Bất bình đẳng giới giữa vợ chồng trẻ ở việt nam qua phân tích vai trò của người phụ nữ trong quản lý tài chính trong hôn nhân

54 Trap doi nghiep vu BAT BINH DANG GICJI GIU'A VO CHONG TRE CJ VIET NAM QUA PHAN TICH VAI TRO CIJA NGU'OI PHU NU* TRONG QUAN LY TAI CHINH TRONG H N NHAN v u THI THANH' Torn tit: Bdi viit tim hiiu tinh trgng binh ddng giai moi quan he giiea vg chdng tri qua phdn tich vai trd cua ngu&i phu nic viec qudn ly tien bgc hdn nhdn Dua iren kit qud phdng vdn sdu ddi vcri 30 cap vg chong tre & Hd Ngi vd Thdi Binh bdi viitphdn dnh vai trd quan trgng cua nguai phu nic viic giic tien cho gia dinh cho dii hg cd ddng gdp hay khdng ddng gdp vdo thu nhgp chung ciia gia dinh Ket qud nghien cicu cho thdy tdn tgi mdi quan he bdt binh ddng b&i le phu nii- gdnh trdch nhiim la nguai giic tiin gia dinh nhung diiu khong dem lgi quyen lire han cho hg Khi giic tien phu nic phdi tinh todn, chdm lo viec chi tieu gia dinh Trong nhieu tru&ng hgp, phu nie cd xu hu&ng uu tien nhu cdu tieu dicng ciia gia dinh, chdng hy sinh nhu cdu cua bdn thdn Tuy nhiin phu nic lgi cd it tiing noi han so v&i nam gi&i viec dua cdc quyet dinh tdi chinh quan trgng gia dinh Tii khda: gidi, bat binh dang gidi, hdn nhan, vai trd nguoi phy nii, quylt dinh tai chinh Nhgn bdi: 05/6/2018 Gici phdn bien: 08/01/2019 Duyet ddng: 12/3/2019 Gioi thi@u Quan ly tai chinb bdn nban la mdt cbii dl rit dugc quan tam nghidn ciiu ve hdn nhan gia dinh (xem Ashby Sc Burgoyne, 2009; Burgoyne, Eibstein, Edmunds, & Routh, 2010; Burgoyne & Morison, 2008; Burgoyne, Reibstein, Edmunds, & Dohnan, 2007; Lindsay, 1996; Singh, 1997; Stock, Diaz-Martinze, & Hallerod, 2007; Vogler 1998; Vogler, Brockmann, & Wiggins, 2008; Vogler & Pahl, 1999) Cae nghien ciiu tren thi gidi da chi rang viec vg chdng cimg ddng gdp tiln dudng nhu trd phuang thiic quan ly tai chmh phd bien nhit hdn nhan va khoan tiln chung dd thudng ngudi vg quan ly bdi hg chiu trach nhiem chi tra cho cac khoan tieu diing hang gia dinh (Cheal, 2002; Nyman, 1999) Tuy nhien, viec ngudi phy nii giu vai trd chu ylu quan ly tien bac khdng ddng nghia vdi viec hg cd quyen ldn ban ddi vdi viec kilm soat va quyet dinh sii dung khoan tiln dd Ddi vdi nhiing hd gia dmh cd tbu nhap thip, viec phu nii giii tien gia dinh ddi trd tharib trach nhiem hon la quyln luc (Vogler va Pahl 1999) Nyman (1999) ciing chi rang viec giii tien trd tbanh ganh nang cho phu nu bdi hg phai suy nghi, tbam chi lo lang ve nbu cau cua gia dinh va kha nang chi tra dan line cac nhu cau dd Phu nii ciing thucmg cd xu huong uu tien nhu cau tieu dung ciia eia dinb Vi^n Nghiin cuu Con ngu&i, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hpc xd hpi Viel Nam Vu Thi Thanh 55 hon nhu c§u ciia ban than, hp chiu anh hucmg boi quan niem va cac gia tri truyin thing quy dinh vi vai tro ctia phu nu la hy sinh cho gia dmh (Nyman, 1999) Cac nghien curu a Viet Nam cung chi rang phu nO thudng la nguoi giir tiin gia dtah, nhiSn, phii nu: thudmg chi co quyin quyit dinh dii vdi viec tieu dung hang cua gia dmh, lai co it tiing noi han nam gidi cac quyit dinh quan trpng, vi du nhu tnua dp dac dat tien, vay vdn va sir dung vin (xem Knodel va cac cpng su, 2005; Le Thi Thanh Huang, 2009; Bp Van hda Thi Thao va Du lich, Tdng cue Thing ke, Vien Gia dinh va Gidi, UNICEF, 2008; Terrawichtchainan va cac cpng su, 2010; Vii Thi Thanh, 2009) Cac nghien c\hi lien quan din viec quan ly tai chinh trpng gia dinh d Viet Nam thudng di vao phan tich viec quan ly tai chinh hp gia dtah noi chung (household/family budget) - bao gim thu nhap ciia ca gia dmh, c6 thi la gia dinh hat nhan hoac gia dinh md rpng (vi du nhu nghiSn ciht cua Knodel va cac cpng su, 2005, Terrawichtchainan va cac cpng sir, 2010) Trong do, nghien ciju vi tai chinh gia dmh d nhiiu nudc tren thi gidi thudng tap trung nghien ctiu tiin hon nhan (marriage money) - gidi han o khoan thu nhap va tieu diing chi c\Sa hai vo ching (xem Ashby and Burgoyne 2009; Burgoyne, Eibstein, Edmunds, and Routh, 2010; Burgoyne, et al., 2007; Raijas, 2011; Smgh, 1997; Vogler, Brockmann, and Wiggms, 2008; Vogler and Pahl, 1993, 1999) Khai niem tien hon nhan duoc Smgh (1997) dua ra, d6, hpc gia da phan biet tien hdn nhan vdi tien bac thong thudng Theo Singh (1997), tien hon nhan co tinh chat gia dinh, rieng tu, chia se vdi va khdng ranh mach ro rang Trong ph^m vi bai viit nay, chiing tdi tap trung tim hieu sy: bat binh dang viec quan ly tien hon nhan giira va chdng tre d Viet Nam Nghien ciiu ciia Pham Anh Tuan (2004) cho rang vg ching tre thudng gap nhieu khd khan van de tai chinh Do hp thudng chi d giai doan ban dau cua su phat trien nghe nghiep nen thu nhap cua hp cdn kha han chi Trong do, hp phai ddi mat vdi nhu cau tieu dung cao mdi xay dimg gia dmh, diu tu mua s5m va nuoi day cai (Pham Anh Tuan, 2004) Viec su dung khai niem tiin hon nhan se gidi han bai viit d viec chi xem xet din nhirng khoan thu nhap ma hai vp ching ddng gdp vao vao ddi song hon nhan va viec chi tieu ciia hai va ching ma khdng bao gim nhung khoan thu nhap hay chi tieu cua gia dinh md rpng (cho dil hp sdng chung cimg bo m? hay sdng rieng) Bai viit phan tich vai tro cua ngudi vp va ngudi ching viec quan ly tien troiig hdn nhSn, su ly giai ciia hp vi tmh hpp ly va su hai ldng vdi each thiic hp quan ly tien hdn nhan Cac nghien ciiu tren thi gidi da chi ring rang yeu ti nguin luc, CO viec lam va thu nhap, anh hudng dang ki din tinh bmh dang giira hai vo chdng viec ti chiic cdng viec gia dinh, xit ly xung ddt, nam giii quyin luc va quan ly tien ciia hp gia dmh (xem Ruppanner, 2010; Stets va Cast, 2007; Vogler 1998) Nhiing phan tich ciia chiing tdi dudi day se phan tich yiu ti nguin luc - cy the la su ddng gdp/khdng dong gop vao thu nhap gia dmh - cd anh hudng nhu thi nao din each thiic quan ly tien va tiing ndi cua ngudi phu nii cac quyit djnh tai chmh d gia dmh, tir phan anh mdi quan he bmh djng hoac bit bmh ding hdn nhan cua va chong tre 56 Bdt binh ddng gi&i giica vg chdng tri & Viet Nam Trong cac nghien ciiu d Viet Nam vl bmh ding gidi quan ly ngudn lyc gia dinh thuong dya tren cac kit qua dinh lugng ludng miic tham gia ciia nam va nu viec quan ly tiln, bai vilt se dya tren kit qua ngbien ciiu dinh tinh Cy tbl, nghien ciiu da tiln banh phdng vin 30 cap vg chdng tre cd tudi ddi khdng qua 30 (bao gdm 30 phdng vin sau ddi vdi nhiing ngudi vg va 30 pbdng van sau ddi vdi nhung ngudi chdng tai hai dia ban la quan Hai Ba Trung (Ha Ngi) va huyen Thai Thyy (Thai Binh) vao nam 2012 Sd nam kit hdn trung binh ciia cac cap vg chdng la 3,1 nam Trong 30 cap vg chdng tham gia nghien ciiu nay, cd 23 cap vg chdng (13 cap d Ha Ngi va 10 cap d Thai Binh) deu cd viec lam va ddng gdp thu nhap cho gia dmh Ben canh dd, cd cap vg chdng (bao gdm cap d Ha Ndi va cap d Thai Binh) chi cd ngudi cbdng di lam va ddng gdp thu nhap cho gia dinb Doi vdi trudng hgp hai cap vg chdng d Ha Ndi, vigc ca gia dinh pbu thudc vao ngudn thu cua chdng chi mang tinh chit tam thdi bdi ngudi vg mdi nghi viec tir mang thai, sinh nhd va hg dy dinh se tun viec lam bg ldn ban mgt tudi Trong do, ddi vdi trudng hgp cac cap gia dmh d ndng thdn Thai Bmh dya vao nhit ngudn thu cita chdng, tinh trang duong nhu mang tinh \ku dai bdi hg xac dinh se d nha cham sdc cai va chua cd ke boacb tun viec (2 trudng hgp) hoac khdng tim duge viec lam (3 trudng bgp) Ten gia dugc sir dung bai vilt de dam bao su bi mat vl danh tinh cho nhung ngudi tham gia tra ldi phdng van Vai tro cua ngirM vo cd thu nhap vi^c quan Iy tien hon nhan Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay cd sy tuong ddng each quan ly tien bac hdn nhan (d ca ndng thdn va dd thi) cua cac cap vg chdng ma dd ngudi vg cd viec lam va ddng gdp thu nhap cho gia dinh Ngudi chdng thudfng dua toan bg thu nhap ciia minh cho vg va ngudi vg chiu trach nhiem cbi tra cho cac khoan chi tieu sinh boat cho gia dinh Cd mgt sd trudng hgp ca vg va chdng cung gdp chung thu nhap cua minh nhung khoan tien chung dd cung thudng ngudi vg quan ly Giai thich vd dieu nay, ca phy nii va nam gidi deu cho rang ngudi phy nii phu hgp vdi vai trd giii tiln bdi bg bilt tilt kiem chi tieu nam gidi thudng hay hoang phi Vi dy nhu trudng hgp cua Vien va Hai - cap vg chdng d Ha Ngi da kit hdn nam va cd gai tudi Hai lam kl toan cho mdt cdng ty cdn Vien lam tbu ky d mdt tap doan diu Mac du Hai cd ddng gdp thu nhap nhieu ban nhung Vien la ngudi quan ly hiu hit tiln bac gia dinb Vien ndi vl vai trd ciia cd viec quan ly tien gia dmh: Chdng em giao het tiin cho em, cd the tin dung anh dy ciing khdng cdm Niu mua sdm cho gia dinh thi hai vg chdng cung bdn bgc cdn em buoi sdng cic de tiin vdo vi cho chdng md anh dy ciing khdng quan tdm em di bao nhieu tiin Anh dy bdo chdng thich giir tiin vi cdng cd nhiiu tiin thi anh dy cdng tliu nhiiu (Nii, 27 tudi, cu nhan dai hgc, cd viec lam, ket hon nam Ha Ndi) Trong cudc phdng van sau vdi ehdng ciia Vien, anh ciing mieu ta each quan ly tien bac gidng nhu nbiing gi ma Vien da ndi Hai cam thay hai ldng ve each quan Iv tien bac gia dinb minh ciing nhu vdi viec anh giao toan bd tien cbo vg nia khdne giii lai khoan nao eho ca nhan Hai cho biet anh khdng can thiet phai giu mgt phin thu va Thi Thanh 57 nhap iam tiln rieng bdi theo anh quy rieng hay ehung ciing diu vi gia dmh Mac dii Vien cd toan quyen ty chti ddi vdi cac khoan tieu dung gia diidi nhung dudng nhu cd cd it tieng ndi bon so vdi chdng eac quylt dinh quan trgng, vi dy nhu viec mua sam nhung dd diing dat tien Vien cho bilt cd mudn mua mgt chile may giat mdi de dap iing nhu cau gia dinb nhung chdng cd lai khdng ddng y nen khdng mua nua Cd kl lai: Khi bgn em khong thong nhdt ve viec ndy [mua mdy gigt] thi em nghi lgi Em bao gi& em cUng nghi lgi vd ddu tien em nghi chdng minh l&n tudi han minh thi chdc su nghi bao gi& cung chin chdn hem nen du em cdm thdy khdng vica y nhung nghi lgi thi cdi cdm gidc cUng tu dgng bien mdt (Nu, 27 tudi, cii nhan dai hgc, Ha Ngi) Vien chap nhan nghe theo y kien cua chdng va khdng mua chiec may giat nua mac dil dilu dd phyc vu cho nhu cau cbung ciia ca gia dmh Cd tu thuyet pbuc ban than rang anh iy la ngudi hieu biet hon va cd kbdng coi day la muih cd it quyen quyet dinb bon Tuy nhien, Hai mudn mua mdt chiec be ca dap iing sd thich ca nhan thi anh van mua mac dii vg minh kbdng ddng y Vien phan ddi viec mua be ca bdi cd thay chdng minh khd cd thi cham sdc dan ca va thay nudc thuang xuyen Tuy nhien, Hai van quyet dinh mua du ngudi vg phan ddi vi anh cho rang nd khdng qua dat Anh ndi: Ddy la sa thich ciia minh thdi mac du minh biet Id bd xd minh cd the khdng thich nhung md minh thich Thi nen co dy citng khdng phdn bdc nica dii bdn thdn co dy khdng thich mua be cd (Nam, 30 tudi, cir nban dai hgc, Ha Ndi) Tuy nhien, anh cho bilt them rang khoan tieu dung hang nam tdn kem nhit cua gia dinh la di du lich thi hai vg chdng anh phai ban bac vdi rit nhilu dl di den thdng nhit (di dau, di nhu the nao, bao nhieu ngay) Gidng nhu Vien, Thu - giang vien dai hgc, da liy chdng hai nam va vita mdi sinh diu ldng - cung la ngudi chiu trach nhigm quan ly tiln cua hai vg chdng mac du chdng - Tiing, lam nghl ky su, la ngudi cd ddng gdp chmh vl tai chmh cho gia dmh Tung dua toan bg tiln luong ciia minh cho vg va chi giii lai it tiln thudng cho mmh Thu chiu trach nhiem chi tra cac khoan tieu dung gia dmh va bang bd tien vao vi cho chdng chi tieu Tung cho ring ngudi dan dng hay tieu hoang phi nen anh khdng mudn giii tiln ben mmh Khi giu tiln gia dmh, phy nii phai suy nghT can trgng dl can bing cac khoan thu chi va tilt kiem cho gia dinh Thu chia tien ciia gia dinh nhung khoan rieng dl phuc vy nhu ciu gia dinh va de tiet kiem cho cai sau Thu ciing cd xu hudng uu tidn nhu ciu cua chdng con, cua gia dmh ban nhu ciu ciia ban than Thu cho bilt kl tu sau cudi cd cbua sim bd quan ao mdi nao cho minh Thu thudng thao luan vdi chdng mua dd diing dit tien gia dinh nhung gidng nhu Vien, Thu dudng nhu cd it tieng ndi hon chdng cac quyet dinh tai chinh gia dinh Thu kl lai: 58 Bdt binh ddng gi&i giira vg chdng tre a Viet Nam- Em mudn mua cdi gid treo dd nhicng anh dy lgi mudn mua cdi k4 vd bgn em tranh cdi ve viec ndy nhung em thdy anh dy ty: quyit qud cao vd hai doc dodn Dgt nghi em ve qui tham bd me cdn anh dy & lgi Hd Ndi anh dy di mua ludn cdi ke Liic em rdt tiec gian nhimg anh dy ndi muc tiiu cugc sdng bay gia ciia anh dy Id muon vg thodi mdi vd hanh phdc nhdt vd em tin vdo diiu anh dy ndi nen bd qua chuyin ndy (Nii, 25 tudi, thac sT, Ha Ndi) Giai thich iy khdng lam theo mong muon ciia vg, Tiing cho bilt anh tu tin rang cac quylt dinh ctia anh se lam cho cudc sdng ciia gia dinh tdt ban Tung dua mgt vi dy: Dgt sua cdn hg ndy vg em thi bdo la ldn san cho tiet kiim bai thai diim bgn em m&i sinh nen cdn tiin trang trdi nhieu thu cdn em mudn dicng gidy ddn tu&ng, nd ddt nhung sach se vd dep Luc vg em mien cudng chdp nhgn ldm theo y em nhung sau ndy cd dy thdy cdn phdng dep han vd thdy viec em ldm Id hgp ly.' (Nam, 29 tudi, cu nhan dai hgc, Ha Ngi) Ngugc lai, Manh va Doan d Thai Binh lgi phan chia ro rang vai trd cua moi ngudi viec quan ly tien Doan chiu trach nhiem cho sinh boat chi tieu gia dinh cdn chdng cd chiu trach nhiem cho cac khoan tiet kiem, cu the la dau tu tien vao cac phudng (hui)' Doan cho biet chdng cd quyet dinh gia dinh hg nen dSu tu tien vao nhirng phudng nao va anh chiu trach nhiem chi tra cac khoan dau tu dd cdn cd lo chi tra sinh hoat gia dinh Ca hai vg chdng Manh va Doan deu bay td su hai ldng vd each hg quan ly tien Manh thira nhan sy hy sinh ciia vg tu lay chdng: Cd dy chi tiiu cdi gi ciing la chdm sdc cho gia dinh thdi md cilng biit cdn nhac nhu hoi tre co dy cd nhieu qudn nhung bdy gi& chong bdo muon mua qudn d?p khdng ddm mua sg tdn tien lgi mua bg binh thuang mge (Nam, 30 tudi, hgc h i t THPT, Thai Bmh) Tuy nhien, Doan lai bay td sy khdng hai ldng va bit lyc ciia cd ddi vdi vifc chdng danh bac Doan cho biet chdng mmh hay tu tap vdi nhung ngudi dan dng ben hang xdm de danh bac, nhit la nhirng dip ll tit Mac du cd ging bang nhilu each khuyen nhu va ca quat mang nhung Doan dudng nhu it cd kba nang ngan can viec cbdng mmh danh bac Ve phia ngudi chdng, thay vi viec thay ddi thdi quen danh bac, Manh lai tim each tranh ne sy can thiep ciia vg minh Anh ndi; ' Choi phucmg (hui) la mot hinh thiic kha ph6 biln a Thai Binh cac c^p vo chlng a Ha N^i thucmg giu tiet ki|m bang each gCti tien vao ngan hang Ngucri dan nong th6n thay viec chai phuong fliuan tien hon so voi giii tien vao ngan hang du khong c6 lai Rg thudng ni ban be, ho hang, hang xom chcri phuang cung Thanh vien tham gia phuong dong gop mgt khoan tien nhat dinh theo thang, theo quy hoac theo miia vu Khi ca nhan can mgt khoan tiln Son, vi du de mua xe may hay xay siia nha, hg vay tiln tir phucmg roi dan dan dong bii vao so tien hg vay Hinh thiic tiet ki$m dugc nhilu ngucri dan none thon lua chgn bdi theo hg khoan tien dong gop theo ky khong qua I6n so voi thu nhap cua hg, ding thoi neucri dan cung de dang vay tien tii phuong hg can hen la vay tir ngan h^g vu Thi Thanh 59 Khi toi giao du vai bgn be co dy hay ggi dien bdo tdi vi vi cd dy sg tdi chai bai dn tiin Vi thi ldn sau di chai tdi de dign thogi & nhd Cd dy lgi ggi dign cho bgn tdi di tim cdch liin lac v&i tdi vd bdo toi vi nhung di nhiin tdi khong vi vi minh cUng phdi giie sT dien v&i anh em chii- Minh md ve co chiing nd lgi bdo minh sg vg (Nam, 30 tudi, hgc hit THPT, Thai Bmh) Nhu vay, mac du ca hai vgr chdng thdng nhat dugc vdi vl viec quan ly va tieu diing chung cho gia dmh nhung ddi vdi cac khoan chi tieu rieng cho ca nhan tbi lai cd sy khac biet kha ro rang giiia nam gidi va phy nii Doan ban chi cac nhu ciu tieu dung cua ca nhan de danh tien cho gia dinh, dd, Manh tieu dung tiln bac cho thdi quen, sd thich cua ban than ca anh biet dieu day lam anh hudng din bda gia dmh Dieu tuong tu cung xay den vdi mdt sd cap vg chdng d dd thi, vi dy nhu trudng hgp cua Tin va Dien Dien la ngudi giii tidn de cbi tieu gia dinh, cd mua sim gi ldn thi ca hai vg chdng cung ban bac Tuy nhien, Dien khdng the kilm soat dugc viec chdng mmh danh bac Sau nbung budi tide tung vdi hg hang, Tin thudng ngdi lai choi bai an tiln vdi anh em, ban be Dien cam thay rat that vgng va bye tiic ve dieu nhung van khdng the ngan can dugc chdng Tin dua su giai thich ve ly danh bac: Anh em bgn be ldu ngdy khong gap thi ngdi ddnh bdi vai cho vui Minh Met ddnh bgc la khdng tot nhung day ciing la cdch de minh giao du vd giic mdi quan he v&i anh em, ddng nghiep Minh cUng noi v&i vg rdng viec chai bdi ddi quan trgng b&i day cUng Id cdch di nhicng ngu&i dan dng tgo dung quan he v&i (Nam, 30 tudi, cii nban dai bgc Ha Ngi) Sau khdng thay ddi dugc thdi quen danh bac ciia chdng, Didn da phai chip nhan dieu dd va cd cung hi thuyet phyc bdi each ly giai cua chdng Dien ndi: Anh dy da khdng udng rugu, khdng hiit thuoc, thdi thi dan ong cung cdn cd thii vui gi d& Anh dy thich ddnh bgc nhung cdn phdi biit giai hgn Vi sau em cUng chdng ngdn ndi anh dy nica md em thdy anh dy ndi cung cd ly, vai lai anh dy cUng khdng chai qud nhiiu tiin nin em cUng thdi khdng cdi vd ve viic ndy nira (Nii, 28 tudi, cii nhan dai hgc, Ha Ndi) Vice lam d ndng thdn khdng dem lai ngudn thu nhap deu dan bang thang nhu nhilu ngudi cap vg chdng d dd thi Do dd, hg chgn each gdp chung tien bdi nhd dd, hg cd thi cd dii tiln cbo cac khoan diu tu Vi du nhu trudng hgp ciia Thien va Tam d Thai Binh Thu nhap ciia hai vg chdng chi du de chi tra sinh boat va hau nhu khdng cdn du tiln dl tilt kiem Do dd, hg gdp ehung va cimg quan ly tai chinh hdn nhan Thien khong hai ldng vl each quan ly tiln bac hien tai ciia gia dmh minh vi hg nhieu cd nhiing khoan chi tieu kbdng cin thilt Tuy nhien, anh bugc phai chap nhan each quan ly tiln nhu vay sy han che vl thu nhap Thien ndi: "Niu mdi ngu&i giir tien rieng thi se^ chdng du tiin di ddu tu vdo cdi gi cd nhung niu chung tien thi co thi cd du chut tiin^ di chai phu&ng" Vg anh cho bilt them: "Anh dy dua tiin cho em thi em cdt tu 60 Bdt binh ddng gi&i giiea vg chdng tri a Vi$t Nam cdn diing thi ngu&i dy ldy " Khac vdi Thien, Tam thiy hai long v l each quan ly tien ciia hg va giai tbich rang: Ldm nhu vgy tien vi chdng em cdn tien anh dy co thi tu ldy roi bdo lgi vai em sau vi cd hai citng biet la bgn em cd bao nhieu tiin nin khdng phdi cai ve chuyen tien nong vd cUng du mgt chiit di chai phuang ldm tiit kiem (Nix, 27 tudi, hgc h i t ldp 4, Thai Binh) Mac du phu nii tham gia vao quan ly tiln nhung dilu dd khdng dem lai cho hg nhilu lgi ich hon Do sy ban ebl vl tai chmh, gidng nhu nbilu phu nu khac, Tam cd xu hudng hy smh nhu eiu tieu diing eiia ban than: "Em giic tiin nhimg em phdi suy nghi cdn than tieu tiin vd em ciing phdi hgn che nhu cdu ciia cd nhdn cho gia dinh b&i chung em cdn tiin phdng nhirng tru&ng hgp cd viec gi xdy thi sao" Tam md ciia hieu lam diu dl kilm sdng nhung chdng cd lai cd vai trd nhieu ban viec quyet dinh dau tu vao cua hang, vi dy nhu diing tiln dau tu mua sam trang thiet bi cho ciia hang Thien giai thich ring anh i y cd tilng ndi nhieu ban bdi vg anh den tir noi khac va khdng hiSu ro ve viing nen tdt ban la de cho chdng quyet dinh nhiing vide dd du ciia hieu dd la ngudi vg lam chii Tuang tu nhu vay Sung va Lan d Thai Binh (ket hdn dugc mgt nam) ciing cung quan ly tien chung vdi Ca hai vg chdng ciing md mgt hieu cat tdc Simg ndi ve each vg chdng anh quan ly tien: "Cd hai chiing em citng giic tien Khi em cdn tien co dy dua tien cho em, ngugc lgi cd dy cdn thi em dua tien cho co dy " Tuy nhien, vg cua Sung thi cho rang ngudi vg nen la ngudi giu tien bdi ngudi vg thudng tiet kiem ban dan dng Gidng nhu Thien, Sung dudng nbu cung cd nhieu vai trd ban viec quyet dinh cdng viec kinh doanh dii dd la cdng viSc chung cua ca hai vg chdng Lan nghT ring hg cd tbl se kiem dugc nhieu tien ban neu cbo chuyen dia diem ciia hang len thi trin nhung chdng ciia Lan khdng ddng y Cd phai chap thuan theo y kidn eua chdng bdi cd e ngai ring anh i y se dd ldi cho cd neu viec kinh doanh khdng dugc cdng theo y mudn Vai trd cua ngudi vg- khong cd thu nhap vifc quan ly tien Mac dii khdng cd thu nhap nhung pbu nir vin cd vai trd quan trgng ttong vigc giu tien Tuy nhien, nbiing ngudi phy nii khdng cd viec lam d ndng thdn cam thiy e ngai sti dung tien ciia chdng thi phy nu khdng cd viec lam d thi dudng nbu cd tam ly thoai mai ban Dieu cd the bi anh hudng bdi tmh trang viec lam ciia hg Nhiing phy nu khdng cd viec lam d thi ngbien ciiu la ngudi thit nghiep tam thdi Hg sdng dua vao thu nhap ciia chdng bdi hg bd viec mang thai hoac cin tbdi gian cham sdc nhd Hg la ngudi cd binh hgc vin cao (dai hgc hoac sau dai hgc) va ho du dinh se tun viec lam hg ldn hon mdt chiit Trong do, nhiing ngudi vg khdng cd vigc lam d ndng thdn (5 trudng hop) thudng chi boan trinh hgc van phd thdng (3 ngudi bgc het cap hai, ngudi hgc bet cap ba va chi cd ngudi hgc het dai hgc nhung chua tun dugc viec lam) Mdt sd ngudi chi d nha cham sdc cai nhieu nam va hg it cd kha nang tim dugc viec lam thu nhap tdt Dieu dudng nhu ban che vai trd ciia hg viec quan ly tiln Nsudi Vu Thi Thanh 61 ching thudng dua tien cho vgr cit giii va ngudi vgr sur dyng khoan tiin dd di chi tieu cho sinh hojt ttong gia dmh Van va Hao d Thai Bmh (da kit hon nam) la mgt vi dv nhu vay Hg tiing vao Nam lam cong nhan may nhung tit cd diu long, ca hai cung trd vi que Hao tiep tvic lam cdng nhan may cho mdt cong ty d huygn lan can cdn Van d nha bdi khdng cd cham sdc va co tiip tyc d nha cho din co diia thii hai Van cho rang tien nen ngudi vg quan ly va Hao ciing tan ding nhu vay, bdi theo anh dan ong thudng giii tiin khong tit hg khong biit tiit ki$m, thudng rugu che hoac cho ban be vay Anh cam thiy yen tam dua tit ca si tiin mmh kiim dugc cho vg cit giir va chi giit Iji mgt it di chi tieu xang xe Van phai tinh toan cin than chi tieu bdi hg cd rit it tiin Mac dii d nha la di cham sdc gia dmh, nhien, khong cd thu nhap nen Van cam thay khdng thoai mai siir dung tiin cua ching; Chong dua tien cho em chi tieu nhimg nhieu thi minh co nghi Id minh bi phif thuQC nen cSng khong thodi mdi ldm lieu tien eda anh dy Vai lgi cupc sing cita gia dinh vdn kho khdn, nhieu muon di ldm de kiem tiin phu da cho chdng nhimg chong khong cho bai anh dy bdo bon tre be qud em phdi ft nhd chdm soc chung (NO, 28 taii, hgc hit THCS, Thai Binh) Chdng ciia Van la ngudi quyet dinh mua sam nhiing di diing dit tiin Van chi chiu trach nhiem chi tieu hang Hao cho biet "nhimg lat vgt nhd va co the tuydi mua nhung nhihig viec ldn nhu tu bdn ghe ti vi thi phdi chong quyet" Gidng nhu Van, Thuy - mgt phu nu d Thai Binh ciing timg lam cdng nhan nhung cd da nghi d nha bon nam ke tir sinh doi hai diia trai Chinh - chong ciia Thiiy di lam thg xay va dua toan bd sd tien anh kiem dugc cho vg chi tieu chg gia dmh Mac du Thuy c6 the tu quyet dinh viec chi tieu nhung cd cho biet cd phai tinh toan can than de tranh bi chong phan nan Thiiy cung lo lang bdi cac khoan chi tieu cho gia dmh thi nhiSu thu nh^p cua hg lai ban chi Cd e ngai niu khdng can than tieu het tien thi chdng cd the nghi ngd co dem tien cho bd me minh: Chi tieu gi minh cu cdn than cong khai het khong den luc co chuyen gi lgi bdo ddm diii cho bd cho m? bo me cho minh them Nhieu anh dy cir bdo tieu kieu gi md nhanh hit the nhung cir thic cdm 100 nghin di cha xem mua duac cdi gi Mua phdi tinh tnrac a nhd an gi hom chi cdm timg ngdn dy de mua thoi, khong cdm qud di sa l^i tieu qud (Nir, 30 tuii, hgc hit THPT, Thai Btah) Viec giir tiin dudng nhu da trd mgt ganh nang vdi Thuy Co ciing nhan thay rang ching cd cd nhiiu tiing ndi han cac quyit dinh tai chinh d gia dmh Cd ndi: Noi chung Id chong vdn quyet dinh nhiiu han, tiin chong ldm ra, neu co nhieu mai mua duac nhiiu chir Minh mudn mua cdi tu lanh to de dimg ldu ddi nhung chong bdo mua tii be vi cBng chua co tiin thi minh cUng phdi chdp nhdn chic biet ldm (Nu, 30 tuoi, hgc hit THPT, Thai Bmh) 62 Bat binh ddng gi&i giiea vg chong tre a VietNam Trong dd, each tbiic quan l^ tiln ciia nhung ngudi vg khdng cd vigc lam d dd thi lai khac biet, vi du nhu trudng hgp cua Huynh va Xmh Huynh la ky su cdn Xmh tiing la giao vien hgp ddng va da nghi vide tii kbi cd Cd cho bilt ca hai cdn di lam, hg cii tieu hit tiln ciia ngudi roi tieu din tiln ciia ngudi nhung tii nghi vigc, hai vg chdng da thay ddi each hg quan ly tiln Chdng cd dl tiln luong cua anh ngan keo dl ca hai ngudi ciing cd thi tiy dugc Tuy nhien Xuih cho biet chi chdng cd la ngudi cbu ylu liy tiln bdi cd d nha trdng cdn cbdng cd lo viec di chg, mua sam Xinh dudng nhu cung ban chi nbu ciu ciia ca nhan minh Cd ndi: "Em chang cd nhu cdu phdi sir dung tiin cd em cdn di ldm, em cUng it cd nhu cdu cho bdn thdn md thuang tiiu dung cho nhu cdu gia dinh thdi" Mac du hai vg chdng thay ddi each quan ly tien tir cd nghi viec, Xinh khdng coi dd la su thay ddi quyln luc mdi quan he ciia hai vg chdng Xinh cam thiy each quan Iy tiln hien tai la hgp ly va cd cam thay thoai mai Hg thudng thao luan vdi vl vide mua sim nbung Xinh dudng nhu dl cho ohong cd quyln quylt dinh nhilu hon Mac dii cd ndi vdi anh quan dilm ctia mmh trudc mdt van dl tai chinh ciia gia dinh nhung sau dd cd de anh cd quyen quyet dinh dii cd theo y cua cd hay khdng Xinh ndi: Em nghi ngu&i chdng thi quyit dodn han anh dy suy nghi cUng chin chdn han thi di anh dy quyit nhicng viec quan trgng nhu mua xe mdy Em cUng ndi y kien cua minh cdn anh dy cd nghe theo hay khdng thi anh dy CUng cd luc anh dy thdy hgp ly thi ldm theo (Nii, 25 tudi, cii nhan dai hgc Ha Ngi) Gidng nhu Xinh, Quynh (d Ha Ndi) cung nghi viec d nha cd Qu^h cho bilt chdng cd dl tiln tu de ca bai cd thd ddng den can va ndi vdi ngudi Chong cd - Phiic, giai thich rang: "Chung em giir tien a mgt nai de cd hai biet minh edit lgi bao nhiiu tiin tie dd chi tieu cho phii hgp v&i khd ndng cua minh" Mac dii khdng kiem tien nhung ca hai ciing cd the tiep can va su dung tien Tuy nhien, Quynh cbo biet cd hy vgng se thay ddi each quan ly tien gia dinh hg cd nhidu tien hon, vi dy nhu hg cd the de mdt khoan tiln de tiet kigm, cd giii ti6n tieu diing gia dinh cdn chdng se cd khoan tien rieng de lo cho cdng viec va cac mdi quan he xa hdi Phan tich each thiic quan ly tien hdn nhan ciia vg ehdng tre cho thiy cd hai khia canh chinb ciia viec quan ly tiln hdn nhan - dd la giii tien va quylt dinh su dung tien Mgt diem ndi bat each quan ly tien hdn nhan ciia vg chdng tre d ca ndng thdn va dd thi la ngudi vg cd vai trd chmh viec giii tien (tiln cd tbl ehi ngudi phy nii giii, hoac ca hai vg cbdng giu) du bg cd ddng gdp vao tbu nhap cho gia dmh hay khdng Tuy nbien, ngudi phy nii cd vai trd it hon viec dua cac quylt dinh tai chinh gia dmh Dac biet, nhiing ngudi phy nii ndng thdn khdng ddng gdp thu nhap cho gia dmh mang minh tam 1^ phu thudc, e de sii dung tiln chdng hg dua Vu Thi Thanh 63 Kit luan Vogler (1998) cho rang khong nen xem xet mii quan he giira tiin, quyin lyc va binh ding chi tir quan diim ly thuyit vi nguin luc ma cin xem xet ca tir quan diim vi su anh hudng cua cac yeu to van hda va he tu tudng Nghien ciiu each thiic quan ly tiin hdn nhan cua vg chong tre d Viet Nam cho thay vai trd cua ngudi phu nii viec giu tien ciia gia dmh cd xu hudng bi anh hudng bdi cac dinh kiin vi gidi hon la yiu ti nguin luc Mac du nam gidi thudng la ngudi cd ddng gdp thu nhap chinh cho gia dinh nhtmg dieu dd khong anh hudng nhieu den viec quan ly tiin bac hdn nhan Phu nii Viet Nam thudng dugc vi von vdi hinh anh la "tay hdm chia khda" cua gia dinh Ngudi vg thudng la ngudi giii tien gia dinh, du hg cd ddng gdp vao thu nhap cua gia dmh hay khong, va chiu trach nhiem cho viec chi tra sinh hoat hang d gia dinh Phu nii dugc cho ring hg cd kha nang rit tit viec giii tien; dd, nam gidi dugc tin tudng ring hg cd kha nang dua cac quyet dinh quan trgng Do dd, phu nii mac dii giu tien nhung ddi hg de chdng minh - nhiing ngudi ma hg cho rang c6 sir hi6u biet nhidu hem - la ngudi dua quyet dinh cudi ciing ddi vdi nhirng quyet dinh tai chinh ma hai vg chong cdn tranh cai Ben canh do, vai trd cua ngudi phu nir viec giir tien cd mdi lien he vdi sir phan cdng lao dgng gia dinh Do phu nir chiu trach nhiem vdi cong viec ngi trg, mua thiic an, cham sdc cai va cac khoan chi tieu hang ciia gia dmh nen hg chiu trach nhiem giir tien bdi hg dugc cho rang hg hieu r5 ve nhu cau tieu diing ciia gia dinh hon so vdi nam gidi Trong mdt vai trudng hgp (vi du nhu cua Xmh va Huynh d Ha Npi), ngudi chdng chiu trach nhiem di chg nen ca hai vg chdng giir tien du ngudi chdng lo viec di chg Viec gdp chung tiin dugc coi la hinh thiic quan ly tien mang tinh binh dang nhat hon nhan d phuang Tay Tuy nhien diiu lai khong diing vdi thuc t£ d Vi?t Nam Chung tiin dd phu nu giii khoan tien chung khdng cd nghia la phu nil c6 nhieu quyin luc ban nam gidi Tham chi, viec giii tien ddi trd ganh nang, nhSt la dii vdi nhiing gia dmh cd thu nhap han chi, bdi phu nil: phai lo ling va tinh toan can than cac khoan tieu dung cho gia dinh Ngudi vg chi cd sir tu chii vif c quyet dinh chi tieu sinh hoat hang cua gia dinh Dii vdi cac quyet dinh tai chinh quan trgng, phu nir cin cd su thao luan vdi ching va nhiiu trudng hgp, ngudi chong cd tieng noi quyit dinh hon Nghien ciiu cho thiy ngudi ching doi vin cd nhirng quyet djnh chi tieu cho mgt si vin di ca nhan ma hg biit ngudi vg khdng ddng y (vi du nhu tnrdng hgp Hai quyit djnh mua bi ca) Tham chi, mgt si trudng hop ngudi chdng c6 sd thich danh bac, mac dii ngudi vg phan dii diiu nhung hg hau nhu it cd kha nang can thiep di ngan can viec chdng tieu tiin vao bai bac Trong dd, hau nhu khong cd trudng hgp nao cho thiy ngudi vg quyit dinh chi tieu nhung khoan ldn ma chdng cua hg khdng ding y Cho du muc dich chi tieu dd la phuc vu chung cho nhu cau cua gia dinh (vi dii nhu trudng hgp Vien muon mua may giat hay Thiiy muin mua mgt chiec tii lanh to cho gia dmh) Trong viec lam ciia nien d dd thi thudng dem lai cho hg ngudn thu dn djnh hang thang, phin ldn nien ndng thon nghien cuoi tu tao viec lam (lao 64 Bdt binh dang gi&i giira vg chdng tre a Viet Nam ddng ndng nghiep hoac md ciia hang kinh doanh buon ban, djch vu) Quyet djnh dau tu vao cac boat ddng cd anb budng true tilp tdi thu nhap va ngudn vdn ciia gia dinh Pban ticb tren day cbo thiy nhirng ngudi chdng d ndng thdn (nhu Manb va Sung) dudng nhu cd nhilu tieng ndi ban so vdi vg dua cac quylt dinh dau tu gia dinh (dau tu vao phudng/hui hoac boat ddng kinb doanh) Mac dil thu nhap khdng anh budng din each cac cap vg cbdng tre quan ly tien nhung cd anh hudng din tilng ndi ctia ngudi vg cac quylt dinb tai chinh Dieu cung dugc pban anh nghien ciiu d cac qudc gia khac, vi du nbu d Anb (xem Vogler va Pahl, 1993) Doi vdi nhiing ngudi vg d dd thi kbdng ddng gdp vao tbu nhap gia dinh, su thit nghiep ciia hg cbi mang tinh tam tbdi bg thdi ky thai san, cham sdc nhd nen hg khdng qua e de sii dung tien chdng kiem dugc Ngugc lai, nhiing ngudi vg khdng cd ddng gdp vao tbu nhap cho gia dmh d viing ndng thdn la nhiing ngudi da thit nghiep tir lau hoac chua cd y dinh di lam trd lai, kha nang phu thudc tai chinb vao cbdng cdn dai nen nhiing ngudi phu nii dudng nhu it tieng ndi cac quyet dinb, phai suy ngbl can trgng va quan ly tien mgt each minh bach de tranh sy nghi ngd tii chdng Nghien cuu tren the gidi cho thay phu nii giii tien nhung hg thudng ban cbe vice tieu diing ciia ca nhan de uu tien nhu cau ciia gia dmh (xem Lindsay, 1994; Nyman, 1999) Tuong ty nhu vay, nhiing ngudi vg tre nghien ciiu cd xu budng han che viec tieu dung cho ca nhan de danh tien cho gia dinh Mgt so ket qua phdng van sau cho thay ngudi chdng ddi cd nbiing khoan tieu dimg cho sd tbich, thii vui ciia ca nhan va hg tiep tuc tri dieu ca kbi hg biet vg minh khdng hai Idng Trong dd, phu nij rat it cd nhiing khoan tieu dung cho ban than, va dac biet hg thudng kbdng dua cac quyet dinh sir dung den tien bac cbo nbung khoan tieu dimg ma hg biet rang chdng ciia minh khdng ddng y De danh gia quyen luc thye sy viec quyet dinh lien quan den tien bac hdn nhan thi can phai xem xet den viec la ngudi dugc hudng Igi tir cac quyet dinb dd ban la viec la ngudi dua quyet dinh dd (Allan va Crow, 2001) Theo Allan va Crow (2001), viec phy nir hy sinh lgi ich ban than cho lgi icb ciia chdng cgn khdng don thuin la hg cd it quyln lyc hon, ma ddi dilu dugc ly giai bdi tinh cam ma hg danh cho gia dinh Trong nghien ciiu nay, mac du phu nii cd tbam gia vao cac quyet dinh quan trgng nhung nhiing quyet dinh dd thudng la vi lgi ich chung cua ca gia dinh va hg cd xu budng ban che viec tieu dimg cho ban than va uu tien cho nbiing tieu diing cbung ciia ca gia dinh Sy hy sinh cua phu nii ddi dugc chdng cua bg ghi nhan, coi trgng va khien ngudi chdng cam thay yen tam kbi de vg quan Iy tiln Phu nii Viet Nam tir xua den van thudng dugc vi nhu "tay hdm chia khda" ciia gia dinh, nim vai trd chinh vice giii tien cho gia dinh Tuy nhien, ro rang rang dieu dd khdng mang lai cho hg nhieu quyen lyc ban hay nhieu lgi ich hon Nhiing dinh kien gidi dl cao su hy smh ciia phu nii cd le gian tiep gdp phan lam gia tang tinh trang bat binh dang gidi trons hdn nhan cua gidi tre hien nay, Nhung ngudi vg nghien cuu vin cd xu hudng han che nhu cau tieu dimg ca nhan, va hem the, de giii su yen am cbo gia dinh, bo chip nhan viec chdng co nhiing khoan tieu dimg cho sd thich, thii vui cua ban than ca kbi Vu Thf Thanh 65 ngudi vg khdng thay h^i ldng ve nhirng dieu dd Tuong ddng vdi cac nghien ciiu dinh lugng d Viet Nam (xem Knodel va cac cgng sy, 2005; Bg Van hda, Thi Thao va Du lich va mdt sd td chirc khac, 2008; Terrawichtchaman va cac cdng sy, 2010; Vu Tbi Thanh, 2009), hdn nhan cua vg chong tre bien nay, ngudi chdng van cd tilng ndi nhilu hon cac quyet dinh chi tieu viec ldn, dau tu tai chmh ciia gia dinb va tieu diing cho nbu ciu ciia ca nhan Dieu dd cbo thay sy khdng can bang ve quyln luc giiia vg va chdng vin cdn la mdt vin dl dang luu tam d Vigt Nam Tai li^u tham khao Allan, G., va Crow, G 2001 Families, households and society New York: Palgrave Ashby, K J., va Burgoyne , C B 2009 The Financial Practices and Perceptions behind Separate Systems of Household Financial Management The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38, 519-529 Burgoyne , C B., Eibstein, J., Edmunds, A M., va Routh, D A 2010 Marital commitment, money and marriage preparation: What changes after the wedding? Journal of Community va Applied Social Psychology, 20, 390-403 Burgoyne, C B., & Morison, V 2008 Money in remarriage: keeping things simple - and separate Burgoyne, C B., Reibstein, J., Edmunds, A., va Dolman, V 2007 Money management systems in early marriage: Factors influencing change and stability Journal of Economic Psychology, 25,214-228 Cheal, D 2002 Sociology of family life NewYork: Palgrave Knodel, J., Vu Manh Loi, Jayakody, R., va Vu Tuan Huy 2005 Gender role in the family Asian Population Studies 1(1), 69-92 Le Thi Thanh Hucmg 2009 iTng xu cita nguai ddn vitng Dong bing song Hong gia dinh Ha Ngi Nxb Tir dien Bach khoa Lindsay, L L 1994 Gender roles: A sociological perspective Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Lindsay, J 1996 Coupling up: A stucfy of heterosexual cohabitation (Doctor of Philosophy PhD thesis) La Trobe University, Australia Bp Van hoa, T h i Thao va Du lich, T6ng cyc Thong ke, Vi?n Gia dinh va Gidi, UNICEF 2008 Kit qud diiu tra gia dinh Vi?t Nam 2006 Ha Ngi: UNICEF Nyman, C 1999 Gender equality in 'the most equal country in the world'? Money and marriage in Sweden The Sociological Review, 47(4), 766 - 793 Pahl, J 1983 The allocation of money and the structuring of inequality within marriage Sociological iJevieiv, 31(1), 237-262 P h ^ Anh Tuin 2004 Nhimg thach thicc va nguy ca doiyai gia dinh tre nin kinh te thj tru&ng ki§n dgi Ky ylu h^i thao Gia dinh tre sir biln d i i cua xa h$i Ha Noi Raijas, A 2011 Money management in blended and nuclear families Joumal of Economic Psychology 32, 556-563 Ruppanner, L 2010 Conflict and housework: Does country context matter? European Sociological Review 26(5), 557-570, Smgh, S 1997 Marriage money: the social shaping of money in marriage and banking St Leonards: Allen va Unwin Stets, J E., va Cast, A D 2007 Resource and identity verification from an identity theory perspective Sociological Perspectives, 50(4), 517-543 66 Bat binh ddng gi&i giica vg chdng tre & Viet Nam Stock, J., Diaz-Martinze, C , & Hallerod, B (Eds.), 2007, Modem Couples Sharing Money Sharing Life New York: Palgrave Macmillan Terrawichtchainan, B., Knodel, J., Vu Manh Loi, va Vu Tuan Huy, 2010, The gender division of household labor in Vietnam: cohort trends and regional variations Joumal of Comparative Family Studies, 41(1), 57-85 Vogler , C 1998, Money in the household: Some underlying issues of power The Sociological Review, 46(4), 687-713 Vogler, C , Brockmann, M., va Wiggins, R D 2008 Managing money in new heterosexual forms of intimate relationships The Joumal of Socio-Economics, 37, 552-576 Vogler, C , va Pahl, J 1993 Social and economic change and tiie organization of money within marriage Work Employment and Society, 7(71-95) Vogler, C , va Pahl, J 1999 Money, power and inequality in marriage In G Allan (Ed.), The sociology of the family A reader (pp 129-148) Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Vu Thi Thanh 2009 Binh dang gioi giira vg va chong gia dinh nong thon Vift Nam T^p chi Gia dinh va Gi&i, s6 1(19), 24-33  ... chdng tri & Viet Nam Trong cac nghien ciiu d Viet Nam vl bmh ding gidi quan ly ngudn lyc gia dinh thuong dya tren cac kit qua dinh lugng ludng miic tham gia ciia nam va nu viec quan ly tiln, bai... ngudi chdng tai hai dia ban la quan Hai Ba Trung (Ha Ngi) va huyen Thai Thyy (Thai Binh) vao nam 2012 Sd nam kit hdn trung binh ciia cac cap vg chdng la 3,1 nam Trong 30 cap vg chdng tham gia... su, 2010; Vii Thi Thanh, 2009) Cac nghien chi lien quan din viec quan ly tai chinh trpng gia dinh d Viet Nam thudng di vao phan tich viec quan ly tai chinh hp gia dtah noi chung (household/family