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CUNG CD BAI GIANG MDN SINH HOC BANG VIEC SJl DUNG GRAPH THco HinrnG P H H T HUV T I U H T ICH circ cun nuuiri unc O TRINH THI H A PHUONG'''' TS NGUYEN TH^ HUNG"'''' Trong qud trinh thuc hien ke hoqch dqy hq[.]
CUNG CD BAI GIANG MDN SINH HOC BANG VIEC SJl DUNG GRAPH THco HinrnG PHHT HUV TIUH TICH circ cun nuuiri unc O TRINH THI H A P H U O N G ' - TS NGUYEN TH^ HUNG"' T rong qud trinh thuc hien ke hoqch dqy hqc mot bdi hgc, cung ed bdi gidng (CCBG) Id khdu cudi cung, nhung cd y nghla cue ki quan trgng Tri/dc h i t , qua khdu ciing cd, HS xdc djnh dugc nhi/ng van de h-gng tdm, sdng td, khde sdu them ve k i l n thuc vd nhiJng kt ndng (KN) dd dugc Ifnh hdi, Ngodi ro, khdu CCBG khdng nhung giup hqe sinh (HS) xdc Idp duqe mdi lien quan gii/a cdc dem vi k i l n thuc, md edn tqo hirng thu hgc tdp cho HS Trong mot sd trt/dng hgp, viee CCBG cdn cd the giup HS xda bd di/ge nhi/ng djnh k i l n sai Idm ve k i l n thuc dd dugc thu nhqn tu trudc Vl vdy, h-ong thuc hien ke hogeh bdi dqy, gidc vien (GV) edn luu y tdi khdu CCBG theo huong phdt huy dugc tinh tich cue, chu dgng, sdng tqo cue HS Trong cdc mye tieu tren, neu x I p theo thong bdc nhdn thuc, thi muc Heu , vd Id cdc muc tieu bdc Bdi vi, de dqt dirge cdc mye heu ndy, HS chi cdn tdi hien kiln thuc, Cdc muc heu edn Iql, deu thudc loqi muc heu bdc Vdi mye tieu bdc 2, khdng chi doi hdl^ HS nhd, md cdn ddi hdi HS hieu vd vqn dyng O cdc Idp chqn hoqe lop chuyen Sinh, theo ddi h/gng HS md GV cdn ddt ro cdc mye tieu cao hon (mye tieu bde 3) ddi vdi HS Chdng hqn^ - Ve dugc so dd ve eo che xoy cdc dqng DB cdu true NST; - Ve dugc so ve su tiep hgp euo cdc NST bj DB ve cdu true qud trinh gidm phdn Chiing ta biet rdng, neu HS phdn biet dugc ede dqng DB cd'u true NST, thi HS de ddng bleu dien dugc ede dqng DB ndy bdng so dd Tuy nhien, HS ehi cd the ve dugc so d o v e co chi xdy Cd nhieu bien phdp CCBG khde Tuy cdc dgng DB cdu true NST vd sa dd vi sy tiip nhien, gioi hqn bdi v i l t ndy, chung tdi chi hqp eua cdc NST bi DB ve edu trOe qud gidi thieu vd phdn h'ch y nghTa euo bien phdp trinh gidm phdn, hieu rd bdn chd't cua cdc CCBG bdng viee su dyng graph Trong d d , ede qua trinh ndy vi dy minh hqo dugc riJt ro h> mdt sd bien phdp CCBG theo hudng phdt huy tinh lich eye, Cling ed bdi Nhiem sdc thi(NST) vd dot biin(DB) ehu d q n g euo HS b d n g viec su d y n g graph ed'u true N S r ( S i n h hgc 12) 1} Y nghta eua viec su dung graph Phan h'ch ngi dung kien thuc cua b d i cung cd bdi hgc Khi cdn so sdnh cdc ddi tugng, Bdi NSTvd DB cdu true NSTthudc chuong 1: trudc het, cdc ddi h/gng edn dugc phdn tich thdnh Co chi di truyen biin di (phdn Dl truyin hgc) cdc bd phdn theo mdt heu chi ndo d d Vlee so Trudc hqc bdi ndy, HS d d dugc nghien ci/u sdnh cdc dd'i tuqng giup HS nhin nhdn vdn de d ve CO sd vdt ehd't di hnjyen d cd'p phdn h> (ADN, nhieu mat Chi hieu sdu sdc cdc thdnh td cua gen) Bdi ndy ed hai phdn chinh: - Hinh thdi vd ddi tugng, HS mdi cd the so sdnh di/gc cdc ddi tugng vdi Sou phdn tich, so sdnh cdc cdu true cua NST; - DB cdu true NST thdnh to eua dd'i h/qng, HS Iqi phdi ed qud h-inh Muc tieu bdi hgc: 1) Trinh bdy dugc hinh tdng hqp de rut ket ludn Rd rdng, viec HS thdi euo NST; 2) Trinh bdy duqe edu true sieu duqe su dyng vd thilt ke graph khdu CCBG hien vi cua NST; 3) Gidi thich diroc y nghla cua cd y nghta rd't Idn viee ren luyen tu duy, cdu triic hien vi vd cd'u true sieu hien vi cua NST; phdt trien KN phdn tich, so sdnh vd tdng hgp 4) Phdt bieu dugc djnh nghta ve DB ed'u true NST; Ben eqnh d d , viec cung cd bdi hqe bdng vlee he 5) Liet ke dirorc cdc dqng DB cd'u true NST; d) So thdng hod k i l n tht/c Iqi nhdm cung cdp mot birc sdnh diTOfc cdc dqng DB cdu true NST; 7) Neu tranh tdng the, cd he thdng ve ndi dung k i l n thuc duqe vol trd cOa mdi dqng DB cd'u triic NST; HS dd hoc Ngodi ro, su dyng graph khdu B) Gidi thfch duqe vai trd vd hdu qud eua moi dgng DB cd'u h-uc NST ' Jning Bai hoc Giao due - 6HQG Ha Noi Tap chi Giao due so (ki a • ia/aon) cung cd cdn c6 y nghta r6n KN hqp tdc, KN td chuc, KN Idm vl§e nhdm n l u qud trinh t h i l t k l graph cOa HS ddi hdi phdl chio thdnh ede cdng doqn khde nhau, vdl su tham gia eua nhieu ngi/dl Trong khdu cung cd bdi, cd t h i su dyng graph d l to chuc hoqt ddng ciia HS, vdl cdc muc d$ khde Sy thdnh cdng viec cOng cd bdi phy thu$c rdt nhieu vdo muc dd tham glo vd sy no lye cua HS viSc thilt k l graph d) Thilt k l so dd b l l u dl§n mdi quan h§ gii/o hinh thdi, cdu tnic cua NST vd c6e dgng DB cdu trCic NST? Trong bdn bdi t^p GV dua ra, thi bdi tqp a vd bdi tdp b, HS cd t h i hodn thdnh mqt cdch d§ ddng bdng cdch tdl hien Iqi nhimg ndi dung quan trqng euo bdi Tuy nhlSn, bdi tdp c khdng ehi ddi hdi HS xdc djnh dugc eo sd vdt chd't di truyin d cdp dd ti bdo chinh la NST, md cdn ddi hdi HS h i l u ro: cdc ddc diim cua NST chinh Id dliu kiSn khiin cho NST ddm bdo dugc Id cosd vdt chdt dl truyin Cung nhu vdy, HS chi cd t h i hodn thdnh dugc bdi tqp d trSn eo sd xdc Tdp duoc mdi quan h& gli/a hinh thdi, cd'u triic NST vd qud trinh DB NST Cdn luu y: cung mqt bdi tdp, d cung mot Idp, HS cd t h i thiet k l dugc n h l l u kleu graph Ngoy ed rihijng graph duqe thilt ke dung cung rd't khde nnau v l cdch b l l u dqt Trong cdc graph dugc thiet k l theo cdc cdu hdi djnh hudng 2) GV thiit ki vd si} dyng nSu trSn, thi graph d hinh I Id graph don gidn vd de thiet k l nhd't graph Mdc du mye t\%u dqy hgc Ngudi thilt k l graph ndy ehi can xdc djnh cdc heu de ve ndi dung cd nhllu cd'p d o , nhung mdt bdi ehu y l u ciia bdi (cdc dinh cua graph), rdi sdp xep Iql theo mot hgc cy t h i phdl cd nhi/ng mye logic ndo dd vd lldn k i t cdc dinh ciia graph ed quan he vdi tiSu ca bdn Dd Id nhi/ng mye bdng cdc doqn thdng (cdc cung ciia graph) tieu giiip cho HS ddp ung di/qc NSTvaiHScSutt nhCmg chudn v l kiln thuc vd KN NST Tuy nhien, nhu dd phdn tich d I h-ln, Kiy theo dd'i h/gng, dieu kiSn I Hinh ihSi cau iriic NST | | DBcJu true NST vd nhiem vy hoc tdp ey t h i , md GV ed t h i dieu chinh viec xdy dung mye tieu cho phu hgp, Dieu cdn nhdn mqnh Id, viee CCBG phdi edn cu vdo he mye tieu d d Dao Chuyin dtrge xdc djnh h> trudc ^[l Sou k i t thuc ngi dung bdi d g y , G V ed the duo mdt g r a p h cho HS n g h i e n c u u Graph ndy phdi ddp ung dugc yeu cdu: rd rdng, ddm bdo Knh su phqm, dqc biet Id mdi lien he gii/a ngi dung kien thuc eo bdn euo bdi hoc cung nhu mdi lien he bdn chdt gii/a cdc khdi mem phdi dugc phdn anh chinh xdc, trung thuc Hinh NST vd DB cd'u tnic NST Graph d hinh khdng dugc thiet ke theo ede heu d l hoSe trinh h/ngi dung nhu graph d h / n / i / ( J ddy, sou thu nhqn thong tin ve ddi tugng nghien cuu (DB cau true NST), ddi tuqng ndy dd dugc phdn tich thdnh ede thdnh td: djnh nghta; ngt;yen nhdn; phdn loqi; hdu qud, vai trd Trong d o , moi thdnh to' cua ddi nhrong Iqi duqe phdn chio thdnh cdc thdnh to' nhd hon theo nhi/ng heu ehi xdc djnh (xem hinh 2) DBcSu tnic N S T t 3} GV td chuc HS thiet ki Djnh nghia Nguygn nhfin Phan loai H|u qua vai tr6 graph O muc cao hon, GV ed the to chuc cho HS xdy d y n g 1 i i i V« graph ndi dung eua bdt hgc duo Dao H3u Hda VSt II Sinh Up tren nhung k i l n thuc eo b d n , 11 1i9C mdu chdt vd he thdng cdu hdi Hinh DB cd'u true NSTC dinh hudng Chdng hqn: oJThilt ke so d d ve ndi dung chinh cua Ddi vdi Graph o hinh 3, HS khong nhCrng dugc ren luyen cdch bdi hqe?; b) Thiet ke so dd ve thu thdp thdng tin, md cdn dtrae ren K N xi/ If thdng Hn muc ede d q n g DB cd'u triic NST?; cao hem Trong graph ndy, ndi dung k i l n thuc vd cdc khdi nt§m c^ Thilt ke so d d ve ca sd vdt chd't quon trgng nhd't da dugc d l ci^p: Tdc nhdn gdy DB ed'u true NST; di truyen d cd'p d o te bdo?; DB cdu true NST; NST vd tinh ode trung eua og NST * * (~ f i i 'Z" * Tap chi Giao due so (M a - la/aonj Dieu quan trqng nhd't d ddy Id, graph ndy d d t h i hl§n dugc Iqi cho dung ddi vdi graph bd't mdi quon h% ehgt che giua cdc thdnh td euo mdt h^ tho'ng: Bd NST hgp li thuc chdt Id HS dd thorn mang tinh ddc trung cho lodi bdi so lugng, hinh thai vd cdu true gia mot phdn vdo qud trinh thiet cua NST Tuy nhien, tinh dqc trung ndy khdng phdi bd't bien, Dudi ke graph D l b d sung, sua chi/a tdc ddng euo cdc tdc nhan gdy DB (vdt ll, hda hqc, sinh hqe) tde graph, HS khdng chi xdc djnh ddng den NST, co t h i gdy nen DB edu triic NST Tuy theo dieu kien dugc ngi dung k i l n thi/c mdu tdc ddng (logi tdc nhdn, l l I u lugng, cudng do, thdi diem tdc dgng) chdt vd cdc khdi niSm [dinh vd loqi NST (gidi tinh; thudng), md cd the xudt hidn ede dqng DB graph), md cdn xdc djnh dugc cd'u triJe NST khde nhau: mdt dogn, lap dogn, dao dogn vd chuyin mdi quan he bdn chdt cua cdc dogn Du Id dqng DB cd'u true NST d dqng ndo cung deu ddn den bg phdn mqt he thdng theo Idm thay ddi NSTve ed'u true vd hinh thdi Dieu d d ed nghta Id, co mot logic ndo d d Graph GV sd vdt chd't di t n ; y l n d cap d d t l bdo dd bj bien ddi duo ro ySu cdu HS bd sung, sua chua CO the Id nhi/ng graph thieu mdt sd dinh, thieu mdt so cung, hodc cdc cung bleu d i l n mdi lien he giCra cdc dinh khdng diJng vdi logic khoa hqc Tinh d$ctnmg Hinh NST Id eo sd vdt chdt di truyen d cap tibdo Quo viee xdy dung graph ndy, HS khdng ch! xdc djnh dugc mdi lien quan giiro cdc thdnh to' eua mdt he thdng, md edn xdc djnh dugc hoi dieu kien khien cho NST ddm nhdn vol trd Id vdt chdt dl truyen d cd'p te bdo: - Bd NST mang tinh dn djnh, ddc trung cho lodi; - Bd NST cd the bj DB, cung cd'p nguyen lieu cho qud trinh h l n hdo vd chgn gidng Ddy ehinh Id ndi dung k i l n thuc sdu sdc vd bdn chdt nhd't eua bdi hgc O tren d d phdn tfch ve quy md vd muc d d yeu edu eua viec thiet ke graph Tuy nhien, dieu quan trgng hon cd Id, cdc graph ndy dugc su dyng nhu the ndo qud trinh CCBG 4) Quy trinh su dung graph trang CCBH Tuy theo mye heu, ddi h/gng HS, ngi dung vd PPDH d d lya chgn, GV cd the su dyng graph theo cdc each khde CCBG: - GV thiet ke graph, yeu cdu HS dgt ten cho graph vd dien dgt bdng Idi ndi dung ciia graph; - GV thiet ke graph khuyet thieu, yeu edu HS bo sung, hodn thiSn vd gidi thich; - GV dua mot graph bdt hgp If, yeu cdu HS nhdn xet, phdt hi6n dieu bd't hgp li vd chCra Iql cho dung; - GV td chi/c htrong dan HS thiet ke graph vd ed the trd Idi cdc cdu hdi, Idm ede bdi tqp lien quon den graph Vlee yeu cdu HS ddt ten cho graph, dien dqt bdng Idi ngi dung ci3a g r a ^ , thuc chd't Id GV giup HS xdc djnh dugc mot cdch tdng t h i ngi dung kien thuc dugc bieu dqt, xdc djnh dugc tinh he thdng ci3a mdt vdn de nghien cuu HS bo sung, hodn thien graph khuyet thieu, Cling nhu HS nhdn xet, phdt hien dieu bd't hgp li vd chi/a Tap chi Giao due so (ki a • la/aon) Trong khdu CCBG, duqe nghien cuu cdc graph GV dua ra, HS dd duoc ren phuong phdp tu logic (phdn tich, so sdnh, tdng hop vd he thdng hda) Viec ren luyen ede KN ndy cdng cd hieu qud cao, tinh ehu ddng vd sdng tqo euo HS cdng duqe phdt huy n l u HS dtrgc trye tiep tham gia hodn todn vdo viec thiet ke graph, dudi sy td cht/e hudng dan cua GV CCBH Id khdu rd't quon trqng qud frinh dqy hqc Sinh hoe Thyc hien tdt khdu ndy khong chi giup HS ndm dugc bdn chdt ciia cdc khdi niem, cdc hien tugng vd cdc qud h-inh sinh hgc, md edn giijp cdc em phdt huy dugc tinh tich eye, sdng tqo, vd ehu ddng Tuy theo dieu kien, chu the nhqn thuc vd nhiem vy hoc tdp, GV cdn xdc djnh rd mye dich, quy md, vd quy h-inh ciia viec su dyng graph khdu CCBH Ti;y nhien, viec td chiic CCBH nhdt thiet phdl edn cu vdo mye Heu dqy hgc Mye Heu ren KN phdn tich, so sdnh, tong hgp vd he thdng hdo cho HS cdng dqt hieu qud cao GV to chuc cho HS (Xem tiip trang 51) hogeh d y gid trudc vd xem xet npi dung bdi day de ddnh gid chfnh xdc hon ve g i d dgy Rut kinh nghiem sau du gid: nhdn xet ddnh gid g i d len Idp ci3a GV bdt ddu bdng nhOng uu diem cOa g i d d g y roi neu nhung vd'n de cdn tdn tgi Ddi chieu ngi dung GV chudn bj gido d n vdi thye hien eua GV g i d dgy nhu: Hln trinh T T ' TlSu chi Tit SL % Xay di^ng k4 ho^ich day hpc, cic 151 49.83 hoai d6nq GD L^m chij kiSn thLlc mbn hgc, 145 47,85 tnjyjn thy chinh xflc, cfi hS fh6na Day hoc thao h Jfmg phdi huy tinh 123 40,59 tich cue chu (Hno sdng I90 cua HS T h ^ hl$n nhl^m v^ CO ti/tudng, linh cSm Ihdi d( thAng qua vi^c 215 70.95 plSnn dav mftn hoc COng tic chu nhi^m Iftp, cflng iflc 122 40,26 GD dao diln: cho HS dayhoc, muc Heu bdi hoe (kiln thuc h-ong tdm; cdc kT ndng hinh thdnh duoc eho HS qua g i d dgy; hdnh vi thdi dp cua HS);>PDH tich eye, ede phuong Hen dpy hpe duge su d y n g ; hinh thuc tdchue day hpc, Trong budi hpp rut kinh nghiem cdn phdn logi g i d dgy dgt cdc mi>c: Gidi; Khd; Trung Binh, Yiu Tren eo sd ddnh gid phdn logi, kien quyet khdng b d tri dung Idp dd'i vdl GV xep logi yeu kem vd GV sue khoe yeu, khong ddm bdo duge so' Het day ciuy djnh GV yeu kem nen gidl quyet thdi viec theo ND 132 hoge b d tri nhiem vy khde nhd trudng C£ic mi^ dfi ahnh aid Khd Tru no Dinh SL SL % % YSu SL % 107 35,31 40 13,20 139 45,87 13 4,29 1,98 146 46,16 24 7,92 10 3,30 1,65 0 134 44,22 47 15,51 0 63 27.39 S 1,65 • L i f.^"^ ^"®° '^^ " ^ ° " ™ *^o ^^ °°P ^^"9 Y^^ ^°^ ^^J "^°^ cdng tdc gido dye hien DNGV j d mdt nhOng lye lugng eo bdn tham gia xdy dyng phdt trien nhd trudng, cd voi trd quyet dinh chd't luong GD Phdt trien doi ngu vua Id mye tieu, vua Id ddng lye phdt trien nhd trudng Vi vdy, Idm td't cdng tde phdt trien DNGV THCS ehd't lupng GD todn dien moi nhd trudng se ddn dugc ndng coo G nhung khdng hudng phy cd'p uu ddi theo ND 244 cua Chfnh phu Tai lieu ttiam Icliao Khdo nghiem tinh khd thi cija cdc gidi phdp I Bo GD-DT Chuan ngtie nghiep giao vien trung dd'i vdi GV vd HS 10 trudng THCS eua TP Hd hpcc(rs6',trunghgcplidth6ng.2009 Tfnh (Le Vdn Thiem; Nguyen Du; Nam Hd; Le Binh; Nguyen Ngoc Hoi - Pham Minh Hung - Thai V3n Thpeh Linh; E>gl N d i ; Hung Ddng; Thgeh Trung; Th^nh "D6i moi cOng lac b6i du&ng giao vien" Tgp Quang Trung; Thgeh Binh); ddnh gid ket qud, chi Gido due sO' 110/3/2005 ddng thdi Id'y y kien ddnh gid cua cdc chuyen 3- Thai Van Thinh Quan li giSo due v^ quAn li nha gia, CBQL, ehu Hch edng dodn, ddi ngu td h'udng truung NXB Dai hoc Hui 2007 CM cdc trudng ehung toi thu duoc k i t qud chung ' S6' heu t6ng k a nam hoc 2010-201 Iciia Ph6ng v l nhilu mdt nhu ndng luc dgy hoc, ndng luc GD ' r^\i I L • I cua GV fxem bang) Cdc gidl phdp h-en ddy cd mdi quan he huu CO, bd sung eho nhdm thuc hien mue Heu I , ! - - ? r-.ki,r-i/ '• • • 'TLJ.-C xay dyng va phat trien D N G V cae fryong THCS TP Hd I t n h Thye hien cdc gioi phdp tren mdt cdch ddng bp se phdt trien dupe D N G V bdo ddm Cung CO bai giang (Tiip theo trang 45) thiet k l graph dya tren ndi dung kien thuc co bdn vd h$ thdng cdu hdi djnh h u d n g • Tdi li^u tham khao NguySn Thanh Dal (tdng chu biSn) Sinh hoc 12 nXB Gido due H 2010 TrSn Dinh Long Li thuyft h6 thtfng NXB Khoa hgc vd ki thudt, H\999 Tap chi Giao due s6 {ta a • ia/2011) GD-DT TP.H& Tinh SUMMARY Article refers to situation of teacher at the secondary school In the area of Ha Tinh city in curent on that basis, the author propose some soluhons to qevelopment of teachers at secondary school and results, to meet target educahon of industry setting in current period SUMMARY In the process ofteacNng a lesson, the step ofreview plays an important role SpecKilty not only does it help learners form a connection between knowledge units but it also creates a lot of interest for learners Generally, after finishing a lesson, teacher gave a summary of major knowledge However, thismethod does not show a modem education opinions, in order to enhance the activities of learners: teach them the way to learn and learning by doing This article introduces and analyse the meaning of thewCT/ofreviewbyusnggrc^Dhs.givngoutttieprocess of using them in the step of review, by way of illustration # ... chgn, GV cd the su dyng graph theo cdc each khde CCBG: - GV thiet ke graph, yeu cdu HS dgt ten cho graph vd dien dgt bdng Idi ndi dung ciia graph; - GV thiet ke graph khuyet thieu, yeu edu HS... kleu graph Ngoy ed rihijng graph duqe thilt ke dung cung rd''t khde nnau v l cdch b l l u dqt Trong cdc graph dugc thiet k l theo cdc cdu hdi djnh hudng 2) GV thiit ki vd si} dyng nSu trSn, thi graph. .. yeu edu eua viec thiet ke graph Tuy nhien, dieu quan trgng hon cd Id, cdc graph ndy dugc su dyng nhu the ndo qud trinh CCBG 4) Quy trinh su dung graph trang CCBH Tuy theo mye heu, ddi h/gng HS,