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OUAN LYGIAO DUC silr DUNG HE SO GINI DO LU0NG DAT DINH DANG TRONG GIAO DUC Nguyfin Mlnh Dfirc Vifn Khoa hpc Gido dgc Vift Nam SUMMARY The studies of inequality in education not only contribute to addi[.]
OUAN LYGIAO DUC silr DUNG HE SO GINI DO LU0NG DAT DINH DANG TRONG GIAO DUC Nguyfin Mlnh Dfirc Vifn Khoa hpc Gido dgc Vift Nam SUMMARY The studies of inequality in education not only contribute to adding the rationale but also assess the situation,findout the causes and give some solutions to reduce inequalities more effectively Researching to measure inequality in education reflects the reality, the reasons and orients the solutions to limit inequalities in education This paper recommends the Gini coefficient as an effective measure ofthe measurement and evaluation of educational inequality in the world today Keywords: Gini coefficient, educational inequality, educational inequality measurement, Lorenz curve Ngdy nhfn bdi: 2S/11/2015: Ngdy duyft ^ing: 2/12/2015 Bit blnh dfing vfi ludng bat binh d3ag gifio dye Ll Bit binh ddng gido dgc Bit blnh dfing gifio dye cd thl hilu lfi sy khfic vifc dupc phfin phoi va thy hudng cfic thfinh tvu gifio dye cfta moi vien xfi hfli Sy sfip xip ve thft bgc gifta cfic thfinh vifin, cfic nhdm xfi hpi theo nhftng tieu chi nhit djnh (mftc dO nfim gift ctia cfii, diavj, dfing cap ) sfi quy djnh lpi ieh eftng nhu quyln hgn cfta cfic nhdm xfi hOi mOt cfich tuong dli In djnh vfi dupc tri Chinh vl nhftng dieu kifn xfi hOi khfic nhu vgy bfit blnh dfing xfi hOi ndi chung vfi bit binh dfing gifio dye ndi rifing lfi khdng thl trfinh khdi Blnh dfing gifio dye ed the dupe xem xfit d nhieu gfle dp tiep cgn khfic Cd the xem xfit vfi phfin tich blnh dfing gifio dye trfin mpt sl phuong dtfn nhu gidi, vung mien, dfin tOc, hoan cfinh rifing vl sftc khde - the chat, hofin cfinh kinh tl - xfi hOi (Coleman, 1958) MOt cfich tifip c§n khfic dya trfin mftc dO tiep e$n dli vdi cfic dich vy gifio dye, co hfli tham gia gifio dye, dfio tgo Hifn ndi den blnh dfing gifio dye ngudi ta thudng ndi din bat blnh dfing chung gifio dye vfi binh dfing vl co hOi gifio dye 1.2 Bo iu&ng bit binh d&ng gido dgc Cd rat nhilu cfich tifip c§n khfic vifc nghien cftu ludng bit blnh dfing gifio dye MOt so phuang phfip ludng bat binh ding dya tren tilp c§n (Hu vao vfi diu Tilp cgn diu vfio (Input Approach) dfinh gifi bit binh dfing dya trfin nguin tfii nguyfin dau vfio vfio hf thong gifio dye (ty If hpc sinh - gifio vien^^ty If nhgp hpe, dfiu tu cho gifio dye ) Tiep cgn dau (Output Approach) dya tren nhftng kit qufi cfta vifc tryc tilp ludng tieh cua hpc sinh bfing cfich so sfinh dilm sl cfta hpc sinh cftng dO 94 • TAP CHl na^BIGlAO DMC-sfi 124-12/2015 tuli cfta cfic nudc khfic thu dupe thdng qua cfic }ey thi quoc te (chuang trinh cua OECD^ ddnh gid hpc sinh quoc ti (PISA), Hifp hpi Quoc ti vi Ddnh gid cde xu hu&ng thdnh tgu GD trongTodn hpc Qudc tf vd Nghiin ciru Khoa hgc (TIMSS), Nghien ciru quoc te vi sg Tlin bg ve ngon ngir (PIRLS), duge dp dgng cho hpc sinh nho tuoi ) dk ludng bat binh dfing gifio dye gii^ cfic khu vye, cfie qudc gia trfin thl gidi Hifn cd rit nhilu ind hinh, hf sl vfi chi sl dupc xay dyng dl luflng bfit binh dfing gifio dye nhu dudng cong Kuznets, dudng cong Lorenz, chl sl PAR (Population Antributable Risk), md hinh Irene Janet Bfii vilt nfiy lya ehpn vfi gidi thifu vl hf so Gini Ifi mOt thude tuong dfli hifu qua dl dfinh gifi bat binh dfing gifio dye dupc sft dyng rOng rfi! trfin the gidi hifn Hf s6 Gini gifio dye 2.1 Khdi nifm Hf sl Gini lfi hf s6 dya tren dudng eong Loren (Lorenz) chl muc bit binh dfing cfta phfin phfli thu nh$p giCta cfi nhfin vfi hf kinh te mOt nen kinh tl Hf sl Gini dftng dl bilu thi dO bat binh dfing phfin phli thu nh§p Nd cd gifi tri tft din I vfi dupc tinh bfing ty sl gifta phan difn tich nfim gifta dudng cong Lorenz vfi dudng binh dfing tuyft dli vdi phin difn tich cfta tam gific binh dfing (phan nfim dudi dudng binh dfing tuyft dll, hinh 1) Tren thyc tl thl gifi tri cfta hf sl Gini nfim d khofing giita vfi (0 < G < I) Hf sl nfiy dupc phfit triln bdi nha thing kfi hpc ngudi Y Corrado Gini (1921) Chi sfl Gini (Gini Index) Ifi hf so Gini dupe thl hifn dudi d ^ g ty If phin trfim, dupc tinh bfing hf sd Gini nhfin vdi IOO Dudng eong Lorenz lfi mpt logi thi dung dl bilu dien mftc dO bat binh dfing phfin phfli Nd dupc phfit trien bdi Max.Lorenz (1905) dl thl hifn sy phfin phli thu nh§p Dudng cong Lorenz Ifi sy QUAN LY GIAO DUC bilu dien bfing hinb hpe cfta hfim phfin bl tich luy, chi quan hf gifta ty if phin trfim cfta mflt gifi tri thl hifn qua tryc tung vdi t^ If phin trfim cua mOt gifi trj khfic thl hifn qua tryc hofinh Dudng cong Lorenz thudng dupc sft dyng vife nghten cftu sy phan bl thu nhfip, chl ty If phfin trfim so hO gia dinh hay dfin sd ting so va ty If phin trfim thu nhfip cfta hp tdng thu nhfip Doi vdi bit blnh dfing gifio dye, y, and y Ifi so nfim di hpc cfta moi cfi nhan Vinod Thomas, Yan Wang, and Xibo Fan (2000) dfi phfit triln tft cong thftc tflng qufit cfta Deaton nghifin cftu luflng bit binh dfing gifio dye vfi bilu diln dudi dgng eflng thftc sau: I ZZ^ -yAPj Trong do: £^ Ifi hf sl Gini vl gifio dye dya tren phan bl trinh dO hpe van; |j la so nfim di hpc tmng binh; p, vfi p lfi ty If tich luy cfta dfin sfl cd uinh dO hoc vin nhfit dinh; y^ vfi y^ ifi sl nfim di bpc d nhftng cap hpc khfic nhau; n la so lupng cfic clp hpc da hofin thfinh * Phuong phfip gifin tilp Phuong phfip tinh gifin tilp hf sl Gini dupc xfiy dyng dya tren cfic dudng cong Lorenz ve gifio dye, vdi ty If tich luy cfta so nfim di hpc trfin tryc tung Din sd cdng din vfi ty If tich luy cfta dfin so tren tryc hoanh Dudng 45" dudng binh dfing tuyft dli dgi dlfn cho sy binh Hinh Du&ng eong Lorenz vi bat binh ddng thu nhgp dfing hoan toan gifio dye Hf sl Gini dupc djnh Hf so Gini thudng dupc sft dyng dl bilu thj mftc nghia lfi ti so cfta khu v\rc dupc hlnh thfinh bdi dudng dp bat binh dfing phfin phli thu nh^p gifta cfic cong Lorenz vfi dudng blnh dfin^ tuyft ddi vdi difn ting Iflp cu dfin Dli vdi gifio dye hf so Gini dupc tich cfta tofin bp tam gific binh dfing tinh tofin dya trfin cfie sl lifu vl sl nfim di hpe trung Difn tich A (viing giUa du&ng blnh ddng blnh, trinh dO hpe vin, chi phi cho gifio dye Bat tuyft dSi vd du&ng cong Lorenz) blnh ding gifio dye thl hifn qua hf sl Gini thudng Difn tich tam gidc binh d&ng dupc xem xfit mli quan hf vdi cfic khia cgnh nhu gidi tinh, mftc thu nh$p, co hOi tilp cgn cfic djch vy gifio dye Ciing giing nhu hf so Gini vl phan phli thu nh§p, hf so Gini gifio dye cd gifi trj tft tdi I Hf so Gini tft 0,5 trd Ien cd thl coi Ifi cd mftc dO bit blnh dfing cao cdn trong^khofing 0,2 din 0,35 thl phfin phli tuong doi edng bfing 2.2 Phucfng phdp tinb hf so Gini Hifn cd hai phuang phfip tinh hf sl Gini lfi phuong phfip tinh tryc tiep (do nha kinh tl hpe Deaton Angus dua nfim 1997) vfi phirong phfip tinh gifin tilp dua trfin dudng cong Lorenz Cfich tlnh hf sl Gini vfi gifio dye cung dya h-en hai phuong phfip nfiy Hinh Du&ng cong Lorenz vi gido dye * Phuang phfip tryc tilp NIU gpi difn tich gifta dudng blnh dfing tuyft Phuong phfip tr\rc tilp tinh hf so Gini sft dyng dli vfi dudng Lorenz Ifi A, phin difn tich bfin dudi cdng thftc sau (Deaton, 1997) dudng cong Lorenz lfi B, hf so Gini Ifi G, ta sfi cd: G Trong dd, ^ la gifi trj trung binh cua biln (vi dy: biln thu nh§p); N Ifi tong so mfiu nghien cftu; Dli vdi bit blnh dfing thu nh§P y, vfi y lfi thu nh$p cfta mli cfi nhfin; = A/(A+B).Vi A+B = 0,5 (do dudng binh dfing tuyft dli hpp vdi tryc hofinh mOt gdc 45"), nen hf sl Gini sg dupe bieu hifn bfing cdng thftc: G = A/(0,5) = 2A = 1-2B NIU dudng eong Lorenz dupc bilu dien bfing ham sl Y=L(X), dd gifi tri cfta B Ifi hfim tich phfin: TAP CHt THI^BIGlAO DMC-sfi 124-12/2015 * 9S QUAN LY GlAO DUC Colombia, Hungary, Pem vfi Venezuela da cfl xu 2.3 Mpt sS kit qud nghiin c&u Cac nghifin cftu sft dyng hf sl Gini dfi do^ ludng hudng tfing tft nhftng nfim 1980, cho thay sp bat omn bat binh dfing giao dye cd the ndi khfi bien trfin dfing dang gia tfing tgi nhftng quflc gia nfiythl gidi Maas, Jacob van Lutsenburg vfi Ceert Criel (1982) da udc tinh hf so Gini dya trfin du lifu tuyen sinh cho 16 quflc gia chfiu Phi Nghifin cftu cho thfiy rfing muc dfl bfit binh dfing vl co hOi giao dye thay dli rat nhieu giua cfic quoc gia Ddng thdi ket qufi nghifin cftu cdn thl hifn sy Iifin quan gifia bat binh dfing gifio dye vdi ty If nhfip hpc tmng binh mOt quic gia Ter Weele (1975) dfi tinh hf so Gini bfin^ each sft dyng dft lifu tfii chinh gifio dye cua mOt so quflc gia Ddng A Hf sl Gini Ifi mOt bin hf sl chinh cua gifio dye Hoa Ky Rosthal (1978) ting kit —Unltsd Sum Trong bfii bfio nfiy trlnh bfiy mpt so ket qufi nghien cftu cfta cfic tfic gifi Vinhod Thomas, Yan Hinh Xu huang thay dqi cda hf so Gini Wang vfi Xlbo Fan (2000) vl hf sl Gini cfta 85 quoc tgi mpt so qudc gia gia, glal dogn tu nfim 1960 din nfim 1990 (Nguon: Vinod Thomas, Yan Wang, Xibo Fan, Nghifin cftu sft dyng udc Iupng vfi phan tich hf so Measuring Educalion Inequality, 2000) Gini ludng si^ bat binh dfing giao dye vfi Kit Iugn dfi dua bftc tranh tuang dli tofin difn vl tlnh hinh Hf so Gini la mpt thudc hifu qufi vife thyc hifn blnh dfing gifio dye tgi cfic quic gia nfiy Bfin cgnh cung tiln hfinh phfin tIch, kilm tra ludng vfi dfinh gifi bit blnh dfing giao dye de tim mil quan hf giftg bat blnh dfing giao tren difn rpng cfta khu vyc eftng nhu quie gia Dong dye va cfic khia cgnh khfic eua sy phfit triln nhu sy thdi vifc so sfinh sy bit blnh ding gifta cfic vftng mien gia tfing thu nhfip,_gidi tinh, thu nhgp binh qufin dau theo ti In trinh thdi gian eflng la mOt dilm mgnh eua ngudi Nhftng kit lugn chinh nghien cftu nfiy phuang phfip Tat nhifin phucmg phfip eung cdn cd mOt sd hign chl nhit djnh nhu mdi chi phfin cd the khfii qufit nhu sau: finh dupe vin dk bat binh ding d mftc dO hit sftc ting • Bit blnh dfing gifio cfic nudc dfi gifim qufit mfi ehua the hifn vfi dfinh gifi dupc nhun^ khia thgp ki qua, trft mflt vfii ngogi If eanh chi tilt vfi cy thl Tuy vgy sft dyng hf so Gini - Sy bat binh dfing gifio dye dupe bfing hf so de dfinh gia bit blnh dfing giao dye dfi cung clp Gini cfl quan hf ty If nghjch vdi sl nfim di hpc trung bftc tranh tuong ddi tofin v?n ve tinh hinh bat blnh binh Dieu nfiy ed nghta la cfic nudc cfl trinh dO hpe ding gifio dye tren the gidi Doi vdi Vift Nam, h | s6 van cao hon cd khfi nfing dl dgt dupc sy binh dfing nfiy rat phu hpp de danh gifi vfi so sfinh bit binh dfing gifio dye tit hon so vdl nhftng nude cfl trinh dO thap gifta cfic vftng cfi nudc Dfiy cftng Ifi mOt gdc - Gidi tinh lifin quan dfin sy bit blnh dfing gifio rdiin dfi chftng ta tg dfinh gifi, so sfinh vdi cfic quic dye vfi theo thdi ^an cfic tfic d^ng vl gidi lfim tfing gia khae khu vyc vfi trfin thl gidi dl cd nhftng chinh sfich phft hpp dl hgn che bat blnh bfing, doi thfim khofing cfich vl bat binh dfing - GDP binh qufin dau ngudl ty If nghjch vdi bat mdi nen gifio dye boi cfinh hda nh§p quoc tl blnh dfing gifio dye vfi ty If thugn vdi so nfim hpc hifn trung binh eua lyc lupng lao dpng Hf so Gini cho thiy tinh hinh bat binh dfing gifio dye d cfic nudc khfic dfi thay dli khofing Tfii lifu tham khao thdi gian I960 - 1990 Blt^binh dfing gifio dye dfi Vu Thfty Duong (2003) 77m hiiu cong bdng gifim dli vdi hiu hit cfic quic gia Chi mOt sl it cfic xd hpi gido diic Thdng tin Khoa hpc Giao dye quoc gia bit binh dfing gifio dye cd xu hudng sl 95/2003 tfing nhp nhftng thdi gian nhit djnh nhu Mali, Dfing Thfinh Hung (2006) Cong bdngxd hpi Hfin Quoc Ifi quie gia ed hf sl Gin! gifim nhanh vd ca hpi hgc tpp gong phdn hoa chuang trinh gido nhit 30 nfim tft 0,55 xulng cdn 0,22 Tunisia dvc phd thdng Tgp chi KHGD t4/2006 cflng cd sy cfii thifn nhanh ehdng vifc thyc Vinhod Thomas, Yan Wang & Xibo Fan hifn binh dfing gifio dye vdi chl sl gini gifim tft 0,94 (2000), Measuring education Inequality: Gini (I960) xulng cdn 0,61 (1990) Hf sl Gini cfta An Coefficients of education, World Bank DO gifim vfta phfii tft 0,79 nfim I960 xuong 0,69 vfio World Development Report (2006) '•Equity nfim 1990 Bfit blnh dfing gifio dye tgi cfic nude and Development" World Bank 96 • TAPCHlTHlfrB!GlA0DVC-Sfil24-12/2015 ... hf so Gini vl phan phli thu nh§p, hf so Gini gifio dye cd gifi trj tft tdi I Hf so Gini tft 0,5 trd Ien cd thl coi Ifi cd mftc dO bit blnh dfing cao cdn trong^ khofing 0,2 din 0,35 thl phfin phli... tr\rc tilp tinh hf so Gini sft dyng dli vfi dudng Lorenz Ifi A, phin difn tich bfin dudi cdng thftc sau (Deaton, 1997) dudng cong Lorenz lfi B, hf so Gini Ifi G, ta sfi cd: G Trong dd, ^ la gifi... tinh hf so Gini bfin^ each sft dyng dft lifu tfii chinh gifio dye cua mOt so quflc gia Ddng A Hf sl Gini Ifi mOt bin hf sl chinh cua gifio dye Hoa Ky Rosthal (1978) ting kit —Unltsd Sum Trong bfii