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Bui Kieu Anh Vien Chien lifdc phat trien Bo Ke hoach va €>au tU I Bat binli dang tang trifing bao trdm i Viet Nam ang trudng bao trum duac xem la mpt each tiep can, mdt quan diem ve phat trien vdi thdng diep chii dao la tao co hdi binh dang cho mpi ngudi viec tham gia va thu hudng qua cua qua trinh phat trien Md hinh tang trudng bao trum hUdng tdi sU ben vQng dai han, d^m bao su hai hda giCfa tang trudng kinh te va cong bang xa hdi nham muc tieu cudi cung la phat trien ngUdi Trong qua trinh hudng den phat trien va tang trudng bao trum, Viet Nam da cd nhOfng ket qu^ tich cue, song van nhOfng ton tai, khong ft khd khan, thach thdc, dac biet van de bat binh dang Bai viet dUa cac quan niem, each hieu ve tang trudng bao trum va van de bat binh dang; phan tich thuc trang bat binh dang tang trudng bao trum cua Viet Nam hien nay, cung nhu nhQng nguyen nhan tao nhOng rao cSn qua trinh phat trien nen kinh te gan vdi tang trudng bao trum Qua dua mdt so khuyen nghi chinh sach nham gdp phan dua dat nUdc tdi thjnh vupng dieu kien hdi nhap qudc te mpt sau rpng T Tir khoa: Tang trudng bao trum, bat binh dang, phat triln, thu nhap Abstract: Inclusive growth is seen as an approach, a development perspective, with primary goal being to enable equal opportunities for everyone to participate in and share the fruition of the development process The inclusive growth model is oriented towards long-term sustainability, which ensures the harmony between economic growth and social justice and ultimately aims at human development In the process towards inclusive development and growth, Vietnam has achieved positive results, yet there remain many difficulties, challenges about inequality issues This paper presents different conceptions, insights on inclusive growth and inequality; analyzes the current situation of inequality in inclusive growth in Vietnam as well as the causes creating barriers in the development of the economy associated with inc lusive growth Based on the analysis, this paper offers some policy recommendations for Vietnam towards prosperity in the context of deeper international integration Keywords: inclusive growth, inequality, development, income Hgay nhan ba\: 16/3/2020 Ngay ntian phan biin, ddnh gid va su'o c/juij; 25/3/2020 Ngay duyet ddng: 31/3/2020 12 I Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 , i CO so ly luan ve umg tru'dng bao trum va bat binh dang Bku thi ky XXI, quan dilm vl phat triln bin viing dupe cho la thdng nhat bdi cac nha khoa hpe va cac nha ho^ch dinh chinh sach tCr bao cao Brundtland cua Lien hpp qudc nam 1987, dd phat triln bin vimg gdm ba try ept chinh: kmh te, xa hdi, mdi trudng Dd la quan diem phat trien toan dipn, dai han da dupe Lien hpp qudc thdng qua: Chuang trinh Nghi su 2016 2030 vl eae myc tieu phat triln bin vung (SDG) bao gdm 17 muc tieu va 169 tieu chi cy thi, thay cho Chuang trinh Nghi sir 2000 - 2015 ve cac muc tieu phat trien Thien nien ky (MDG) Cac mye tieu phat hiln ben vung dupe xem nhu dinh hudng mang tinh toan cau va mdi qude gia can phai dat cac myc tieu phu hpp vdi bdi canh cua quoc gia de th\rc hi?n Dii toan dien han cac myc tieu MDG, nhung ve phuang di|n nao SDG edn chua xae dinh phat trien xa hpi, ngudi la mdt mye tieu va dpng l\ic cua s\r phat triSn toan nhan loai Cac nghien cuu cua Chuang trinh phat triln Lien hpp qudc (UNDP) cimg cho thay, eae nude khdng nSn chi chu trpng giam ngheo dan thuan, ma cdn phai giai quyet cac dieu kien de ngudi dan ed the thu hudng cac dich vu y te, giao due va eae dich vy xa hpi ca ban khac Vi vay nhung nam gan day, cac qude gia, dd ed Vi?t Nam, quan tam va hudng den md hinh tang trudng bao trum Tang trudng bao trum bat ngudn tit cac nghien cuu ve bat binh dang va quan he cua bat binh dang vdi qua trinh phat trien, dac biet dupe ehu y sau khung hoang tai chinh toan cau nam 2008, vi da chi ro dupe cae van de ve edng bang kinh te, ddng thdi dinh hinh cae ehien lupe tang trudng mdi Trong bao cao cua UNDP, tang trudng dupe eoi la bao trum khi: (1) Tang trudng dupe tdi da hda d tit ea cac nhdm thu nhap, nam gidi va nu gidi, cac nhdm xa hpi va dan toe, cac vung, mien; (2) Ngudi dan dupe hudng su bmh dang ca hdi va hudng Ipi tu viee tham gia true tiep vao qua trinh tang trudng, ehu yeu thdng qua muc dp cao ve viec lam va su cai thien nang suat lao ddng; (3) Khudn mau phan bd ve thu nhap nhin ehung la binh dang, bao ve nhiing ngudi d dudi day cua phan bd ve thu nhap va su phan bd d cac khia canh phi thu nhap cua cupc sdng (ehang han nhu y te va giao dye) dupe cai thien Ngan hang Phat trien ehau A (ADB) lai coi tang trudng bao trum la "nang cao tde dp tang trudng va md rpng quy md eua nen kinh te, ddng thdi dam bao san chai binh dang eho viec dau tu va gia tang ca hdi viec lam cd nang suat, ciing nhu dam bao kha nang tiep can edng bang nhiing ea hdi nay" Nhu vay, mpi phin xa hpi dlu ed the tham gia va gdp phan vao qua trinh tang trudng mot caeh binh dang, khdng phan biet hoan canh xa hdi eua hp OECD dinh nghia tang trudng bao trum theo nghTa rpng bao gdm khdng ehi phan phdi su tang trudng thu nhap mot each binh ding ma cdn chia se tien bd d cac khia canh phi thu nhap khac cua su thinh vupng Tang trudng bao trum la ndi den tde dp va sir phan phdi tang trudng Theo gde nhin cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB), tang trudng bao trum la dieu kien can thiet dl giam ngheo va ddi hdi phai ed tam nhin dai han Trong dd, tang trudng can bao ham phin Idn luc lupng lao ddng cua dat nude ma d tinh chat bao trum ndi len su binh dang ve ca hdi kha nang tiep can thi trudng va ngudn luc ciing nhu mdi trudng quan ly khdng thien vi ddi vdi tat ca doanh nghiep va ca nhan; tang trudng phai ddng vai trd then chdt giam ngheo Ve mat kinh te, tang trudng bao triim bao ham ca cae lien ket vT md (vdi eae can ddi Idn nhat ciia toan he thdng bao dam su Kinh te tai chinh Yi^t Nam / So - Thang 4/^020 13 tang trudng hpp ly va he thdng phan bd ngudn lue theo tin hieu thi trudng) va vi md (vdi timg can ddi cu the d tam doanh nghiep, lang xa va cpng ddng, dam bao su hai hda tong the tiep can ngudn lire va thu hudng qua, tao ddng luc tang trudng cho mpi ngudi); ca dau vao (sir binh dang ve ca hdi dieu kien tiep can thi trudng, tai nguyen va mdi trudng phap ly khdng thien vi eho doanh nghiep va ca nhan nao) va dau (phan phdi va phan phdi lai thu nhap eho cong bang va nang cao miic sdng hop ly cho toan dan) cin dupe xem xet ky ludng va phan tieh thiu dao Tuy nhien khac vdi quan diem giam ngheo "dan gian" la tang trudng chi gan vdi giam ngheo nhu dua cac giai phap hudng tdi ngudi ngheo 15-20 nam trude, thi tang trudng bao triun hudng den tang Idp trung luu va ca ngudi cd thu nhap cao de moi ngudi cung tham gia vao qua trinh phat trien, tao them thu nhap va phiic Ipi cho toan xa hpi Tu do, ngudn lye tdng thi Idn ban, tao ca hdi phan bd nhieu hem va hai hda ban giiia eae tang lap nhan dan, mpi ngudi toan xa hpi Tang trudng bao trum, gan ket tang trudng kinh te vdi cdng bang xa hdi, khdng de bi gat khdi qua trinh phat trien, nhat la nhiing ngudi yeu the nhu ngudi gia, phu nu tre em ed dan, ngudi tan tat Trude day, de "edng bang", ngudi ta thudng ed gang danh mpt phan quan trpng nguon dau tu va hd trp xa hpi true tiep cho ngudi ngheo, ma chua chii y d§ tao dieu kien cho cae tang lap trung luu va giau cd han ed ca hpi lam gia tang eiia cai ciia dat nude, mpi ngudi Cling dupe phat trien va hudng Ipi Nhu vay, each lam "eao bang" binh dang ngan han tudng cd the lam eho ngudi ngheo tam thdi ed them "mieng cam, manh ao", nhung ve dai han thi quy md thu hudng khdng nhieu vi ngudn luc ea xa hpi 14 khdng tang manh Trong didu kien HP* nhap qudc tl, each dung tiin de hd trp tryc tiip cho ngudi ngheo dupe xem la viec giam ngheo khdng bin vung, ma can thyc hien giam ngheo da muc tieu, chii ^ ^^^ chit luong tang trudng va giam ngheo, tao eo hdi eho ngudi ngheo nang cao ninh dp giao dye, tiip can cae dieh vy y te, cham sde siic khde, bao ve ba me va tre em Trong phuang thiic phat trien bao triim mdi, toe dp tang trudng dii rit quan trpng, nhung khdng thi dat nhu mue tieu phat trien eao nhat, ma la he qua eiia viee tim kiim diing ddng luc (ddng lye eho tung ca nhan va nhdm ngudi vi Ipi ieh va ddng luc phat trien xa hdi theo nghia rpng nhat), tao sy phat hien hai hda kinh te, xa hpi va ty nhien, bao dam su lien ket cae mat ehinh tn, kinh te, xa hpi, mdi trudng mdt thi thdng nhit vdi be dd the ehe viing chic, lien kit cac bd phan eau mpt he thdng toan ven va phat trien Md hinh tang trudng bao tnim hudng tdi sy ben viing dai han, dd dam bao sy hai hda giua tang 0-udng kinh te va cdng bang xa hdi nham mue tieu cudi cung la phat trien eon ngudi Nhu vay, ed the hieu chung nhat: Tdng truang bao trum la mot cdch tiep can, mot quan diem vephdt trien, CO the tgo ca hoi binh ddng cho mpi nguoi viec tham gia vd thu hir&ng thdnh qud cua qud trinh phdt trien, khong bi bo lai phia sau Giiia cac nude phat trien vdi cac nude dang phat trien eiing nhu ndi bp cac nude dang phat trien van tdn tai hien tuang bat binh dang xa hpi Theo quan diem cua Marx, "binh dang xa hdi la quyen ngang giua ngudi vdi ngudi ve mpi phuang dien xa hdi nhu kinh te, ehinh tri, xa hdi, van hda.v.v " (Giao trinh Kinh tl phat triln, 2013) Bit binh ding duac quan niem la trang thai ngupc lai ciia sy binh ding Tinh trang bit binh ding khdng chi Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So - Tliang 4/2020 lou lai a mpi Knia caiui, ma bao triim d nhieu khia cgnh khac Theo TS Dd Thien Kinh - Vipn Xa hpi hpc, cd hai phuang phap ludng vl bit binh dang xa hpi Dd la bit binh ding ndi chung (do ludng nhirng kit qua ciia dau cho mpi vien xa hpi ma khdng phan biet/phan td nhirng ca nhan thudc nhdm xa hdi nao); bit binh ding ve ea hdi (do ludng nhiing kit qua eua diu cho mpi vien xa hpi, nhung cd phan biet/phan td nhung ca nhan thupc nhdm xa hpi nao) Trong dd, bat binh dang ca hdi mieu ta ro net ve sy bat binh dang xa hpi han la bat binh dang ndi chung su khae biet ve ca hdi cupc sdng giiia cac nude, cac chung tpc, gidi tinh va cac nhdm xa hpi khac Day eiing ehinh la nhiing bat binh dang xa hdi rat ea ban Thu'c trang bat binh dang tang tru'dng bao trum d Viet Nam 2.1 Nhitng kit qud dgt dit^c vd hgn che, thdch thiec Cong tac gidm ngheo vd vdn de phdn phoi thu nhgp Viet Nam da dat dupe qua dang ghi nhan viee giam ngheo va nang cao chat luang cupc sdng cho ngudi dan Tii mdt nude nhdm thu nhap thap nhat 30 nam trude, GNI binh quan dau ngudi cua Viet Nam da vuot 1000 USD/ngudi (nam 2009) va dat gin 2.600 USD/ngudi (nam 2018)' Dy bao nam 2020, GNI eua Viet Nam se vuot 3000 USD/ngudi Theo bao cao cua Bd Lao ddng, Thuang binh va Xa hdi hang nam, ehi sd ngheo cua Viet Nam lien tue dupe cai thien Theo chuan ngheo mdi cua Viet Nam^, nam 2017 ed 1,6 trieu hp ngheo, chiem 6,7% va 1,3 trieu hd can ngheo, ehiem 5,32% sd hd Thanh qua ve xda ddi giam ngheo eua Viet Nam dupe danh gia eao vdi sy nd luc cua tat ca cac vung tren ca nude Tuy ty le ngheo eua mdi vung deu cd xu hudng giam nhimg giira cac vung van cd su chenh leeh ve thu nhap, nhu Tay Bac ed 28% hd ngheo va 12% can ngheo, Dien Bien cd 41% hp ngheo va 9,4% hd can ngheo (Xem Bang 1) Den nam 2018, tdng sd hp ngheo la 1.304.001 hd, dd hp ngheo ve thu nhap la 1.167.439 hd, hd ngheo thieu hut tiep can cac dich vu xa hdi ea ban la 136.562 hd, ty le hd ngheo la 5,23% va hp can ngheo la 4,95%, phan anh qua cua phat trien xa hdi da bam sat qua phat trien kinh te Theo Bao cao Phat trien ngudn nhan lye (HDR) nam 2019 eiia UNDP, Viet Nam S6li^ucuaT6ngcucTh6ngkenam2019 Chi so ngheo da chieu da duoc van dung tis nam 2015, vdi mot so cii tien cho sat hop hdn Theo Quyet dinh cCia Thili tUdng Chinh phCi nam 2015, cac tieu chi tiep can ludng ngheo da chieu ap dung cho giai doan 2016 - 2020 la: a Cac tieu chf ve thu nhap: - Chuan ngh^o: 700.000 d6ng/ngudi/thang d khu vUc nong thon va 900.000 dong/ngudi/thang dkhuvUcthSnhthj - Chuan can ngheo: 1.000.000 dong/ngudi/thang d khu vac nong thon va 1.300.000 dong/ngudi/thang d khu vUc thi b.Tieu chi mUc thieu hut tiep can djeh vu xa hpi ca b i n : - Cac dich vu xa hpi ca b i n (05 dich vu): Y te, giao due, nha 6, nUdc sach va ve sinh, thong tin -Cac chi so ludng miJc dp thieu hut cac dich vuxa hpi co ban (10chis6):Tiepcancacdichvu y te; b i o hiem y te; trinh dp giao due cua ngudi Idn; tinh trang di hpc cua tre em; chat luong nha d; dien tich nha d binh quan dau ngudi; nguon nUdc sinh hoat; ho xf/nha tieu hop ve sinh; sCf dung djeh vu vien thdng; tai sin phuc vu tiep can thong tin Kinh t^ tai chinh Yi^t Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 15 Bang Ty K h j ngheo va can ngneo nam ivi i m^ - ^ Ca na&c HO nghta % s4 h0 ^ H$ c$n nghto % si h$ 1.642.489 6,70 1.304.680 Mien nui Dong Bac 395.799 14,87 241.285 5,32 9,07 Mien nui Tay Bac 198.998 28,01 85.903 12,09 Dong bang song Hong 144.928 2,44 169.436 2,86 BSc Trung bo 239.795 8,20 267.534 9,15 Duyen hai mien Trung 176.094 8,17 140.664 6,52 Tay Nguyen 175.772 12,86 110.401 8,07 Dong Nam bo 32.813 0,78 33.037 0,79 Dong bang song Cuu Long 278.390 6,08 256.420 5,60 Ngudn - Bo Lao dong, Thuong binh vd Xd hoi, 2018 ed 4,9% dan sd ngheo da chieu so vdi miie ehung cua cae nude dang phat trien la 23,1% dan sd Chi sd bat quan binh thu nhap Gini khdng qua eao so vdi cac nude khu vye va kha dn dinh (khoang 0,4), Bang Ty If ngh^o cua m$t so qu6c gia khu vvc nam 2018 :Qu6cgia Tylfngh4o(%) Thai Lan 0,8 Trung Quoc 3,9 Indonesia 7,0 Lao 23,1 Campuchia 27,2 Myanmar 38,3 Viet Nam 4,9 Nguon- UNDP, 2019 16 nhung khoang each giua nhdm 20% dan sd thu nhap cao nh4t vdi 20% dan cu thu nhap thap van d miic cao (khoang 10 lan), ddi sdng ciia eu dan d mdt sd vung dan tpc thieu sd, viing sau, vung xa va nhdm ngudi yeu the (ngudi khuyet tat, phy nu, tre em ) dang gap rat nhieu khd khan Theo Tdng cue Thdng ke, he sd bat binh dang phan phdi thu nhap cua ea nude nam 2018 ed xu hudng chuyen bien tich cue giam so vdi cac nam trudc Tii nam 2012, Gini d ndng thon cao han thi va su chenh lech eang eang gian rpng Dieu eho thay su bat binh dang thu nhap eua Viet Nam giam nhung sy each biet giiia ndng thdn va thi cang Idn Ci nude ta, Ddng Nam bd va ddng bang sdng Hdng la nai cd he sd bit binh ding thap nhlt (0,373 va 0,392), dd Trung du va mign nui phia Bae, Tay Nguyen ed sy bat binh ding cao nhat (0,443 va 0,440) Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So - T h a n g 4/2020 Bing H$ 9^ Gini» Vif t Nam pliin theo viing I^^HL Nim^^^H^r 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Cinirdv 0,433 0,424 0,430 0,431 0,424 ThJnhthj 0,402 0,385 0,397 0,391 0,372 Ndng thdn 0,395 0,399 0,398 0,408 0,407 Ddng bSng sdng Hdng 0,408 0,393 0,407 0,401 0,392 Trung du vh midn niii phia Bic 0,406 0,411 0,416 0,433 0,443 Bic Trung bg v& duySn h&i midn Tmng 0,385 0,384 0,385 0,393 0,383 T&y Nguyen 0,408 0,397 0,408 0,439 0,440 Dong Nam bO 0,414 0,391 0,397 0,387 0,373 Ddng bing sdng Cihi Long 0,398 0,403 0,395 0,405 0,399 Nguon: iSngcuc Th6ngU Chi tieu binh quan dau ngudi ca nude cd xu hudng tang nhanh giai doan 2010 - 2018 (ca khu vye ndng thdn va thi deu tang) Chi tieu binh quan mpt ngudi mdt thang ehung ea nude nam 2018 (theo gia hifn hanh) d^t 2,55 triSu ddng, tang 18% so vdi nam 2016 Trong dd khu vue ndng thdn d^t 2,i trieu ddng, tang 19,3%; khu vue thi dat 3,5 trieu ddng, tang 14,3%; binh quan giai doan 2016 - 2018 mdi nam tang 8,6% EQnh Chi ti6u binh q u ^ d^u ngirM m$t th^ng theo gid hifn hdnh phfin theo thdnh thi, ndng th6n Ban vf: Nghin dong Nguon: Tong ofc Thong ke Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 17 Cd the thay, chi tieu binh quan khu vue thi cao han rat nhieu so vdi khu vyc ndng thdn (gap khoang 1,67 lan nam 2018) Su chenh lenh giiia ehi tieu thi va ndng thdn d Viet Nam eang Idn dan (Hinh 1) Xet theo vung kinh te, ehi tieu binh quan mdt ngudi mdt thang giai doan 2010-2018 tang d tSt ca cac vung Ddng Nam bd la vung ed miic chi ti6u binh quan Idn nhAt giai doan nay, tidp dSn la ddng bang sdng Hdng Khu vuc cd miie chi tieu thip nhit la Trung du va midn niii phia BSe, Bic Trung bd va duyen hai mien Trung Bang Chi tieu binh quan dau ngudi mdt thang theo gid hien hanh ph3n theo vung Ban vi: Nghin dong 2014 2016 2018 1.603 1.888 2.157 2.546 1.897 2.241 2.528 3.018 866 1.195 1.538 1.655 2.000 1.015 1.406 1.647 1.809 2.182 971 1.483 1.660 1.766 2.234 Dong Nam bp 1.724 2.145 2.410 3.018 3.349 Ddng bang song Cuu Long 1.058 1.363 1.602 1.872 2.237 2010 2012 Ca nirorc 1.211 Dong bang song Hong 1.438 m^' 'V' ' -' ^Nam Tmng du va mien nui phia Bac Bac Trung bp va duyen hai mien Tmng Tay Nguyen Nguon: Tongc^c Thong M Van dephdt trien nguai Bao eao mdi nhat ciia UNDP ve phat trien ngudi cho thay, chi tieu phat trien ngudi (HDI, ca kinh te, giao due va y t8) lien tuc tang eao, nam 1990,2000,2010 va 2018 lin lupt la 0,475; 0,570; 0,653 va 0,693 Tuy nhien, thii hang HDI cua Viet Nam hien edn dudi 0,7 va vln nim sd cac nude ed HDI thupc hang tnmg binh, dii d miic cao nhat hang tnmg binh va diing thii 118 sd 189 nude tren thS gidi, Malaysia diing thii 61 (thude hang HDI rit eao); Thai Lan diing thii 77, thude hang HDI cao eung bang xep hang nam 2019 (UNDP, 2019) Cu the la, tudi thp binh quan cua Viet Nara la 75,3 tudi^ (nii 79 thudi, nam 71 tudi), Thai Lan la 76,9 tudi, Malaysia la 76 mdi Sd nam di hpc binh quan d Viet Nam la 12,4 nam, Thai Lan la 14,7 nam, Malaysia la 13,5 nam Trong do, sd nam trung binh den Idp la 8,2 nam, Thai Lan la 10,7 nam, Malaysia la 10,2 nam GNI binh quan eiia Vipt Nam" la 6220 USD/ngudi, Thai Lan la 16.129 USD/ngudi va Malaysia la 27.227 Tinh theo xac suat chuyen tuoi tU sinh Theo sUc mua tuang duang PPP nam 2011 18 Kinh te tai chinh Vi$t Nam / S6 - Thang 4/2020 USD/ngudi Vh Chi sd phat ttiln theo gidi^ cua Viet Nam la 1,003 phan anh phat fri^n gidi kha ddng dlu, d cac nude cdn phan bipt nam nii kha nhi€u, tham chi Trung Qude cung thip hem khd nhi^u so vdi Viet Nam, chi dgt 0,961 K6t qua so sanh nam 2019 phan anh dp bit binh dang gidi tinh^ ciia Vipt Nam da dupe cai thien (0,314 xgp thii 68), Trung Qude (0,163 xip thii 38), Malaysia (0,274 xSp thii 58), Thai Lan (0,377 x6p thii 84) Theo "Bao eao phat trien eon ngudi nam 2015" cua UNDP, chi sd HDI ctia Viet Nam lien tyc tang nhimg nam qua nhung tien bd eua Vipt Nam la khdng ddng deu Cupc khung hoang tai chinh nam 2008 da lam eho cho xu hudng phat trien ngudi toan cau va khu vye chiing lai Tuy nhien, tien bd tuang ddi cua Vipt Nam yeu han va ty Ip cai thipn chhn hon cae nude khac khu vyc Dieu cho thay anh hudng sau khiing hoang va nhiing ySu kem kinh tk ndi tai la van de nghiem trpng ban d Vipt Nam Khi nhin sau vao ea eiu kinh t6 va the ehe kinh te cd the thay cdn nhieu bat c|ip, anh hudng din chit lupng tang hudng Nhieu yeu kem va ca su tut hau van chua dupe khie phue sau 33 nam ddi mdi, nhat la so sanh tuong quan vdi cae nude khu vyc va the gidi \& nang suat lao dpng, thu nhap binh quan, ca eau kinh te va the chi kinh tS Tinh trang tut hau xa ban ve kinh te van hien huu, ehua the so sanh dupe vdi cac nin kinh te di vao giai doan tang trudng nhanh nhu Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Singapore Tiep can cdc dich vu cong (i) Trong Imh vyc giao dye, vdi muc tieu mang den sy edng bang cho mpi ngudi viec tiep can eae ca hdi kinh te, Chinh phu Viet Nam thudng xuyen quan tam den viec dua giao dye den cho ngudi dan Den cudi nam 2000, tit ca eae tinh/thanh phd ca nude vdi 98,03% sd quan/huyen; 98,53% sd xa/phudng da dupe cdng nhan dat chuan qudc gia xda mu chii; 94% dan sd dp tudi 15 - 35 da biet chu (Bao Dan tpc va mien nui) Den nay, ty le ngudi biet chii dp tudi tu 15 - 60 la 97,65%, ca ban dat muc tieu eiia De an xda mu chii (den nam 2020 dat 98%) Trong do, sd ngudi biet ehu dp tudi 15-35 ehiem 97,92%; sd ngudi biet chu dp tudi tu 36 - 60 ehiem 96,35% Ty le ngudi dan tde thieu sd biet chii dp tudi 15 - 60 la 93,44% 100% dan vi cap tinh, huyen va 99,9% dan vi cap xa tri dat chuan xda mu chu (Bp Giao due va Dao tao) Nhd ty le chi ngan sach eho giao due hang nam d miic xap xi 20% (tuang duong 5% GDP), Viet Nara da phat trien duac trudng hpc va trung tara day nghe rpng Idn Sd lupng eae trudng hpc tai tat ea eae cap deu tang len nhiing nam qua Theo ket qua "Tdng dieu tra dan sd va nha d nam 2019", ea nude ed khoang 91,7% dan sd dp tudi di hpe phd Chi so phat trien gidi GDI ludng sy chenh lech ve HDI theo gidi tinh Bang chisa cac gia tri HDI duoc adc tinh rieng cho phu nijfva nam gidi; ty le giu:a nam va nCf la gia trj GDI.Ty le cang g i n vdi 1, thi khoSng c^ch giCra nCf gidi va nam gidi cang n h d Gia trj cua ba phan HDI la tuoi thp, gido due (vdi hai chi s6) va thu nhap binh quan dau ngadi cung di/ac the hien theo gidi tinh Chi s6 bat binh d i n g gidi (Gil) ph5n anh thudc tong hop ve bat binh dang gidi theo khia canh: Siic khde sinh sSn, trao quy^n va thi trUdng lao dpng Cac chi so sUc khde sinh san la ty le ttr vong cua ba me va t j le sinh d tudi vj nien Cac chi so trao quyen la ty le ghe quoc hoi phu nCf nSm glQ va ty le dSn so co it nhat mpt so nam hpc trung hoc theo gidi tmh Chi so thi trUdng lao dpng la tham gia v^o lUc lupng lao d6ng theo gidi tinh Gia tri Gil thap cho thay sU bat binh dSng thSp giUa nQ gidi v^ nam gidi va ngupc lai Kinh te tai chinh Yi^t Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 19 Bang Ty 16 dan s6 dp tuSi di h9c ph6 thong theo tinh tr^ng di h9c, 1999 - 2019 iKHi ' "7'.' •.;; Nani.%'"\ i l^gBSMglJ Dang di hpc 79,1 83,6 91,7 Da thdi hpc 16,2 14,5 7,7 4,7 1,9 0,6 Chua bao gid di hpc Nguon Tong dieu tra ddn so vd nhd & nam 2019 thdng hien dang di hpc Trong vdng 20 nam qua, ty le dan sd dp tuoi di hpe phd thdng nhung hien khdng di hpe (chua bao gid di hpc hoae da thdi hpc) giam dang ki, tu 20,9% nam 1999 xudng 16,4% nam 2009 va 8,3% nam 2019 Tuy nhien, sd lieu ve ty le hpc sinh den trudng giiia cac nhdm thi - ndng thdn va giua cae vung cd khoang each ro rpt Ty le dan sd dp tudi di hpe nhung khdng di hpe d khu virc ndng thdn eao hon so vdi khu vyc thi (gip 1,7 lan), tuang ling la 9,5% va 5,7% Tay NguySn va dong bang sdng Cuu Long la eae vung ed ty le dan sd dp tudi di hpc nhung khdng di hpe cao nhat ca nude, ty If cua mdi viing la 13,3% Ty le dan sd dp tudi di hpc phd thdng nhung khdng di hpc d vung ddng bang sdng Hdng la thap nhat, ehiem 3,2% Hinh Ty li dan so tuoi di hoc thdng hien khdng di h^c theo khu vyc va viing, nam 2019 Ban Toin quoc Thinh thj Nong thon Trung du va mien niii phia Bac Dong bang song Hong vi:% 1^^ 1^.^ Bac Tay Dong Trung Nguyen N a m bO b? va duyen hai mien Trung Dong bing song Ciru Long Nguon: Tong diiu tra ddn so vd nhd d nam 2019 20 I Kinh te tai chinh Vi?t Nam / S6 - Thang 4/2020 Sy khac bipt vi kha nang tiip can cac dieh vy giao due giiia cac viing, giiia ndng thon va thdnh thi, giira nhdm dan tde thieu sd va da sd vdn cdn tdn tai Ty Ip nhap hpc diing dp tuoi vin cdn thip tai m^t sd tinh Ty le biit ehu d eae tinh mien niii va eae dan toe thiiu sd thip han rat nhiSu so vdi khu vye ddng bang va dSn tpc Kinh (ii) Trong linh vue y te, theo ket qua tdng dieu tra dan sd va nha d nam 2019, Viet Nam da cd nhung cai thien ro ret tudi tho trung binh eua ngudi Vipt Nam la 73,6 tudi; do, tudi thp cua nam gidi la 71,0 tudi, cua nir gidi la 76,3 tudi Tu nam 1989 den nay, tudi thp trung binh ciia Vipt Nam lien tyc tang, tu 65,2 tudi (nam 1989) len 73,6 tudi (nam 2019) Chenh l$ch vS tudi thp trung binh giiia nam va nir qua hai eupc tdng dieu tra gan nhit hiu nhu khdng thay ddi, tri khoang 5,4 nam Viet Nam da dat duac nhiiu tiin bp vipc nd lue cham sdc siic khde ba me tre em Ty suat tii vong etia tre em dudi tudi va tre em dudi tudi deu giam manh vdng hai thap ky qua Ty suat tu vong eiia tre em dudi tudi la 14 tre hi vong tren 1000 tre sinh sdng, giam hon mpt niia so vdi each day 20 nam Khu vue thi cd ty suat tii vong ciia tre em dudi I tudi thap han khu vyc ndng thon (tuang ung la 8,2 va 16,7 tre em Pi vong tren 1000 tre em sinh sdng) Ty suat hi vong ciia tre em dudi tudi cua Viet Nam nam 2019 la 21,0 tre em dudi tudi tu vong/IOOO tre sinh sdng, giam han mdt nua so vdi nam 1999 (56,9 tre em dudi tudi tii vong/IOOO tre sinh sdng) Tuy nhien van cdn khoang each Idn giiia khu vye thi va ndng thdn Ty suat tir vong cua tre era d khu vue ndng thdn eao gap ban hai Idn d khu vyc thi (tuang ung la 25,1 va 12,3 tre em dudi tudi tu vong/IOOO tre sinh sdng) Ty sd tir vong me la 46 ea tren 100.000 tre sinh sdng, giam 23 ca so vdi nam 2009 Biing Ty suat chet cua tre em dirdi tu6i phSn theo viing, 2010 - 2018 Ban Vf Tre em dirai mot tuoi tir vong/IOOO tre em sinh song ^ ^ H ^ Nam 'it • —•—• T 2010 20U 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Cdniro'c 15,8 15,5 15,4 15,3 14,9 14,7 14,5 14,4 14,2 D6ng bSng song Hdng 12,3 12,5 12,3 12,2 11,8 11,7 11,5 11,3 11,2 Trung du va miSn nui phia B5c 24,3 23,0 23,5 23,2 22,4 22,0 21,5 21,4 21,4 Bac Trung bp va duyen hai mien Trung 17,1 17,1 17,1 17,0 16,6 16,3 16,0 15,9 15,8 Tay Nguyen 26,8 24,3 26,4 26,1 25,9 24,8 24,0 23,7 23,6 9,6 9,3 9,2 9,1 8,8 8,6 8,5 8,4 8,2 12,6 12,2 12,0 12,0 11,6 11,4 11,2 11,0 10,9 Dong Nam bo Dong bang song Cuu Long Nguon: Tong cue Thong ke Kinh te tai chi'nh Vi?t Nam / S6 - Thing 4/2020 I 21 Ket qua cho thay Viet Nam se dat dupe myc tieu ve giam ty sd tii vong me sdm han so vdi ke hoaeh di Ki hoach hanh ddng Quoc gia thue hien Chuang trinh Nghi sy nam 2030 (45 ca/100.000 tre sinh song din nam 2030) Nhu vay ed the thay rang, nude ta da cd nhieu tien bp nganh y, nhien van edn cd sy each biet Idn giira khu vyc ndng thdn va thi Xet theo viing kinh te - xa hdi, Tay Nguyen, Trung du varaiennui phia Bac la hai viing cd ty le tre em ehet dudi mdi cao nhat ca nude giai doan 2010 2018 Trong dd, Ddng Nam bp va khu vuc ddng bang ndi chung (ddng bang sdng Hdng va dong bang sdng Curu Long) cd ty suit thap nhat Dieu eho thay edn ed sy chenh lech Idn ve ty le tre em chet giua eae virng kinh te - xa hdi d Viet Nam hien nay, sy tiip can ve he thdng y te giua cac vung cdn ed sy each biet (iii) Trong ITnh vye an sinh xa hdi, he thing phiie loi xa hpi ddng vai trd quan trpng eho tang trudng bao trum Vdi sy hd tra cua he thdng phiic Ipi xa hdi, ngudi ngheo cd the giam nhiing ehi phi ca ban cho cupc sdng nhu nha d, y te, giao due , tir dd cd the sii dung ngudn luc cua minh eho nhung eo hdi kinh te tdt ban Tai Viet Nam, he thdng an sinh xa hdi la mpt tap hap eae ehinh saeh va chuong trinh dupe thuc hien bdi Chinh phu va eae td chiic xa hpi He thdng cd rauc dich nang eao nang lye ty bao ve ban than cua ngudi dan, giam ngheo, giam tinh de hi tdn thuang, ddng thdi nang cao kha nang tiep can eae dieh vy Trong nhung nam gan day, ITnh vyc bao hiem da ed nhirng bude phat trien manh me ca ve quy md, ca cau va tae dpng, thudng xuyen dupe cai tien cho phu hop vdi cae ddi tuong tham gia bat budc va tu 22 I nguypn, dua cac mirc ddng phii hdPNgay nay, bao hiim bao gdm bao hiem^xa hdi truyin thdng, bao hiim y ti, bao hiem thit nghiep Theo nien giam thdng kS cae nam, chi tieu cho bao hiem xa hpi h^"^ • tang vi quy mo, tde dp; ca cau cang da dang Tuy nhien d nhiiu vung ndng thdn, ngudi dan vln gap khd khan viec tham gia bao hiim xa hpi vi miic dong cdn eao, khd tiep can chinh sach Tiep can viec ldm co nang sudt cao Viec lam cd nang suit eao cd tinh chat quan trpng cho tang trudng bao trum bdi dd la nin tang dam bao thu nhap cho qudc gia Ci Viet Nam, phin Idn lao dpng lam viec nganh ndng, lam, ngu nghiep, vdn tao it gia tri gia tang va cd miic luang thip Theo Bd Lao dpng, Thuang binh va Xa hpi nam 2018, ty le lao dpng eiia ea nam va nii ITnh vuc nong nghiep khoang 45% ddi vdi nam va 59% ddi vdi nil Trong ITnh vyc ndng nghiep la ITnh vye lao ddng nang suat thap, miic eai thien nang suat lao dpng rat cham nen thu nhap ciia ngudi lao dpng thap nhat so vdi cae ITnh vyc edng nghiep, xay dyng, dich vu Day ed the coi la thach thuc Idn nhit ddi vdi Viet Nam vipe dam bao nang suat lao ddng cao, thu nhap cua lao ddng thda dang, dieu kien lao dpng ddi vdi mpt lupng lao dpng dupe dam bao Ben canh do, ty le lao dpng lam cae nghe don gian d Viet Nam eiing rat cao (37% ddi vdi nam va 44% ddi vdi nii) cho thay trinh dp san xuat cua nen kinh te cdn thap, cung - cau lao dpng trinh dp thap van la ehu yiu Ty le lao ddng lam vipc di bi tdn thuang (nr lam, lam viec gia dinh, lam viee khdng cd hop ddng lao dpng.,,) d Viet Nam cGng rat eao, tren 60%, ty le nu chiim khoang 2/3 Sd lieu phan anh trinh dp phat trien thi trudng lao dpng eua Vipt Nam cdn thip (khdng cd hap ddng), Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 nii gidi it ea hpi ban so vdi nam gidi Cung vdi thih trang thi hirdng lao dpng trinh dp tiiip la he thing an sinh xa hpi, dam bao phiic loi xa hpi vi tiin luong - thu nhap, diiu kien lao ddng, bao hiim xa hdi, dao tao va bdi duang n&ig cao trinh dp ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng se cdn nhieu ban che Mae du ty IS lao ddng cd viec lam d ViSt Nam kha eao (77,4% nam 2014), nhimg ty le lao dpng lam viee de bj tdn thuang eung rit cao cho thiy chit lupng viec lara nhin ehung edn thap Day la thach thiic vd cimg Idn viec cai thien chat lupng vipc lam va thyc hien cac tieu chuan vipc lam ben vung ddi vdi ea lao ddng nam va nu Khdng chi vay, trinh d^ ehuyen mdn ky thuat cua lye lupng lao dpng Viet Nam nhin chung la thap, khoang 81% luc lupng lao dpng nam va 85% luc lupng lao dpng nu khdng cd bing eip, ehua kg din cae ky nang mem hay ngoai ngu; chi cd xap xi 9% lye lupng lao dpng cd trinh dp cao dang, dai hpc va tren tren dai hpc (Bd Lao ddng, Thuang bmh va Xa hpi, 2018) Day la nhiing thach thiie, han che rat Idn ddi vdi lao dOng eiia ViSt Nam bdi canh hpi nhap hi$n 2.2 Nguyen nhdn cua nhihig ton tgi, hgn che [I] Khac bipt dang ke ve dieu kipn kinh te theo eae nhdm dan tde va vung, mien Dieu gan vdi khoang each gian rpng giiia nhung ngudi rat giau va phan ddng ngudi Vipt Nam, eiing nhu vdi tinh trang bat binh dang dang ke ve ea hdi Cac nhdm ngudi dan tpc thieu sd cang hi tyt h$u qua trinh tang trudng, dan den ngudi ngheo tai ViSt Nam cang tap trung cac nhdra dan tde thieu sd Hien nay, mac du da d?t duac nhiiu kit qua tieh cue, nhung thue tiin cho thiy, vipe ddi mdi mo hmh tang trudng cua Viet Nam vSn cdn ban ehe, chua ben viing Md hinh tang trudng kinh te da cd nhiing chuyen bien tich cue nhimg van tang trudng theo chieu rpng la ehii yeu, dya vao gia tang eae nhan td dau vao truyen thdng (vdn, lao dpng, tai nguyen) Ngoai ra, qua trinh eong nghipp hda, hien dai hda cung rapt phan din den tinh trang mat dat ciia ndng dan, cua ngudi ngh^o d ndng thdn Sy bit binh dang ve phat trien kinh te ludn la nguyen nhan eiia bat binh dang xa hpi, ed bat binh dang ve giao due Mirc sdng thap thu nhap thap, ngheo ddi la nguyen nhan true tiep can trd ca hpi tiep can giao dye cua tre em, dae bi§t mot sd nhdm nhu tre em khuyet tat, tre em dan tde thieu sd, tre em sinh d nhung gia dinh ngheo Nhu eau tre em lao ddng, hd gia dinh ngheo, thieu dpng lye hpc hanh eung la rao can ddi vdi viec tiep can giao dye eiia tre em Ngoai ra, trinh dp, hpe van eiia bd me, nhan thirc chua day dii cua tre em ve tac dyng tieh cue eiia giao dye ciing la yeu td anh hudng den ca hpi tiep can giao dye eua cac em Trinh dd hpc van ciia bd me eang cao thi nhan thiie ve tac dung tich eye cua giao due ciing eang eao, do ca hpi den trudng cua tre em eang Idn Trong nhiing gia dinhraabd me ed trinh dp hpc van cao, hp se dau tu nhieu cho giao due ddi vdi cai eiia hp han nhiing gia dinh ma bd rap cd hpe van thap [2] Nguyen nhan ciia bat binh dang tiep can giao due da dan den su bat binh dang ve ca hdi lua ehpn nghS nghiep va tiep can viec lam ed nang suat cao eiia lao dpng, dac biet la lao dpng tre Viet Nam Theo TS Trin Quang Tuyin (Dai hpe Qudc gia Ha Npi): "Phan tiehradhinh kinh ti luang cho thay ngudi lao dpng tre cd bd me lam quan ly se cd ca hdi lam quan ly, hoac tdi thieu la nhan vien van phdng, cao han 10 lan so vdi ngudi lao dpng tre ed bd me lam cdng viee ehan tay nhu ndng dan hoac ngu dan" (Oxfam, 2018) Khong ehi Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 23 vay, nhung rao can ve dinh kiin xa hdi eiing lam cho ca hpi viec lam la khac ddi vdi lao ddng nii va lao dpng nam Tai Viet Nam, ciing nhu d cac nude dang phat trien, phu nij van tiep tyc la lye lugng chinh cau nhdm lao ddng ngheo, ed thu nhap thap ban, de trd nan nhan ciia tinh trang thieu viee lam hoac that nghiep ban va cd dieu kien viee lam bap benh han nam gidi Phu nir Viet Nam chii yiu lam viee cac nganh nghe ed thu nhap thip hoac nhiing cdng viee de bi tdn thuang Phy nir ciing chiem phan Idn nhdra lam edng viec ciia gia dinh khong duge tra luang va khu vue "v6 hinh" cua nin kinh ti phi chinh thire, nhu giiip viec gia dinh, lao dpng tai gia, ban hang rong va lam viec nganh cdng nghiep giai tri Nguyen nhan chinh cua tinh trang la xa hdi gan cho ngudi phy nii dia vi thip ban va dat ganh nang lara edng viec nha khdng luang len vai ngudi phy nii, nhung van raong mudn hp tham gia san xuit nong nghiSp tu cung, tu cap va nin kinh te thi trudng [3] He thing va mang ludi dieh vu y ti, cham sde sire khde phan bd khdng dong diu giiia cac khu vuc He thdng eae ca sd y ti d Viet Nam hien dupe phan theo eip (Trung uang, tinh/thanh phd, quan/huyen va phudng/xa) Cae benh vien Idn cd cae chuyen khoa sau va ehat lugng dich vy cao diu tap trung d myen trung ucmg va tuyen tinh/thanh phd Cac benh vien tuyen quan/huyen va benh vien da khoa khu vyc thudng dugc phan bd d eae thi xa hay khu vyc thi la trung tam eua quan/huyen Nhu vay, ea ba tuyen cac ca sd y te tren deu phan bd d khu vue thi, cdn lai la cac tram y te tuyen eo sd (sd gap ban lan sd lugng eae loai benh vien tuyen tren) dugc phan bd d tai cac xa/phudng, ma phan nhieu la d eae xa thupc khu vyc ndng thdn Dpi ngii can bp y ti da cd sy gia tang dang ke nhung 24 diiu kipn co sd vat chit, mirc thu nhap qua chenh l$ch n§n sy phan bd nhan viSn y te tap trung nhiiu d cac benh vipn tuyen trung uang, tuyin tinh/thanh phd,ttongkhi nhan vien y ti d cac ttam y ti xa/phudng lai ehiim so lugng it ban Mat khac, cac co sd y ti tu nhan d khu vuc thi la mot yeu to thu hiit lye sd lugng khdng nhd can bd va nhan vien y te dang lam viec d cac ca sa y ti tai khu vue ndng thdn, tit dd dan den su thiiu hut ttim trpng lye lugng y te tai khu vue ndng thdn Hipn nay, he thdng ea sd v p chat, thudc ehua benh va eae trang thiSt bi ky thuat y ti di kham ehua benh d eae ca sd y ti chua dap ling dupe so vdi nhu cau thyc ti cham sde siic khde cua nhan dan, dac bipt la tai cac tuyin ca sd (xa/phudng, huyen/quan) so vdi tuyen benh vien tinh/thanh phd va tuyin ttung uang Vide diu tu ca sd vat chit, trang thiet hi ky thuat va thudc eua nganh y t& cho tuyen trung uang, khu vyc thi nhiiu hon rit nhiiu so vdi tuyin ea sd, khu vuc ndng thdn va ngudi ngheo, dan den viec tiep c|in djeh vu tdt, trang thiit bi hien dai cua nhdm yiu thi gap nhieu khd khan [4] Viee phan bd ngSn sach d Vi$t Nam edn nhung diem bat hgp ly Theo chuan mdi ngheo da ehiiu, ty le ngheo, can ngheo ea nude kha cao, khoang 15% (gap gin lin mire ehuan cii) Do vay, ngin saeh cho giam ngheo da chieu eung phai tang theo, dat ban 46.000 ty ddng (Nghj quyit sd 100/20I5/QH13) Tuy nhien, vin de khdng phai tien nhieu thi giam ngheo nhieu Viec phan bd, giara sat each chi tien la rat quan trpng Mac du ngan saeh giam ngheo dupe phan cap xuoiig cac tinh va giup giam ty le ngheo d nhieu tinh, nhung cd rit it bing chiing eho thiy ngan saeh gdp phin lara tang chat lugng eae dich vu cdng Han niia, eae ehinh sach d Viet Nam vin cdn hien tupng chdng cheo (Oxfam, 2018) Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 Khuyen nghj chinh sach nham giam bat binh dang tang tru'dng bao triim d ViSt Nam Tren cd sd phan tich thyc ttang tang trudng bao hnim d Vipt Nam, nhiing nguySn nhan din din ban che va eae thdch thiic thdi gian tdi, bai viet tap trung vao nhdm giai phap nhira tao su khong phan biet va giam sy yiu thi {!) Phdn bo nguon luc cong mgt cdch higu qua, hgp If, minh bgch vd co trdch nhigm gi&i trinh cao Cac ngudn lyc de thyc hien muc tieu giam ngheo da chieu d cac vung ed ty le hd ngheo cao (mien niii phia Bac, BSe Trung bp va Tay Nguyen) can dupe uu tien Cac chinh sach hd ttg mien phi tung budc chuyen din sang cac ehinh sach hd ttg ed dieu kipn, nhu tin dung im dai, ho ttg san xuat de \^o dpng luc eho ngudi dan ty vuan len thoat ngheo Ca chi phan bd, quan ly ngudn lyc danh cho eae ITnh vyc nhu giao dye, y te, an sinh xa hdi eSn hudng den giam bat binh dang giua khu vye thi, ndng thdn; giiia cac viing, mien Cd ca che tm dai de thu hiit tu nhan tham gia dau tu nhieu ban vao cac ITnh vuc xa hpi de giam tai cho ngan sach nha nude Ngoai can tao dieu kien de tang eudng su tham gia cua nhan dan ttong qua timh lap dy toan ngan sach nha nude, nang cao ehiie nang phan bien xa hdi (2) Xay dfing he thong tdi chinh bao trum Phat triin he thdng tai chinh theo hudng phu rpng la mpt phan quan trpng ttong md hinh tang trudng bao ttura H? thdng tai chinh lanh manh va chac chan se ddng vai ttd then chdt nham hd ttg tang trudng kinh te, gdp phan giam ngheo gian tiip thdng qua tang trudng kinh te ciing nhu tryc tiep tac ddng len cae nhdm ngheo va yiu thi thdng qua cac khoan hd ttg tai ehinh tryc tiip He thdng tai ehinh bao tnira se dara bao eho tat ca nhung ngudi ngheo va nhdm yeu the ed the tiep can cac dich vy tai chinh ma khong phai gap bat ky rao can mang tinh phan biet nao Dieu dd eho phep hp tiet kiem va vay muon de tich luy eiia cai, dau tu vao giao due va hoat dpng kinh doanh, qua dd giiip nang cao mirc sdng eua hp Chinh sach tai khda can kiem soat tham hut ngan saeh nha nude va np cdng Chinh sach tien te nen tap trung vao kiem soat lam phat, on dinh gia tri cua ddng Vipt Nam va tang sue canh ttanh cua he thdng tai chinh ngan hang, nang cao kha nang tiep can ngudn vdn tin dung Chinh sach gia ca di ddi vdi chinh saeh dau tu thdng thoang (3) Cdi cdch hg thong gido d^c hop ly, thieh umg vdi cugc cdch mgng cong nghidp Idn thit tif Trong bdi eanh hdi nhap qudc te sau rpng hien nay, dac bidt trudc su bung nd manh me eua eude Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0, cd thd thay ring cdng nghd va ngudi la hai yeu td then chdt nhatttongcac md hinh tang trudng npi smb Khac vdi cac yeu td dau vao khac (vdn, lao ddng, dat dai, tai nguyen thien nhien) ludn bi rang bude bdi ttan gidi ban thi hai yeu td ed the tang len va la ehia khda de eho eae qudc gia cd thd thoat khdi bly thu nhap trung bmh Do dd, Viet Nam can cd ehidn luge giao dye va dao tao theo hudng hd ttg eho cae nganh khoa hpc va cdng nghe, khuydn khieh tinh than hpc tap suot ddi, hdn tue ttdn ea sd tan dyng nhung eong nghd hpe tapradidyattdnIntemet Ngoai ra, vdi tinh than "trao ca hpi nhu nhau" va "khdng phan bidt doi xir", Nha nude ein tap trung eho phat trien giao due d khu vue ndng thdn, cac vimg sau, vimg xa bang eae ehinh saeh dai ngd thda dang dd huy dpng, thu hut eae giao vien ed trinh dp cao vd lam vide lau dai, dn dinh d khu vue nay; diu tu Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 25 ca sd vat chat, ea sd ting di dudng den trudng ciia tte era d nhung dia ban khd khan khdng cdn gian nan va nhidu chdng gai Nha nude ciing can nang cao trinh dp hpc van, nhan thiie va su quan tam vi giao due eua ngudi dan d ndng thdn nhiiu ban so vdi thi, bang eae chuong trinh tuydn truyen, giao dye, van ddng ngudi dan va eon em hp tham gia giao dye (4) Cdi thign chdt Iirgng nguon lao dgng, thiic day vigc ldm, nang cao ndng sudt lao dgng qudc gia Day la rapt giai phap quan ttpng vi nang cao ea hdi tiep can va chat lugng ngudn nhan luc giiip cho tat ca ngudi dan cd the tham gia vao tien trinh phat ttidn kinh ti va dupe hudng Igi tir tang trudng, giup giam dupe sy gia tang cua bat binh dang va bat dn xa hdi Dd eai thidn nang suat lao dpng, Chinh phu can uu tien ngan sach dau tu eho giao dye va dao tao nham eai thidn ttinh dO va ky nang lao dpng Thyc te cho thay, mpt nhirng nguyen nhan quan trpng din ddn nang suat lao dpng Viet Nam thap chinh la chat lugng giao dye, dao tao va ngudn nhan luc chua dap iing yeu cau, ca cau dao tao chua hgp ly, thidu lao ddng chat lugng cao, chua chu trpng dao tao lai va bdi dudng nang eao Nha nude can ddi mdi ca chd quan ly ddi vdi day nghd theo nhu eau eiia thi trudng va ydu cau cu thd cua ngudi sir dung lao ddng, dac biet xay dung nhieu diem trudng day nghd ed ehit lupng tdt d khu vuc ndng thdn, viing gap nhidu khd khan tiep can thdng tin vdi thi trudng Khdng ehi vay, Chinh phu can phat tridn mdt thi trudng lao dpng day du va minh bach thdng qua cac ehinh saeh tao viec Mm, dac bidt la eae ehinh saeh bao ve quydn Ipi cua ngudi lao ddng, cac chinh sach khuyen khieh cac doanh 26 nghidp diu tu phat trien cac nganh sU dung nhidu lao dpng va tao vide lam ben viing Khuydn khich cpng ddng doanh nghiep, dac bipt la cac doanh nghidp nho va vira, ddi mdi, sang tao, hd ttp chuyen dich ca ciu tir cac boat dpng ed gia tti gia tang thip sang cac ho?it dpng cd gia ttj gia tang eao bing each tang eudng ngudn von eon ngudi va tang ehi tieu cho nghidn ciiu va phat trien (5) Xdy dung hg thdng bdo trgxa hgi hien dgt Chinh sach ttp giiip xa hpi la bien phap, cdng cy tae dpng dd thyc hidn mye tieu bao dam an toan cupc sdng cho bp phan dan cu khdng may gap phai hoan eanh khd khan Theo dd, ehinh sach ttp giiip xa hpi dya tten vdng ddi se bao dam su thing nhit, hai hda vdi cac chinh sach an sinh xa hpi khac, dac bipt la chinh sdch bao hiim xa hdi, bao hiem y ti va bao hiem that nghidp Bao hiem xa hpi ein md rpng dp bao phii, dam bao quy bao hidm xa hdi bdn viing ttong dai h^n de dam bao quydn an sinh xa hpi eho tat ea ngudi dan, ddng thdi giiip giam ganh nang cho ngan sach nha nude Theo do, Nha nude can hudng dan ngudi dan cy the va ro rang vd cac thdng sd bao hidm xa hpi de ngudi dan d khu vye ndng thdn, viing khd khan khd tidp can thdng tin cd the hieu rd nhiing ich Igi ma bao hiem xa hdi dem lai va chii dpng ban ttong vide ddng bao hidm xa hpi Han nua, quy hoach phat tridn raang ludi eo sd cung cap dich vu trp giiip xa hpi can phai phii hpp vdi dieu kien phat tridn kinh ti xa hpi cua dat nude, nang cao chat lugng dieh vu trp giiip xa hdi tiep can cae nude tien tiin khu vue, dap iing nhu ciu trg giiip eiia ngudi dan, hudng tdi myc tieu phat trien xa hdi cdng bang va hieu qua © Kinh te tai chi'nh Viet Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 Tai lieu tliam kiiao^ Tieng Viet BanChidaoTongdieutradansovanhadTrung uang ilO']^ long diiu tra ddn sd va nhd d (Thdi diem gid ngdy 01/4/2019): To chiit thifc hien vd ket qua sa bg, Nha Xuat ban Thong ke, thang 7/2019 Bp Lao ddng Thuong binh xa hdi (2018), Quyet djnh cdng bo k^t qua soat hp ngheo nam 2017 Ngd Thang Lgi (2013), Gido trinh Kinh te phdt triin, Nha Xuat ban Oai hpc Kinh te qudc dan Oxfam (2018), Chuyin bat binh ddng, so 02, thang 12/2018 Qudc hdi (2015), Nghj quyet s6 100/2015/QH13 phe duyet chd truong dau tu cac chuang trinh muc ti§u qudc gia giai doan 2016 - 2020 Thu tudng Chinh phCi (2015), Quyet dmh sd 59/2015/QD-TTg ve viec ban hanh chuan ngheo ti^p clin da chieu ap dung cho giai doan 2016 - 2020 Thd tudng Chinh phO (2004), Quyet ^ n h so 134/2004/QO-TTg ve mpt so chinh sach ho trp d^t sSn xu^t, dat d, nha d va nUdc sinh boat cho hp dong bao dan tpc thieu sd ngheo, ddi sdng Vho khan ThO tudng Chinh phD (2008), Quyet dmh sd 167/2008/QD-TTg v^ chi'nh sach hd trp hp ngheo v^ nha d ThCi tudng Chmh phCi (2017), Nghj quyet sd 622/2017 ve chuang trinh Nghj sU 2030 phat triln b^n vCfng 10 Tong cue Thong kd (2Q^9), Niin gidm thdng ke nam 2018, Nha Xu^t bSnThdng ke 11 UNDP (2015), Tdng trudng v'l mgi ngUdh Bdo cdo phdt trien ngddi Viet Nam 2015 vi tdng tri/dng bao trdm, Nh^ Xuat ban Khoa hpc xa hdi Tl^ng Anh 12 UNDP (2019), Human Development Report Kinh te tai chioh Vi$t Nam / So - Thang 4/2020 I 27 ... Viet Nam la 12,4 nam, Thai Lan la 14,7 nam, Malaysia la 13,5 nam Trong do, sd nam trung binh den Idp la 8,2 nam, Thai Lan la 10,7 nam, Malaysia la 10,2 nam GNI binh quan eiia Vipt Nam" la 6220 USD/ngudi,... nhat 30 nam trude, GNI binh quan dau ngudi cua Viet Nam da vuot 1000 USD/ngudi (nam 2009) va dat gin 2.600 USD/ngudi (nam 2018)' Dy bao nam 2020, GNI eua Viet Nam se vuot 3000 USD/ngudi Theo bao. .. bipt la chinh sdch bao hiim xa hdi, bao hiem y ti va bao hiem that nghidp Bao hiem xa hpi ein md rpng dp bao phii, dam bao quy bao hidm xa hdi bdn viing ttong dai h^n de dam bao quydn an sinh
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