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TRifT HOC, S 6 2 (297), T H A N G 2 2016 NGUYEN NHAN VA PHUDNG HIUDTNG KHAC PHUC MAU THUAN GIUA CAC LOAI L0I ICH TRONG VIEC KHAI T H A C CAC NGUON TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN ^ NUdC TA HIEN NAY H 6 CONG Dl[.]
TRifT HOC, S (297), T H A N G - 2016 NGUYEN NHAN VA PHUDNG HIUDTNG KHAC PHUC MAU THUAN GIUA CAC LOAI L0I ICH TRONG VIEC KHAI T H A C CAC NGUON TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN ^ NUdC TA HIEN NAY H CONG DlJC •'* Viec khai thac cdc nguon tdi nguyen thiin nhiin nudc ta hien dang dgt nhiiu vdn dig&y bde xuc dU luan xa hgi Mpt nhitng vdn di bite xdc nhdt la mdu thudn giQa cdc loai ldi ich Trong bdi viet ndy, sau khdi qudt mdu thudn giQa cdc loai ldi ich, tdc gid neu mpt so'nguyen nhdn vd phUdng hudng khdc phuc mdu thudn giQa cdc loai ldi ich do, nham gdp phdn cdn bang giQa cdc loai ldi ich viic khai thac cdc nguon tdi nguyin thiin nhiin cua ddt nUdc Mau t h u d n giiia c a c loai Idi i c h d nttdc t a h i e n n a y t r o n g v i e c k h a i t h a c cac n g u d n t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i d n Hidn nay, d nflde ta viec k h a i t h a c cac ngudn tdi nguyen thidn n h i e n dang gdy n h i l u bflc xflc t r o n g dfl l u a n xa hfli Mdt nhiing bflc xuc n h d t Id mau thudn gifla cac loai ldi ich, ddc biet la mau t h u d n gifla ldi ich ridng vdi ldi ich chung, m a u t h u d n gifla ldi ich trudc mIt vdi Idi ich lau dai Thit nhdt, m a u t h u d n gifla ldi ich rieng vdi ldi ich chung t h e hien d ehd, cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn Id tdi san chung cua n h a n dan, nhUng hidn dang bi mdt sd' ca n h a n , doanh nghiep k h a i thdc chiem doat, n h d m phuc vu cho ldi ich ca n h a n , ldi ich nhdm, bdt chap ldi ich chung cua n h a n d a n ciing nhU ldi ich lau dai cua ddt nude, vdi nhieu h i n h thflc khac Dd la mdt sd' can bd thodi hda, bien chat ldi d u n g q u y i n lUc d l bao ke, cd'u kdt, thdng ddng vdi n h a u n h d m vd vet, v u n ven cho Idi ich ca n h a n , ldi ich nhdm Dd Id ldi d u n g chu trUdng, ehinh sach cua Dang vd N h a nUdc de cap phep k h a i thac mdt each t r d n lan, vd td chfle, cap p h e p d a u t u vdo ca nhflng ndi chfla dUde d i l u tra, k h a o sat, d i l n hinh Id mdt so dfl an t h u y dien, trdng cao su, s a n golf, khu cdng nghidp, v.v Cae dfl a n ndy da a n h hfldng ndng n l de'n ldi ich chung cua n h a n dan, nhfl gdy d n h i l m mdi trudng t r i m trpng, dan mat ddt san xudt, ddn de'n t i n h t r a n g dan t h a t nghiep, ngheo ddi, b e n h tdt gia (*) Thac si, Nghien cflu sinh, Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa h6i, Vien Hfin lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam 77 NGUYEN N H A N V A PHUDNG H U O N G KHAC PHUC MAU THUAN , tdng Chang han, "vide thu hdi ddt hang nghin hecta tai Kien Giang dang dly hang tram hp dan rdi vao hoan canh khd khdn, that nghiep, nghdo doi, phai di ldm thud, Idm mfldn khdp ndi dl kiem sdng"(l) Ciing vdi viec ldi dung quyen Iflc, chu trUdng, chinh sdch Id hoat ddng khai thac trai phdp nhlm chiem doat ldi ich chung cua nhan dan vl phuc vu cho ldi ich cd nhdn, Idi ich nhdm didn tran Ian tren khip mpi mien ddt nfldc Chi tinh rieng linh vflc khoang san hien da "cd de'n 47/63 tinh, thdnh phd cd boat ddng khai thac khoang san trai phep"(2), v.v Mdu thudn gifla ldi ich rieng vd Idi ich chung cdn the hien d chd, cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn Id tdi san chung cua nhan dan song dang bi mdt sd' cd nhdn, doanh nghiep khai thac, chiem doat dfldi nhieu hinh thfle khac nhau, nhdm phuc vu cho ldi ich ca nhdn, ldi ich nhdm Trong dd, ngfldi ddn tai ndi cd ngudn tdi nguydn thidn nhidn dd lai khflng dfldc hfldng ldi ich gi Trai lai, hp edn ganh chiu nhieu hdu qua ndng n l cua vide khai thac do, nhfl thdt nghiep, nghdo doi, mdi trfldng d nhiera, dich benh, v.v Tdt ca nhiing sfl that dd dang gay xung dot gay git gifla ldi ich chung cua nhan dan vdi ldi ich rieng cua mdt sd'cd nhan, doanh nghiep Thit hai, mau thudn gay gdt gifla ldi ich trfldc radt vdi ldi ich lau dai Vdi rapt qufl'c gia dd't chat, ngfldi dflng, ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien ed han, nhflng lai bi khai thdc theo kieu chiem doat, thidu quy hoach, ke' hoach, vi ldi ich, ldi nhudn trfldc rait, ma khdng 78 quan tam den ldi ich lau ddi, da ddn den cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien nhanh chdng hi can kiet, mdi trfldng bi tdn pha nghiem trpng Sfl can kidt nhanh chdng cac ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhidn, dac bidt Id cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien khdng tai tao dfldc, ke ca tdi nguyen trdn rUng vd tdi nguyen dfldi bien, nhfl than da, diu khi, titan, vdng, v.v tdt yeu se ddn din he qua la tfldng lai chung ta se phai nhdp khiu nhiing thfl md chung ta da tiing xuat khau vdi gia qud re mat Viec khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien theo kilu tfldc doat ndy ludn gin lien vdi van de mdi trfldng, gin liln vdi sfl tdc ddng trd lai hay sfl tra thfl cua tfl nhidn ddi vdi ngfldi Tren thflc te, hien nhflng ndi nao dien vide khai thac cac ngudn tai nguydn thidn nhidn kilu nhfl vay, thi ndi ngfldi dan dang phai ganh chiu nhflng hau qua ndng n l ve mdi trfldng song Hp cdn phai chiu canh thdt nghidp, nghdo ddi va bdnh tdt hodnh hanh Chang ban, viec khai thac titan d Binh Dinh, khai thac bauxite d Lam Ddng, khai thac vdng tai Nghd An, Quang Nam, v.v dac bidt, viec khai thac than d Quang Ninh vfla qua Id nhflng minh chiing sinh ddng Tai Quang Ninh, "xi than vd bun (1) Nguyen Hfinh Vu thu hoi hdng ngdn ddt: Se kien nghi Chinh phu thdnh IdP dodn tra lien ngdnh, 1/8/2015, httpy/dantri.com.vn/8u-kien/vu-thuhoi-hang-ngan-ha-dat-ee-kien-nghi-chinh-phu-thanhlap-dDan-thanh-tra-lien-nganh-2015080108493471 htm (2) Khodng sdn chdy mdu thidng canh bd xudt, 28/8/2013, http://baodatviet.vn/kinh-te/doanhnghiep/khoang-san-chay-mau-trong-the-ong-canhba-xuat-2353507/ HO CONG Dtfc k h a i t h a c cac ngudn t a i nguydn thien n h i e n d i l n r a d k h I p ndi vd h l u nhfl t r e n tdt ca cac linh vflc Mdt nhflng n g u y e n n h a n d i u tidn ddn d i n cac m a u t h u d n Id cong tac quan ly ye'u kem cua cac cd q u a n quan ly n h a nfldc, dac bidt la doi vdi cac ngudn tai nguyen k h o a n g san Hien nay, cdng tac kiem ke, thd'ng ke vd bao cao cua cac cd q u a n q u a n ly n h d nfldc hodn todn dfla vdo sd h e u cac doanh nghiep cung cdp Tuy nhien, khdng phai mpi doanh nghiep d i u thfle hien thdng kd, k i l m kd Tfl ddy cd the thdy, viec k h a i t h a c va bao cao mdt each day du Hien "chi cac ngudn tdi nguyen t h i e n n h i e n d cd 30% doanh nghiep thara gia bao cao, nfldc ta hien d a n g gay r a radu vdy 70% d dau thi khdng cd quan thudn gay g i t gifla eac loai Idi ich, n h a t n a o h a y biet \ ^ vdy, Nha nfldc hien Id mau thudn gay gdt gifla ldi ich rieng khdng ndra dfldc thflc trang "tdi san" vdi ldi ich chung, gifla ldi ich trfldc rait eua minh cung nhfl khdng k i l m soat vdi Idi ich lau ddi, a n h hfldng n d n g n e dfldc san Ifldng khai thac eua eac doanh den qua trinh p h a t trien k i n h t l - xa nghidp"(5) hpi ben vflng Vdy, dau la n g u y e n n h a n Ben canh dd, cung budng Idng gay nhflng radu t h u d n nay? quan ly md cae ngudn tdi nguyen khac, M o t so n g u y d n n h a n c h u y i u nhfl rflng, thuy dien, ddt, nfldc, dflng gay r a m a u t h u d n giiJa c a c l o a i ldi thflc vdt, thuy hai san, v.v dang bi mdt ich t r o n g v i e c k h a i t h a c c a c n g u d n sd ca nhdn, nhdm ngfldi khai thdc, t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i e n of nfldc t a chiera doat, n h l m phuc vu cho Idi ich ca hien nhan, ldi ich nhdm, md khdng t h e m Cd n h i l u nguyen n h a n gay r a m a u quan tdm den ldi ich chung cua n h a n thudn gifla cae loai Idi ich viec khai thdc cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien hidn n a y d nfldc ta T u y nhien, tfl (3) Minh Khang Gdn trdm ho ddn bi nhdn chim sau tran "dgi hdng thuy" biin ddt xi than 27/7/2015, thUe tidn, theo chflng tdi, cd mdt sfl http://vt£.vn/gan-tram-ho-dan-bi-nhan-chim-sau-trandai-hong-thuy-bun-dat-xi-than.2.564596.htra nguyen n h a n chu yd'u nhfl sau (4) Dflc Hieu MUa Idn d Qudng Ninh: Thiet hat Thit nhdt, buong long qudn ly 1.000 ty dong, 15 ngUdi chet, 28/7/2015, http://tuoi viic khai thdc cdc ngudn tdi tre.vn/tin/chinh-tri-xa-hoi/20150728/thiet-hai-ganl000-ty-dong-15-nguoi-chet-do-mua-!on/784452.html nguyen thien nhiin (5) Bich Ngoc Rut rugt tdi nguyen khodng sdn phdi Trong rady ndra g i n day, m a u t h u d n hi hinh!, 01/10/2014 httpy/moitniong-Com.vn/Home/ Default.aspx?portaIid=33&tabid=19&di8tid=21936 gifla cae loai ldi ich t r o n g qua t r i n h ddt da vui Idp hang trdm ngdi n h a , l a m hdng chuc ngfldi chit, hdng n g h m ngfldi bi anh hfldng, moi trfldng bi t a n p h a nghiem trpng"(3), "gay thidt h a i h a n g nghm ty ddng^(4), v.v Day la nhflng hdu qua ndng ne raa ngfldi d a n d a n g ngdy ddm phai o i n minh g a n h chiu C6 thi ndi, chinh vide k h a i t h a c t h i e u quy hoach, ke hoach, vi ldi ich, ldi n h u d n trfldc m I t dd gay r a nhiing a n h hfldng nghiem trpng dd'n Idi ich lau dai nhfl da thdy Day dang Id van d l bflc xuc, nhflc nhdi dfl ludn xa hdi NGUYEN N H A N V A PHUONG H U N G KHAC PHUC MAU THUAN dan cung nhfl Idi ich lau ddi cua ddt nfldc, gay mau thudn gifla cdc loai Idi ich Do dd, khai thac tdi nguydn cdng nhilu thi ldi ich cang chay vao tfli cua eac ca nhan, eac doanh nghiep, cdn ngfldi dan ndi ed khoang san h l u nhfl khdng thu dUdc Idi ich gi, thdm chi hp phai di mot khoang san tren chinh raanh ddt cua minh dl kilra sfl'ng Hp lai phai ganh chiu nhflng hau qua khung khid'p tfl mdi trfldng bi d nhiem Thu! hai, cdp phep khai thdc cdc nguon tdi nguyin thien nhiin mpt cdch trdn lan, tiiy tiin, thieu dieu tra, khao sdt Vide cd'p phep khai thac tran lan vd tfly tidn nhflng ndm qua da ldm cho cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn bi can kiet mdt each nhanh chdng, mdi trfldng bi d nhiem nghidm trpng; dd, Nhd nfldc vd nhdn ddn h l u nhfl khdng thu dfldc ldi ich gi Hidn nay, nudc ta "ed khoang 5000 dilm mo da dUdc phat hien thi cac cd quan quan ly tfl trung fldng cho den dia phfldng dd cap phep khai thac gin het"(6) Trong hang nghin gid'y phep dfldc ca'p, cd khdng it gidy phep dfldc cap rapt each tfly tien chfla co dilu tra, khao sat, chfla cd danh gia tac ddng radi trfldng, cdp khflng dung ddi tfldng ddn den chuyin nhfldng gidy phep nhlm thu Idi bdt ehinh Viec cd'p phep trdn lan, tien diln ddi vdi h l u hit cac loai tdi nguydn Theo k i t qua tra, kilra tra, ehi vdng ndra (2011 2013) "da phat hien 103 giay phep cdp khdng dflng thim quyen, 37 gid'y cap chfla cd quy hoach dfldc phd duyet, 80 _ 52 gidy cap cho dfli tfldng khong cd nganh nghe kinh doanh, 29 gidV