqc bdn den Hieu qua ciia ddu tu cho phdt trien GD-DT De tinh todn vd ddnh gid duqc hieu qua cua ddu tu cho phdt trien GD sau THPT (dqi hoc, cao ddng, trudng nghe, ), cdc nhd kinh te dd so sanh giua chi phi hien tai vd cdc khoan Iqi hien tai vdi chi phi vd cdc nguon Iqi tuang lai Tap chi Giao due so 263 (k 1.6/2011) ThS VU TH| LOAN* Thu ; nhap I phai ti/ : Chi phi tryc tiep di hoc sau THPT Nguon: Kinh tehgc, David Begg, tap 1, NXB Giao dye, Ha Ngi 1992, tr 286 Hinh tren cho thdy Iqi ich cua ddu tu phdt trien GD sau THPT duqc bdng khoan thu nhdp bd sung trung binh cho nhung ngudi duqc DT so vdi nhung ngudi tdt nghiep phd thdng trung hoc di Idm (vdi gid thiet cdc yeu to thu nhdp khdc khong ddi) Chi phi vd thu nhdp cua viec ddu tu duqc minh hoa nhu sau: - Tryc hodnh bieu diin ve chi phi cho GD sau THPT, bao gom chi phi tryc tiep vd chi phi gian tiep (chi phi ca hdi - opportunity cost) Chi phi tryc tiep bao gom cdc khoan chi tieu cd nhdn cd lien quan den viec di hoc vd khoan chi cua xd hdi (nguon ngdn sach vd cdc dich vy cdng cdng khdc cd lien quan) de cung cap dich vy GD sau THPT duqc tra cap tir nhd nude md cdc cd nhdn hodc gia dinh hq khong phdi trd Chi phi gian tiep Id khoan chi phi tuang ung vdi khoan thu nhdp md ngudi hoc phdi tu bd tiep tyc theo hoc tai cdc ca sd GD sau THPT - Tryc tung bieu dien ve thu nhdp Ta thdy rdng, thu nhdp (DD) cua mdt ngudi tdt nghiep sau THPT cao han mdt muc «lqi ich" so vdi thu nhdp gid djnh (PP) cua chinh ngudi dd neu thdi hoc vd bdt ddu di Idm sau hoc xong phd thdng trung hoc Thu nhdp phdi tir bd duqc chi nhu Id sy chenh lech thu nhdp dm cd nhdn dd tiep tyc theo hoc dqi hoc Hieu qua cua ddu tu cho GD dai hoc duac the hien d chenh Tnfdng Trung cap nghe cong doan Viet Nam lech thu nhdp duang so sanh muc «lgi ich"va muc «thu nhap phai tCr bo" Moi quan he nhan qua giua dau tu vd phdt trien GD-DT Ddu tu cho GD-DT duqc xem Id ddu tu ca bdn, Id ddu tu cho su phdt trien hoan chinh ciia ngudi - ddng luc true tiep quyet dinh su phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi Garey Becker nhd kinh te hoc Hoa Ki, gidi thudng Nobel kinh te ndm 1992 dd khdng djnh: «Khong co dau tu nao mang lgi nguon lgi Ion nhu dau tu vao nguon nhan luc" Hieu qua cua viec ddu tu cho su nghiep GD-DT duqc phdt huy tren pham vi todn xd hdi, dong thdi duqc xdc djnh day du nhung sdn phdm cua DT di vdo cudc sdng vd thuc su thuc day su phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi cua ddt nude Sy tang trudng kinh te, binh dn ve chinh trj, xd hdi Id mdt bdng chung cua hieu qua ddu tu cho GD-DT Dau tU cho GD-OT Tang trudng kinh te va tien bo xa hoi, cong bing va phat trien on dinh Phat trien GD-DT DT nhan luc va boi dirdng nhan tai, nang cao dan tri cho xa hoi Moi qua trinh ddu tu (bao gom cd nhd nude vd tu nhdn) vdo phdt trien GD-DT cd quan he qua Iqi, nhdn qua Nhd cd ddu tu vdo GD-DT, vdn ngudi (lao ddng) se duqc tich luy vd tang len, Id ca sd vd Id chia khod de tri sy tang trudng kinh te vd tang thu nhdp tuong lai Nhd cd thu nhdp tang len, mdt phdn ldn han se duqc tich luy cho GD-DT qua ddu tu, gdp phdn quyet dinh cho phdt trien sy nghiep GD-DT Mdi quan he nhdn qua giua ddu tu vd phdt trien GDDT duqc the hien hinh ben Rd rdng, ddu tu cho GD-DT Id ddu tu «lgi ich tuong lai", hieu qua khdng thdy duqc d ddu cua qua trinh GD-DT md se duqc phdn dnh thdng qua sy tang trudng kinh te, tien bd xd hdi, cdng bdng vd dn djnh phdt trien Lai ich dich thyc cua viec ddu tu cho GD-DT Id tao «tiem nang" cua sy phdt trien thdng qua viec tao cdc sdn phdm vd hinh, nhung cd the luang duqc Id nhdn tdi, nhdn luc vd ddn tri Nguon tdi lyc cho phdt trien GD-DT De phdt trien GD-DT, cdn nguon lyc Id nhdn lyc vd tdi lyc Nhdn lyc d day Id nhung nhd khoa hoc, nhung nhd quan li cd trinh cao, thyc hien cdng tdc GD-DT, nhung gidng vien, gido vien Tdi lyc Id nguon tdi chinh cung cap cho qua trinh GD-DT Tren thyc te, nguon tdi lyc chiem vi tri quan vi tdi lyc Id ca sd yeu de phdt huy cdc nguon lyc Trong mdt thdi gian rdt ddi, nguon tdi lyc phyc vy cdng tdc GD-DT ngdn sach nhd nude bao cap Cd diem yeu xudt phdt tu vdn de nay: /J Cdc khoan tdi chinh chi dung tCr ngdn sach duqc hudng vdo cdc hnh vyc nghien cuu vd thyc nghiem chua hoan todn phyc vy cho thyc tiln Mdt sd cdc tdm nghien cuu chua the ung dyng thyc tiln Dieu hoan todn dS hieu vi tdi chinh chi dung tu ngdn sach Id de phyc vy cho nhung myc tieu cd tdm vT md, vd cdc vdn de d tdm vT md thi khdng the sinh hieu qua tuc thdi Chinh vi the, viec ddnh gid hieu qua cdc khoan ddu tu dd Id vd cung khd, tham chi cd mdt sd nai Iqi dyng chi tien ngdn sach theo each thuc «gidi ngdn" md khdng tinh den hieu qua; 2) Do tdi chinh lay tu ngdn sach de chi dung nen viec y thuc ve hieu qua cua cdc khoan ddu tu Id chua cao, nhin chung chung ta khdng cd du nhdn sy cd ndng lyc de giam sat vd ddnh gid hieu qua cdc khoan ddu tu nay; 3) Tdi chinh chi dung tu ngdn sach hien Id chi theo hinh thuc «cdo bdng" cdc nhu cdu cung nhu ngdnh nghe DT (nhung ngdnh nghe khdng thiet thyc, hay nhung ngdnh nghe dang cd nhu cdu cao, nhung ngdnh nghe cdn nghien cuu, nhung ngdnh nghe cdn thyc nghiem duqc ddnh gid nhu ve nhu cdu tdi chinh), tu dd Idm sinh hien tuang nai thua, nai thieu Sy cdo bdng cdn the hien cd ddnh gid sue lao ddng vd hieu qua lao ddng cua ddi ngu cdc chuyen gia vd gidng vien thyc hien cdng tdc DT De gidi quyet vdn de nay, cdn chia nhd cdc nguon lyc tdi chinh vdo tung ngdnh nghe, linh vyc vd chia nhd sy giam sat hieu qua cua no Viec ddi hdi nhd nude phdi phdi hqp han nua vdi cdc lyc luqng xd hdi Han nua, nguon ngdn sach nhd nude khdng the ddm duang todn bd cdng tdc GD-DT dieu kien khdi luqng HS cdc cap mdt tang len khdng ngung vd ngdn sach nhd nude ddu tu cho GD khdng the tang kjp vdi tdc dd tang ve quy md sd luqng HS, sinh vien Tap c h i Giao due so (ki / 1 ) Trong nhung nam qua, mac du dieu kien dat nuac nhieu kho khan, nha nuac van quan tam danh ngan sach dang ke dau tu cho GD Ti le ngan sach nhd nuac ddnh cho GD-DT so vdi GDP tang len hdng ndm, tu 4,1% nam 2001 len 5,6% ndm 2008 Vdi nguon ngdn sach dd, hnh vuc GD-DT dd dat duqc nhung ket qua ddng khich le Tuy nhien, nen kinh te nude ta dd chuyen sang ca che thi trudng duqc 20 ndm, dd hinh thdnh mdt nhieu cdc ca sd GD ngodi cdng lap thi ca che tdi chinh GD thuc te van chua cd thay doi ve chdt so vdi thdi ki kinh te ke hoach hod tap trung, bao cap Cd nhieu nguyen nhdn dan den viec khdng the ddnh gid duqc hieu qua ddu tu cua nhd nude cho GD todn qudc: a) Viec quan li ngdn sach GD cdn phdn tan: cdc dja phuang quan li 74% ngdn sach nhd nude chi cho GD hdng nam; cdc bd, ngdnh khdc 21 %; Bd GD-DT quan li 5% Cdc dia phuang, cdc bd, ngdnh khdng cd bdo cdo ve tinh hinh vd hieu qua su dyng ngdn sach GD cho Bd GD-DT; b) Djnh muc phdn bd ngdn sach GD chua gdn chdt vdi cdc tieu chi ddm bdo chdt luqng DT (ddi ngu nhd gido, dieu kien vecasdvdt chdt ), chua Idm rd trdch nhiem chia se chi phi DT giua nhd nude vd ngudi hoc d GD nghe nghiep vd GD dqi hoc, ve ca bdn van mang ndng tinh bao cap vd binh quan Viec phdn bd ngdn sach cho GD chu yeu dya tren kinh nghiem, thieu ca sd khoa hoc xdy dyng muc chi vd dan gid chudn; c) Che dd hoc phi xdy dyng tu 11 ndm trudc chua thay ddi Muc hoc phi qua thdp, dudi khd ndng chi trd ciia ngudi ddn d cdc vung dd thj, khdng phu hqp vdi mat bdng gid cd cung vdi chinh sach cdi each tien luang nhung ndm qua Vdi nguon ngdn sach cap hdng nam cdn han hep (binh quan 3,7 trieu ddng/sinh vien dqi hqc/ndm 2006) vd muc thu hoc phi rdt thdp, cd djnh nhieu ndm (1,8 trieu ddng/sinh vien/ndm), cdc ca sd GD khdng cd du nguon lyc de bd sung thu nhdp cho GV thyc hien chinh sach tang luang vd tang cudng trang thiet bj, ca sd vdt chdt nhdm ndng cao chdt luqng GD; d) Viec huy ddng ddng gdp ciia nhdn ddn cho cdc trudng khdng kiem soat duqc, viec xd hdi hod GD cdn nhieu han che Muc huy ddng cdc nguon lyc cho phdt trien GD-DT Khi xem xet cdc nguon tdi chinh cho GD-DT, tuc Id td'ng chi xd hdi cho GD-DT, ta thdy nguon ngdn sach nhd nude chi cho GD-DT chiem mdt ti Tap c h i Giao due so