CAC NGUYEN NHAN CUA BAT BINH DANG TRONG GIAO DUC HIEN NAY > • NGUYEN THI THANH H U Q N G * Dat van de Trong nhflng nam vira qua, vdi dinh hudng "Bao dam cong bing, binh ding vl quyin lgi va nghTa vu c[.]
CAC NGUYEN NHAN CUA BAT BINH DANG TRONG GIAO DUC HIEN NAY > • NGUYEN THI THANH H U Q N G * Dat van de Trong nhflng nam vira qua, vdi dinh hudng "Bao dam cong bing, binh ding vl quyin lgi va nghTa vu cdng dan; kit hgp chat che, hgp ly phat triln kinh tl vdi phat triln van hoa, xa hpi, thuc hien tien bp va cong bang xa hpi timg budc va tirng chinh sach" , Viet Nam da dat dupc nhieu tuu giao due, co muc tieu cap giao due trung hpc co sd, tien tdi xoa bo tinh trang bit binh ding giao due Trong chien lugc phat trien kinh te-xa hpi cua dat nudc, chien lugc phat trien ngudi dugc dac biet coi trgng, nhung uu tien cho tre em chiem vi tri hang dau Nam 1989, Viet Nam la nudc dau tien d chau A va la nudc thu tren the gidi chap nhan va phe chuan Cdng udc ve Quyen tre em Tiep Dang va Nha nudc ta da ban hanh nhilu van ban nham the che hoa cong tac bao ve, cham soc va giao due tre em: Luat bao ve, cham sdc va giao due tre em; Luat cap giap due tieu hpc va nhieu van ban phap luat khac Luat giao due Qude hpi nudc Viet Nam ban hanh nam 2005 nhim dap irng nhu'ng yeu ciu vl phat triln giao due, co bac giao due thong "Phat trien giao due la quIc sach hang diu nhim nang cao dan tri, dao tao nhan lire, boi dudng nhan tai" Quyin binh ding cua cdng dan Viet Nam giao due dupc quy dinh ro tai Dilu 10 chuong I cua Luat giao due: "mpi cong dan khong phan biet dan tpc, ton giao, tin ngudng, nam nfl, ngudn gdc gia dinh, dia vi xa hpi, hoan canh kinh te deu binh dang ve CO hpi hpc tap Nha nude thuc hien cong bing xa hpi giao due, tao dilu kien de cflng dupc hpc hanh Nha nudc va cpng ding giiip dd dl ngudi ngheo dupc hpc tap, tao dilu kien dl nhflng ngudi cd nang khilu phat triln tai nang" Tuy nhien, kit qua cua nhilu nghien ciiu, khao sat vl giao due cho thay, mac du da CO rit nhilu cd ging, vin cdn co sir bit binh ding ITnh vuc Cho din nay, mpt bp phan xa hpi vin chua dupc hudng diy du quyin giao due, vin sir chenh lech va khoang each viee tilp can cac dich vu giao due va hudng lpi hr nhflng chinh sach ho trp giao due eua nha nudc, su tuong phan kit qua giao due gifla cac vung thi va nong thdn, miin niii, vung sau vung xa vdi ding bang ton tai Sir bit binh ding giao due gifla cac dan tpc khac tren lanh thi Viet Nam thi hien co hpi tilp can giao due NhQng thach thu'c nhilu ITnh vuc * ThS.; Vien Phat trign bSn vQ-ng vCing BSc Bo ^ , ' Dir thao Cuong ITnh xay dyng ddt nuac th6i ky qud len chii nghTa xa hoi (bo sung, phat trien nam 2011) Website Chinhphu.com.vn Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi so (54) 2011 49 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huang khac nham giam thieu nhieu hon nfta nhflng bat binh dang hong giao due, gdp phan thuc hien muc tieu dinh hudng phat trien giao due, dam bao sir cdng bang, binh dang cho ngudi dan hong xa hpi dugc dat nhu mpt van dh cip thilt cin dugc luu tam giai quyet hien Bat binh dang xa hpi la sir khdng binh dang, sir khdng bang ve cac co hpi hoac lpi ich doi vdi nhiing ca nhan khac mpt nhdm hoac nhieu nhdm xa hoi Tren thuc te, khai niem bat binh dang xa hpi dupc dung chu yeu de chi mdi tuong quan xa hpi khong ngang bang den miic gay tdn hai den quyen va lgi ich cua cac ben yeu the^ De tim hieu van de tren, chiing tdi da tien hanh nghien cuu nhflng bieu hien ciia sir bat binh ding pham vi giao due phd thdng, tu viec phan tich cac khia eanh lien quan tdi thach thiic ciia sir bat binh dang cua bac giao due phd thdng giai doan hien tai va chi cac bieu hien cua tinh trang Binh ding giao due chi sir binh ding gifta cae ca nhan, cac nhdm ngudi vl dilu kien, CO hpi va quyen lgi giao due Sir binh dang giao due dua tren nguyen tic cong bang xa hpi, co hpi giao due, sir dau tu cho giao due va su phan phii cac quyen dupc hudng ve giao due dupc xem xet thdng qua sir van hanh va kit qua giao due doi ydi cac nhdm xa hpi khac tai nhung viing miin khac ciia dit nudc CJ day, sir bit binh dang giao due dupc xac dinh theo hai gdc dp Trudc hit, bat binh dang ve giao due dupc xem xet d goe dp sir phan phdi nhung tim giao due dat dupc cho cac vien mpt each ngiu nhien xa bdi da dien nhu thi nao Theo goe nay, bat binh dang giao due dupe ludng thdng qua he sl Gini, tuong tu nhu ludng su bit binh ding vl thu nhap va chi tieu O goe dp thii hai, bit binh ding giao due dugc xem xet nhu la su phan phii nhung tuu dat dugc eho cac vien theo ngudn goe gia dinh va hoan canh xa hpi (hay la CO sd xa hpi) khac Theo dd, bit binh ding vl co hpi giao due dugc dua phan tich, nghien ciiu va khao sat^ Binh ding giao due cd thi dugc xem xet tren mpt sd khia eanh nhu co hpi giao due, sir dau tu cho giao due va su phan phdi cac quyin dugc hudng vl giao due dien nhu thi nao thong qua sir van hanh va kit qua giao due ddi vdi cac nhdm xa hpi khac tai nhflng vung miin khac cua Viet Nam Chiing toi ke thua cac ket qua nghien ciiu cd trudc cua cac td chiic va ca nhan dl phan tich su bit binh ding vl mat co hpi Cac sd lieu dugc so sach, phan tich bao gIm cac chi sl xa hpi lien quan tdi ITnh vuc giao due va cac ITnh vuc kinh tl xa hpi khac lien quan Viec phan tich va so sanh cac sl lieu d cac khu vutc dia ly va kmh tl xa hdi khac cua Viet Nam se chi nhflng bilu hien cua sir bit binh ding hong giao due, cac nguyen nhan co ban phat sinh va tdn tai cua sir khac biet hong viec tilp can cac co hpi hong giao due d cac dia phuong, vimg miin Xem Le Ngoc Hung Xa hpi hoc Giao due Nxb Ly luan Chinh tri Ha Npi, 2006 ^ Xin xem D6 Thien Kinh (2005) Bit buili ding vl giao due or Vif t Nam hi?n Tap chi Xa hpi hoc s6 (89), 2005 5Q Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi s63 (54) 2011 Cdc nguyen nhdn Diiu kien song gia dinh Theo luat, hpc sinh d cip Tilu hpc d eac trudng cdng lap khong phai dPng hpc phi Tuy nhien, cac gia dinh cd em di hpc van phai chi tra cac chi phi khac nhu di lai, dong phuc, dd dung va sach vd hpe tap CJ nhflng vimg cao ngheo khd, he em dan tpc, tre em hp ngheo nhap hpc tilu hpe dupc miin giam cac khoan tiln chinh theo quy dinh cua Chuong trinh muc tieu quIc gia vl Giam ngheo va Chuong trinh 135-11 Mac du vay, ngudi dan d cac vung chi danh mpt ti le chi rit thip cho viec hpc cua cai (xem bang 1) Bang Chi phi cho viec hoc tap cua chia theo viing Dan vi tinh: % Cac vimg ca nudc Khoan chi An uong+thuoc la Luang thuc Thyc pham Nhien lieu Nha, dien nudc, ve sinh Cham soc y te Di lai va lien lac Giao due Van hoa, the thao, giai tri 53,0 12,8 27,3 2,9 3,9 53,4 12,7 29,2 2,7 4,0 57,9 17,1 29,9 3,6 3,1 59,9 21,6 27,9 4,7 2,3 56,7 17,8 27,4 3,4 3,2 54,1 12,6 26,5 2,8 3,6 53,7 16,0 26,4 2,9 2,3 47,1 7,8 24,2 2,5 5,3 DB song Ciiu Long 55,8 14,0 29,1 3,0 3,2 6,4 13,9 6,2 1,5 6,0 13,2 6,7 1,6 • 5,4 13,3 5,1 0,5 5,2 13,8 3,8 7,0 10,7 8,5 0,4 6,3 13,7 7,7 0,8 7,2 14,1 6,4 0,6 5,9 17,3 6,3 3,2 8,0 11,1 4,2 0,9 Ting DB song Hong Dong Bie Tay Bie Bie Nam Dong Tay Trung Trung Nam Nguyen Bp Bp bp Nguon: Tdng cue Thdng ke (2010) Dieu mfl'c song hp gia dinh Viet Nam nam 2008 Co thi thiy ro, cac hd gia dinh d khu vuc miin nui nhu khu vuc Ddng Bie, Tay Bie, Bie Trung bp nhin chung chi tieu nhilu cho an uing va luong thuc, thuc phim Ty trpng chi tieu hd gia dinh cho luong thuc va an uIng la mpt tieu cbi danh gia muc song, theo chi cang nhilu, muc sing nhin chung cang thip Muc chi cho giao due thap so vdi miic chi tieu cho an uIng, luong thuc thuc phim Dac biet so vdi muc chung quoc gia 6,2%, cac vung thip hon la Tay BSc 3,8%, Dong Bie 5,1% va Ding bing song Ciru Long 4,2% Khao sat thuc tl cupc sing cua cac hp ngheo dan tpc thiiu sl cho thiy nhilu hp gia dinh ngheo cd rit it tilt kiem bing tiln mat hay cac nguIn thu nhap thay thi dl cai thien cudc song Trong hoan canh do, uu tien hang diu cua cac hp gia dinh thudng la phai dam bao dugc cung iing luong thuc va an ninh luong thuc hon la giao due va cham sdc y tl nhu da neu d tren Nhu vay, dl hiiu ro hon tinh hinh, cin tiln hanh nghien ciiu sau bon vl cac hinh thai khac biet lien quan din khu vuc thi, nong thon cung nhu sir khac biet gifta cac nhom dan tpc thieu sd Nhilu tre em khdng dugc din trudng hay khdng thi hoan cip Jilu hpc don gian la vi khd khan kinh tl, hoac cac em phai lam viec giiip gia dinh Van 6% so Nghiin ciiu Con ngUdI s63 (54) 2011 51 Nguyin Thi Thanh Huang hpc sinh tilu hpc vung sau, 14% vung xa va 4% vung ndng thdn phai hgc chung co sd vat chit vdi trudng trung hpc co sd Lam thi nao dl tri va tang ti le nhap hoc cua hpc sinh tilu hpc va dam bao cac em se hoan giao due tieu hgc bat huge van la mpt thach thiic dang ke D I hoan phd cap hpc co sd, cin phai giai quylt mpt sd khd khan, d6 cd vin dl lien quan din cac khoan phu huyiii phai chi \xk tnre tilp Nhung chi phi cao ban nhung khoan phai chi cho tilu hpc, khiln cho viec din trudng cua tre em d vung sau vung xa hoac tre em nhflng gia dinh cd thu nhap thap gap nhieu kho khan Nhu vay, dilu kien sdng cua gia dinh, nhit la sir khac biet vl miic thu nhap cua cac hp gia dinh, dang la nguyen nhan quan hpng din din tinh trang bit binh ding hong giao due dii vdi cac em hpe sinh d bac phd thdng va cac cap hpc khac nfta Trinh hoc van ciia eha me hoc sinh Cdng cudc xda mu chft cua nganh gjao due hong nhieu nam da dat ket qua nhat dinh Cac nghien cuu khao sat thdi gian gan day cho thay ti le biet chft cua nhflng ngudi tu dp hili di hpc (hie hidi hd len) la 94,5 % (Vfl Tuin Anh-Nguyen Xuan Mai, 2007) Tuy nhien, van mpt sl ngudi khong biet chu hoac biet chft rdi nhung lai tai mu chu Ti le chilm 5,1%) tong dan so Cac vimg mien niii, vimg dan tdc thieu sd cd ti Ie ngudi khong bilt chft cao, nhu d Tay Bie 14,9%, Ddng BSc 6,9%, Tay Nguyen 9,1%) Sl lieu cua UNICEF'* cho thay ti le tre em gai tW di hpc trung hpc tang len theo miic song cua hp gia dinh va trinh dp hpc van cua ngudi me Ti le nhap hpc diing tuli cip trung hpc cac hp ngheo nhat la 60% sd dd la 92% cac hp giau nhat Ti le sd tre cd me khdng di hpc la 66%, cdn ddi vdi tre co me co trinh dp trung hpc thong la 95% Vay la, ben canh muc sdng va dieu kien sdng ciia gia dinh, thi trinh dp hpc van cua cac bac eha me cflng cd anh hudng khdng nhd den su bat binh dang giao due doi vdi hpc sinh So lupng ngudi tai mu chft van cdn tdn tai Mpt thuc te van tdn tai la, mat bang hpc van cua ngudi dan cdn thap, ty le mu chft d nhieu nhdm dan tpc rat it ngudi cdn cao Tai mu chft la hien tupng cdn d nhieu noi vung sau, vung xa, vung dan tdc rit it ngudi^ Ben canh do, co the thay viec thieu cac ky nang ngon ngft phd thdng, cac ky nang dpc viet va la mpt kh6 khan Idn doi vdi ngudi lam eha me ndi chung va phu nft dan tpc thieu so noi rieng viec giup viec hpc d nha Nhieu bac eha me ngudi dan tpc thieu so khong the viet va dpc luu loat bang tiing Viet Vi thi, dl cd thi xda bo din khoang each ve bat binh dang ddi vdi hpc sinh, nhat la hpc sinh d bac phd thong, cin tiep tuc no luc giao due danh cho ngudi Idn cho eha me va phu nft ngudi dan tpc thieu so Anh hudng tir vdn hda, loi song, phong tuc tap qudn Cho den nay, hong mpt phiic hpp cua cac quan he xa hpi cua ddi sdng thdn xa, gja dinh va hp tpc van dupc coi nhu mpt thi che qua hpng nhit Cbinh quan niem hpng nam ciia gia dmh va dong hp da xac dinh than phan khac cua moi dua tre Nguyen tic trpng nam cua gia dinh da phan biet ton ti trat tu ngudi tren va ke dudi, dan dng va dan ba Nhiing gia " UNICEF (2010) Bao cao phan tich tinh hinh tre em tai Viet Nam nSm 2010 ^ Nguyen Lam Thanh: Cac vin dl xa hpi va thyc hiSn chinh sach xa hpi or vung dan tpc thiiu s6 va miSn niii, http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=6871#ixzzlOVcS69yv * Vien Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam (2009) Danh gid Ngheo co sy tham gia: Bao cao ting hgrp C2 Nghiin ciiu Con ngudis63 (54) 2011 Cdc nguyen nhdn tri dao dure Khdng giao da gdp phin cung cl cac nguyen tic bing viec nhin manh din cac than phan, cao hay thip va cac nghTa vu ma than phan iy ddi hdi Ngoai mpt sd dan tdc bi anh hudng cua chi dp miu quyin nhu Cham, E De , mo hinh gia djnh ciia phin Idn cac dan tpc d Viet Nam, ngudi trai, dac biet la trai trudng, vin tiep tuc ddng vai trd trung tam gia dinh Thd eiing tl tien va sir hep noi ddng tpe la nhflng ddng co quan trpng nhit viec theo duoi dl co trai D^o due Khdng giao xem viec khdng cd nli ddi nhu mpt tdi nang vdi tl tien va la bilu hien cua sir bit hiiu vdi eha me vin tac dpng manh len tap quan sinh de d khu vuc nong thdn Dilu khiln cho ngudi ndng dan phai ban tam la dilu kien kinh tl thi tiirdng thi cac chi phi dau tu cho eon cai mpt ton kem dit dai cang bi thu hep Viec sinh de, cham soc cho den chi phi hpc hanh cua cai cang tin kem Do la chua ke neu dau tu cho hpc len cao cho den tot nghiep va xoay sd dl co cong an viec lam lai cang phai cd dau tu Idn Ngay ca nhflng mdi ban tam dang kl nhilu cflng khdng can dupc sir khao khat mpt diia trai de noi doi tong dudng, din din su bat binh dang viec den trudng cua trai va gai: Nghien ciiu cua Bp Giao due va Dao tao, UNESCO va UNICEF chi mpt nhflng nguyen nhan khien tre em gai dan tdc thieu sd khdng hpc tiep len trung hpc la vi cac gia dinh chua de cao gia tri giao due cho tre em gai ma thudng chuyen co hpi cho tre em trai Hien tugng he em khong di hpc gia dinh va ban than cac em cho rang khong can phai hpc nhieu la hien tugng phd bien d mpt sl dan tdc viing cao Cac quan sat vl each thuc va miic dp hudng thu van hoa cua ngudi dan cflng cho thiy phuang tien thu nhan thdng tin chu ylu cua ca tre em va ngudi Idn khu vuc mien mii la loa dai, tivi va cac bull hpp thon Tan so cac buoi hpp thon rat thap, chi vai ba thang mpt lin Thdng tin tu cac bull hpp chi lien quan phin Idn din cac thong bao vl mat hanh chinh Mpt so buli tap huin truyin thong vl siic khoe sinh san, dan sl phin Idn chi danh cho ddi tupng ngudi Idn Trong do, sl lupng hd gia dinh co loa dai va ti vi la khdng nhilu Ngheo, thu nhap thip, sing rai rac, nhu cau hudng thu van h6a chua dupc dap ung va chua dupc dung dien ludi quIc gia la nhflng nguyen nhan gop phin lam cho quyin thu nhan thdng tin cua tre em cac tinh miin nui cdn bi ban che so vdi cac tinh ddng bang trung du khac Ngoai thdi gian d nha trudng, tre em mpt khoang thdi gian song va hpc tap tai gia dinh va cpng dong Tru mdt sl it cac gia dinh, cdn lai ngudi dan d cac vung, nong thon miin nui hiu nhu thiiu quan tam din giao due tre thdi gian ngoai trudng hpc Nhilu ngudi van quan niem ring viec giao due la viec cua nha trudng, hay noi ro hon, ngoai nhflng kiln thiic da hpc d trudng, cac em khdng dugc hpc them gi nhilu kien thiic tu sir day cua eha me, anh chi, ngudi xom gieng Viec dpng vien mpi ting ldp tham gia cong tac giao due tre em la dung, song chinh quyin cac xa thudng giao viec chung chung cac cupc cupc hpp giao ban cap xa nen da tftng cd chuyen cac ban nganh di van dpng iln viec dung tl chuc nhftng boat dpng ngoai nha trudng cho cac em Mat khac khong cd ban nganh nao chuyen trach viec nay, dan din viec mpt sl noi td chiic rdi rac va thudng chi tl chiic 2-3 lin mpt nam Nhu vay, nhin ting thi, ngoai thdi gian d trudng, hiu nhu viec quan Nghiin cilu Con ngUdt so (54) 2011 53 Nguyin Thi Thanh Huang ly, day tre em d gia dinh va cdng ddng cdn chua dugc quan tam diing miic d nhieu vimg, mien va dieu cimg tao su bat binh dang hong giao due Su khdc Met ve ca sd vgt chdt trudng ldp Co sd vat chit nhu trudng, ldp, phdng hgc cung la mdt ylu td quan trpng din den sir bit binh ding giao due, nbit la d he thing giao due phd thdng Ai cung bilt, dilu kien trudng ldp d ndng thdn, nhit la miin mii thua kem xa vdi cac trudng ldp d dd thi Moi nam, ngan sach nha nudc chi khoang 155 - 157 ti ddng de ho trg sach vd viit va sach giao khoa cho tre em ngheo, dd nam 2001 rieng tinh Tay Nguyen la 38,1 ti va tinh miin mii phia Bie la 64,9 ti ddng Nhilu chuong trinh va du an phat triln giao due eflng uu tien trudc hit hgc sinh d cac vung dac biet kho khan, hpc sinh dan tpc tbilu sd Chuong trinh qude gia vl tang cudng co sd v$t chit cho giao due diu tu hang nam 40 - 50 ti dong cho cac vimg ngheo, hong dd chu ylu la vimg ding bao cae dan tpc thiiu sd Vdi su uu tien dd, nhung tuu tdt vl giao due da dupe tri d cac dia ban cd ddng bao dan tpc sinh sdng Tai nhilu dia phuong, cd sd vat chit trudng hpc cdn tbilu thdn nhflng dilu kien co ban nhu dien thap sang, nguon nudc sach, cdng trinh ve sinh, san choi Ket qua khao sat cho thay: - Ca nudc vin cdn khoang 24%) sd phdng hpc thupe dien xudng cap nghiem hpng - Dilu kien thiiu thdn, gin 88%) so giao vien chua hai ldng vdi viec day va hpc NguIn: Bao cao khao sat kit qua hpc tap mdn Toan va Tieng Viet cua hpc sinh ldp (2006-2007) cua Du an Giao due Tilu hpc cho tre em cd hoan canh khd khan ciia Vien Khoa hpc Giao due Viet Nam, dupe thuc hien tai 4.000 trudng tilu hpc vdi ting sl 60 nghin hpc sinh tham gia - Ong Nguyen Lpc, Phd Vien trudng Vien Khoa hpc giao due Viet Nam (2008) http ://giadinh.net.vn/2008110311251649p0c 1000/chenhlech-giao-duc-o-cac-vung-mien-khoang-cach-ngay-cang-rong.htm Co sd vat chat trudng ldp thieu thon trang thiet bi va chat luong chua cao, thieu thdn nhat la he cac trudng mau giao, mam non Vi du tai tinh Dien Bien, hien trang cac cong trinh ve sinh trudng hpc nhu sau (xem bang 2) Bang Cac cong trinh ve sinh trudng hoc tai tinh Dien Bien den nam 2007 ^ ã-' ôr ã " f •—• '• • • Truo'ng c6 nguon nudc hop ve sinh/tong so tru-dng Mam non 65/115 20/24 15/15 Tieu hoc 22/22 91/156 37/37 Trung hpc CS 80/112 20/20 10/15 Trung hpc PT 20/28 5/6 3/3 Trudng c6 cons trinh ve sinh hop ve sinh/tong so tr u-dng 15/15 Mam non 66/115 18/24 22/22 Tieu hoc 37/37 100/156 10/15 20/20 Trung hpc CS 64/112 3/3 6/6 Trung hpc PT /28 Nguon: Nien giam thdng ke tinh Dien Bien 2008 54 •••' 3/10 7/14 3/9 3/3 3/10 7/14 3/9 3/3 Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi sdt (54) 2011 Cdc nguyen nhdn Co sd ting thieu thon, thi du nhu ban ghe, thiet bi dd dimg khong dap ung cho viec hgc tap nen ciing khdng gay hiing thii hpc tap, dac biet hong cac buoi thuc hanh cho cac em Hien vin cdn nhieu phdng hpc tam, ban ghe tam Trang thiet bi phuc vu day va hpc cdn thieu Thieu phong hpc, phong ndi tni cua hpc sinh, thieu nha d cua giao vien, cdng trinh ve sinh, san choi bai tap Tre em d mien nui nhin chung thieu khu vui choi giai tri, phat trien the lire va tri tue: Dilm vui choi cho cac em hiu nhu chua dugc quan tam diu tu xay dimg Ngay tai cac phi vin chua cd mpt cdng vien nao cd cho vui choi cho tre em Mpt so diem dich vu vui choi cua tu nhan phai tra tien nen phan Idn tre em ngheo khdng the co dieu kien vui choi Trudng thi thilii san choi, hd nhay Vi khong cd trd choi nen cac em tu nghT cac trd nhu leo treo cay, dudi nhau, tranh danh Dieu kien hpc tap cua tre em rit khd khan dia hinh phu'c tap, dudng xa di lai xa xdi, kho khan, tbilu dien nen cflng anh hudng khdng nhd tdi viec di hpc cua cac em Cd rat nhieu hpc sinh cac cap phai di hpc xa tu 6-7 km dudng rung trd len Co nhflng ban rit xa tam Vi du xa Mudng Miin (huyen Tuin Giao) cd ban Pii Xi 1, Pu Xi 2, Hua Muc each trung tam xa 20 km; Ban Phuong Hin each trung tam xa Na Xay gin 40 km D I giup dd cac em, nhilu eha me hpc sinh da tan dung nhflng dam dit gin hudng lam nha d tam cho cac em, gpi la nha ban tni dan nudi Ndi tdm lai, su khac biet vl co sd vat chit nhu dien, dudng, trudng, tram cflng la mot ylu tl quan trpng tao sir bit binh ding giao due d cac dia ban khac ca nude KET LUAN Han chi va di din xda su bit binh ding giao due la viec lam lau dai va nhieu kho khan tnrdc mit Nganh giao due, ngoai sir chi dao true tilp cua chinh quyen, sir ho tro cae nganh va doan tbi lien quan, cin su ung hd cua cpng dong va cac hp gia dinh eha me hoc sinh Cac muc tieu la nang cao chit lupng giao due toan dien: coi trpng giao due nhan'cach, dao dire, ldi sing cho hpc sinh, md rpng quy mo giao due hpp ly, dii mdi manh me quan ly nha nudc ddi vdi giao due va dao teio, xay d\mg dpi ngu nha giao va can bd quan ly giao due du vl so lugng, dap iing yeu cau ve chat lugng, tiep tpc dii mdi chuong trinh, tao chuyin biln manh me ve phuang phap giao dpc, tang nguon luc cho giao due cin phai sdm co nhftng giai phap dieu chinh eu the de gdp phan vao dinh hudng, cdng bing xa hdi cho ngudi dan, hong cd cong bang giao due o cap thdng , , ^x Gin day nhit, Bd Chinh hi dua nhiem vu, giai phap phat hien giao due den 2020, hong dd nhin manh viec dam bao cong bang xa hpi giao due Nha nuoc t^p tmng diu tu cho cac vimg khd khan, vung cd dong dong bao dan tpc thieu so, tung buoc giam su chenh lech vl phat triln giao due gifta cac vung, mien Dac biet chu y den thuang binh, liet sy, gia dinh co cdng vdi nude, hpc sinh cd hoan caiih dac biet kho khan va hpc sinh khuylt tat thdng qua phat hien cac loai quy khuyen hpc, khuyen tai cac td chiic xa hpi, cac cpng ding dan cu Tuy nhien, thdi gian tnrdc mit, chung ta can quan tam nang cao chat lupng giao due va dao tao miin nui, nhu: quan tam diu tu kinh phi thong qua cac chuong 'http://dantri.com.vn/c25/s25-321170/bo-chinh-tri-dua-ra-7-dinh-huong-phat-trien-giao-duc.htm Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi sdt3 (54) 2011 55 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huang trinh, du an giup cac dia phuong dac biet khd khan phat hiln giao due va dao tao xay dimg trudng dan tpc ndi tni lien xa, nha d cho giao vien, dao tao ngudn can bp ngudi dan tpc thieu sd tu cac trudng dan tdc ndi tni; cd che dp thda dang ddi vdi hpc sinh, giao vien ngudi dan tpc thieu sd cd tich xuit sic; cd chinh sach va chien lugc lau dai dao tao dpi ngfl giao vien ngudi dan tpc thieu sd cd trinh dp tren chuan ; chii trpng trien khai thuc hien doi mdi chuong trinh giao due phd thdng, phuong phap day hpc d vung dan tdc thieu sd, vung cd dieu kien kinh te xa hpi dac biet khd khan; thuc hien che dp chinh sach nham bao dam quyen loi va nghTa vu cua ngudi bpc; quan tam, giiip dd hpc sinh ngheo, hpc sinh vung sau, vimg xa, em cac gia dinh cd cdng vdi nudc, cac em cd hoan canh dac biet Ben canh can doi mdi co che quan ly, chi dao phu hgp; phat huy tinh chu dpng, sang tao ciia co sd, huy dpng mpi ngudn lire de phat trien giao due Cimg cd va tang cudng he thong cac trudng dan tpc thieu sd npi tni, trudng ban tni dan nudi, thu hut hpc sinh den trudng, cham diit tinh trang hpc sinb that hpc, bd hpc, hpc sinh khd khan phai bo hpc kiem sdng Lam tot nhflng dieu nay, chang nhung nganh giao due se xoa dan su bat binh dang giao due, nhat la bat binh dang giao due phd thdng tren pham vi ca nudc, ma cdn gdp phan tbuc hien muc tieu dan giau, nudc manh, xa hpi cong bang, dan chu, van minh ma Nghi quyet Dai hpi eua Dang ta da de Tai lieu tham khao: Le Ngoc Hiing Xd hpi hgc gido due Nxb Ly luan Chinh trj Ha Npi, 2006 Do Thien Kinh (2005) Bdt binh ddng ve gido due d Viet Nam hien Tap chi Xa hpi hoc sl 1/2005 Uy ban nhan dan tinh Dien Bien (2009) Bdo cdo kit qud thuc Men cdc muc tieu chuong trinh hdnh dpng vi tre em 2001-2009, xdc dinh muc tieu leu tien ndm 2010 UNICEF va MOLISA (2008) Tre ngheo a Viet Nam song d ddu? Xdy dung vd dp dung cdch tiep can da chieu ve ngheo tre em UNCEF Viet Nam, Bp Giao due va Dao tao va UNESCO (2008) Chuyin tiip tie tiiu hoc len trung hoc ca sd ciia tre em gdi nguai ddn tpc thieu so Vien Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam (2007) Bdo cdo Cap nhdt Ngheo 2006: Ngheo vd gidm ngheo a Viet Nam giai dogn 1993 - 2004, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Npi, 2007 e£ Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi s63 (54) 2011 ... nhung tim giao due dat dupc cho cac vien mpt each ngiu nhien xa bdi da dien nhu thi nao Theo goe nay, bat binh dang giao due dupe ludng thdng qua he sl Gini, tuong tu nhu ludng su bit binh ding... ngheo cd rit it tilt kiem bing tiln mat hay cac nguIn thu nhap thay thi dl cai thien cudc song Trong hoan canh do, uu tien hang diu cua cac hp gia dinh thudng la phai dam bao dugc cung iing luong... me va phu nft ngudi dan tpc thieu so Anh hudng tir vdn hda, loi song, phong tuc tap qudn Cho den nay, hong mpt phiic hpp cua cac quan he xa hpi cua ddi sdng thdn xa, gja dinh va hp tpc van dupc