NGON NGf & DCn SONG So 10 (228) 2014 BIEN SOAN GIAO TRINH TIENG TRUNG QUOC DANH CHO SINH VIEN KHONG CHUYEN NGU* THlTC TRANG VA KIEN NGHI CHINESE TEXTBOOKS FOR NON CHINESE MAJOR STUDENTS CONDITION AND[.]
NGON N G f & DCn SONG So 10 (228)-2014 BIEN SOAN GIAO TRINH TIENG TRUNG QUOC DANH CHO SINH VIEN KHONG CHUYEN NGU*THlTC TRANG VA KIEN NGHI CHINESE TEXTBOOKS FOR NON-CHINESE MAJOR STUDENTS - CONDITION AND PROPOSALS LUtJHOrNVU (TS; Dai hoc Ngan hang TP HCM) CHAU A PHI (TS; Dai hpc Sir pham TP HCM) Abstract: From the condifion of Chinese textbooks in Vietnam and characteristics of Chinese for non-Chinese major students, we make recommendations in terms of pronunciation, Chinese characters, vocabulary, grammar and culture that editors should pay attenfion to in the compilation process of Chinese textbooks for non-Chinese major students Key words: writings; Chinese textbooks; non-Chinese major students thupe ehuyen nganh Ngon ngii Trung Quoc Md dau 1.1 Ke tir binh thudng hoa quan he Day la mon ngoai ngii hai ciia sinh vi6n ngoai giao Viet - Trung nam 1991 den nay, ehuyen ngdnh ngoai ngii va la mon ngo?! so lupng ngudi hpc tieng Trung Quoc d ngii cua sinh vien cdc chuyen ngdnh khdc nudc ta da khong ngirng gia tang Theo Muc tieu mon hpc: Mdn hpc tieng Trung thong ke eiia ehiing toi tir cuon "Nhimg dieu Quoc danh cho sinh vien khong chuySn ngii cdn biel ve tuyen sinh dgi hpc, cao ddng ndm la mpt mdn hpc tong hpp, trang bi cho sinh 2014" Nha xudt ban Giao due Viet Nam vien bdn kT nang ngoai ngfl- ea bdn (nghe, phat hanh, nudc ta hien co 27 trudng dai hpc noi, dpe, viet), sinh vien cd the sir dung giao tuyen sinh ehuyen nganh Ngon ngii Trung tiep thao cac tinh hudng gidi Quoc, trudng cao dang va trudng dai hpc thieu ve ban than, gia dinh va cac each dien tuyen sinh nganh tieng Trung Quoe bac cao dat thudng diing cudc sdng thuang dang Co khd nhieu trudng dai hpc, eao dang nhat Ben eanh do, mdn hpe trang bi md mon rieng Trung Quoc danh cho sinh cho sinh vien nhiing kien thiic co bdn ve van vien nganh ngoai ngii, kinh te, quan he qudc hoa va eon ngudi Trung Qude te, Theo do, mpt luong ldn sdeh hpc tieng Thai lirong mon hpc: Tuy vao chuang Trung Quoc da dupe xuat ban Bai viet trinh dao tao ciia timg trudng, timg chuyen chimg toi tap tnmg vao van de giao trinh nganh cu the ma mdn tieng Trung Qudc c6 Ueng Trung Quoc eho sinh vien khong thdi luong khdng gidng nhau, dao dpng tir chuyen ngu 12-16 tin chi Tdng sd tin chi mdn tieng 1.2 Mon tieng Trung Qu6c danh cho sinh Trung Qudc danh cho sinh vien khong vien khong chuyen ngii eo mpt so dde diem chuyen ngii tai Trudng Dai hpc Su ph^im Tp Hd Chi Minh la 12 tin chi, tai Trudng Dai dang chii y sau; Doi tuang: Mon hpc tieng Trung Quoe hpc Ngan hdng Tp Hd Chi Minh ia 16 tin danh eho sinh vien khong chuyen ngii hudng chi, t^i Trudng Dai hpc Md Tp Hd Chi den doi tupng ngudi hpc la sinh vien khong Minh la 15 tin chi S6 10 (228)-2014 NGON N G f * Ddi SONG Chudn ddu ra: Da sd cac trudng trudc day yeu cau sinh vien khdng chuyen ngii sau hoan tdng sd tin chi cua mdn hoc phdi dat trinh dd tuong duong chiing chi B qudc gia tilng Trung Qudc Trong tuang lai khdng xa, cung vdi sir hdi nhap qudc tl, cac trudng dang timg budc nang cao ehuan ddu ngoai ngu cho sinh vien khdng chuyen ngu, hudng din chuin ddu la d p dp Bl theo Khung tham chieu trinh dp ngdn ngu: chung cua Chau Au (CEFR), tuong duong vdi cdp dp HSK (phien bdn mdi) ciia Trung Qude Li chpn hpc ngogi ngit hai la tieng Trung Quoc: Mpt bp phdn sinh vien vi yeu thich tieng Trung Qudc, hoac eho rdng tilng Trung Qudc Id mdt uu the edng viec sau ndy ma chpn hpc mdn hpc nay; mpt bp phan sinh vien vi bi ep bupe phdi chpn hpe mOt mdn ngoai ngii (hoac ngoai ngii hai) n8n phdi chpn hpc mdn hpc Co the thdy,-muc dich hpc mon tieng Trung Qudc cua sinh vien khdng chuyen ngu tucmg ddi phirc tap Thirc tr^ng sach hoc tieng Trung Qu6c t^i Vi^t Nam Theo khdo sat ciia chiing tdi, tren thi trudng sach Vi?t Nam hipn cd hon 200 diiu sdch hpc tilng Trung Qude, co the chia lam nhom sau: Nhdm dau sach 51 Sdch ngudi Trung Quoc bien sogn Sdch ngudi Au - Mi bien sogn Sdch sir dmg phdn djch lieng Trung Quoc sdch hpc tieng Anh 12 ngudi Trung Qudc bien sogn Sdch ngudi Vi?f Nam 140 bien sogn 209 Tong Ti le (%) 24,4 2,87 5,74 66,99 100,00 Cdc sdeh hpc tieng Trung Qudc ndi tren cd nhiing uu khuyet diem khdc Thu nhdt, sach ngudi Trung C^dc bien soan chii yeu nham vao ddi tuang Id nhiing du hpc sinh dang hpc tap tilng Trung Qude tai cac trudng dai hpc, hpc vien d Trung Qudc Thdi luang cua cdc bdi khoa nhiing sach tuong ddi ddi, khdng phil hpp vdi thdi lupng gid giang day tai Viet Nam Npi dung cdc bai hpe cung khong thieh hop vdi hpe vien ngudi Viet Nam Chang ban nhir phdn luyen ngii am ciia mdt sd sach chu yeu luyen cho ngudi hpc phan biet phu dm (n) va (/), (g), (A), Tuy nhien, day khdng phdi la diem kho viec hpc ngu- am tieng Trung Qude cua ngudi Viet Nam Trong do, mdt sd am khae ciia tieng Trung Qude khdc han vdi am tieng Vigt hoae viec phan biet dieu (nhu phan biet va 4) luon "lam kho" cho ngudi Viet hpc thi lai khdng dupc ehu trpng Thic hai, sach ngudi Au - MT bien soan mae kha nhieu ldi ngii phap Ngdn ngu dupe sii dung nhung sdch ndy da phdn khdng phii hop vdi ldi dien dat cua ngudi Trung Qudc Thu ba, sd sach hpc tieng Trung Qudc dupc xult ban d Viet Nam hien nay, ed mdt sd sach sir dung phdn dich tieng Trung Qudc cde sach hpc dam thoai tieng Anh ngudi Trung Qudc bien soan Nhiing sach hpc chi c6 phan cau mau, dam thoai, khdng co phien dm chii Han, diem ngii phap, kien thiie van hoa, bdi tap vd ciing khdng cd bang, dia CD dinh kem Ldi dien dat tieng Trung Qudc nhung sach mang dam mdu sac "ngdn ngii dich", ca ngudi Trung Qudc nghe cung edm thdy "guong gao" Ngoai dieh phdn cdu mau va dam thoai sang tieng Viet, nhflng sach khdng cd nhimg gia cdng ndo khdc Cd sach hpc dam thoai ddnh eho ngudi di du hpc Trung Qude, nhung cac NGON N G C & DOtt SONG So 10 (228)-2014 nhdn vat, bdi canh, danh lam thang canh han chl vl sd luong Ndi dung saeh chii dupe dl cap sach deu la d cac nudc Au ylu de cap den cdc ehu de ddi sdng hang - MT, chdng lien quan gi den tinh hmh thuc ngay, cdn cdc chu de ve thuang mai, du lich tl d Trung Qudc Cd sach hpc ve thu tin thi it dupc de cap Cd rat nhieu sach (d^ thuang mai tilng Trung Qudc, nhung nhung biet la sach ngudi Viet Nam bien soan) kinh ngfl: dupe liet ke sach Iai la nhiing khdng gidi thieu ngfi phap tieng Trung Quoc tir tilng Anh chti khdng phai tilng Trung hay nhiing dilm ngdn ngii ma ngudi hpc can Qudc; each vilt thu ma sach hudng dan ciing phai hpc Cac sdch hpc tieng Trung Qudc khdng phdi Id each viet thu eua ngudi Trung Viet Nam hien da phan dupc bien scan can cii theo kinh nghiem cua tac gia va Qudc, v.v Thir tu, sdeh ngudi Viet Nam bien mang tinh tiiy tien, it ed giao trinh dupc bien soan chiem sd lupng ldn vd da dang ve soan theo mdt be thdng, mpt khung chuan chiing loai Chang han: Sach dam thoai dupc ngdn ngii nhit dinh, dai da sd giao trinh bien soan dua tren bdi ednh va tinh Iiinh thuc chua dupc xdy dung dua tren mpt co sd giao te d Viet Nam; sach day viet ehii Han dung hpc phap nao kem vdi cde sach ngudi Trung Qudc bien Tur thuc trang tren cho thdy, sdch hoc soan; sach luyen thi ehiing chi tieng Trung tilng Trung Qudc d Viet Nam hien van Qudc vdi mpi cap dp va sach ren luyen kT chua cd sdeh nao phii hap de sir dung lam nang dich Cac sach da phdn nao bii dap giao trinh tieng Trung Qudc danh cho sinh dupc nhihig npi dung ma ede sdeh ngudi vien khdng chuyen ngfl" Vi v^y, cdn bien Trung Qude bien soan khdng the dap iing soan mdt bd gido trinh tieng Trung Quoc Tuy nhien, sach ngudi Viet Nam bien danh cho sinh vien khdng chuyen ngu' vcri soan van tdn tai kha nhieu khuyet diem day dil ca bdn kT nang nghe, ndi, dpe, viet, Ve mat bieu dat ngon ngii van cdn kha nhieu dupc bien soan dua tien khung tham ehieu ldi ngfl- phdp, loi sii dung tir Ve mat npi trinh dp chung chau Au va chudn cdp dung, sdch chi liet ke cau mau, dam thoai, nang luc tieng Trung Qudc HSK cua Trung thieu phan bai tap, kien thiie ngdn ngu vd Qude kien thirc van hoa Co mot sd sach co bang, Mot s6 kiln nghi ve viec biSn soan dTa CD dinh kem, nhung dai da sd ngudi giao trinh tieng Trung Quoc Viet tu dpe, tu thu am, kho tranh khdi nhiing Can cii vao dac diem mdn tieng Trung han che ve edeh phat dm nen e6 the se anh Qudc danh cho sinh vien khdng chuyen ngir hudng den "dien mao" ngu: dm eiia ngudi va thirc trang sach hpc tieng Trung Qudc cr hpc Mat khac, nhirng sach ngudi Viet nudc ta hien nay, chiing tdi dua mpt so Nam bien soan van chua van dung nhiing kien nghi ve viec bien soan gido trinh danh thdnh qud nghien ciiu da dat dupe eho sinh vien khdng chuyen ngii nhu sau: gidng day tieng Trung Qudc cho hpc vien Thir nhal, ve phucmg dien ngir dm: Ngo ngudi Viet Nam viee gidi thieu he thdng ngfl- am tieng Trung Nhin chung, sd luong sach hpe tilng Qudc, ngudi bien soan nen dua tren thuc te Trung Qudc d Viet Nam hien tuang ddi thdng qua nhung ket qua nghien ciiu ve nhieu, nhung ehi co the dap iing dupe nhu giang day ngu: am tieng Trung Qudc cho cau cua ngudi mdi bat ddu hpc, chua thi dap ngudi Viet Nam Gido trinh cin phan bi|t img dupc nhu cdu ciia cac hpe vien cd trinh hai khdi niem "diem ngii dm de hpc" va dp cao ban Sdeh dam thoai kha nhieu, cdn "dilm ngfl- am khd hpc" ddi vdi ngudi Vi?t sach luyen cac ki nang nghe, dpe, viet, dich Nam "Dilm ngii dm de hpc" la nhung dilm S6l0(228)-2014 N G N NGtr & Ddi SONG ngii am cd each phat am gidng cua khac nghia Cd thd thiy, viec dua am Han tilng Trung Qudc va tieng Viet (vi du, cdc Viet, tir Han Viet iing dvmg vdo giang day tur dm gidng nhau) "Diem ngii dm kho hpc" la vung tilng Trung Qudc rat cd y nghia Gido nhung diem ngii dm tieng Trung Qudc trinh cdn dac biet chii ttpng giai thich nghia khdng CO am tuong iing tieng Viet, vi cua nhung tir tilng Trung Qudc cd nghia viia dy: cac phu am (z), (c), (s), (zh), (eh), (sh), cd dilm gidng vira cd diem khae hodc hoan OX (^' (x) cua tieng Trung Qudc khdng co todn khdc nghia vdi tir Han Viet tuong ling phli am tirong umg tieng Viet, hay nhu tilng Viet Ben canh do, giao trinh va tieng Trung Qude cung CO the iing dung ngfl- nghia hpc nhu Id hai ma ngudi Viet Nam dl nham phuang phdp phan tich thdnh to nghTa lan Vi vay, xuyen sudt toan bd giao trinh (componential analysis), trudng ngii nghTa trinh dp so cap can cd phan bai tap ren luyen (semantic fields) vao viec giang day tir "dilm ngu; dm kho hpc" vung, phan biet nhung tii tieng Trung Qudc Thu hai, ve phuang dien chir Hdn: Ddi de nhdm lan cho ngudi hpc vdi hpc vien ngudi Viet Nam, chii Hdn la ThU tu, vi phuang dien ngir phdp: Trong mdt nhung "rdo can" chinh viec cac giao trinh tilng Trung Qudc hien sir hpc tilng Trung Qude Tam li chung cua dung khd nhilu thuat ngfl: ngu phap nhu bd ngudi hpc la "chu- Han khd viet, khd nhd" ngii, trang ngii, tdn ngfl:, cau phiic Trong Sd dl ngudi hpc cd tam li nhu vay la vi ed mpt sd thudt ngii tilng Trung Qudc cd, ngudi hpc chua hieu dupc nguydn tdc cau tilng Vipt khdng co, cd mot sd thudt ngu: hinh cua chii Han va sd lupng chu Han xult tilng Trung Qudc va tilng Vipt diu cd hipn moi bai la khd nhilu Vi vay, gido nhung mang hai khai niem khac Dieu trinh cdn dya tien nguyen tdc clu hinh cua tao nen su khd hieu va gay dp lire cho chii Han dl phdn biet "chii biet doc" va "chflbilt vilt" "Chfl- bilt vilt" la nhflng chii don sinh vien khdng chuyen ngir Mat khac, muc gian, de vilt "Chii bilt dpe" la nhung ehu tieu dao tao mdn tieng Trung Qudc danh cho dupc ghep tu nhiing chir bilt vilt "Chu bilt sinh vien khdng chuyen ngtr va mdn tieng dpe" vd "chii bilt vilt" dupe thay ddi theo Trung Qudc danh eho sinh vien chuyen timg bai cy thi, "chii bilt dpe" ciia bai trudc ngdnh Ngdn ngfl Trung Quoc la hoan toan c6 thi se la "chu- bilt vilt" cua bai sau khac Sinh vien khdng chuyen ngii hpc Trong moi bai cdn thilt kl cac bai tap luyen tilng Trung Qudc vdi muc dieh chinh la cd thi giao tilp dupc bang tieng Trung Qudc vilt va nhan biet chii Han Thic ba, vi phuang dien tic vung: Mdi chii Vi vay, chiing tdi thilt nghT khdng nen dua Han diu ed am Han Viet tuong img tiong cae tiiuat ngii, khdi niem ngii phap phiic tap tilng Vi?t Tir Han Viet chilm hon 60% vao giao trinh tieng Trung Qude danh cho tdng s6 tir vimg tilng Vidt, cd tiie phdn lam sinh vien khdng chuyen ngfl: Giao trinh cd hai loai: tir Hdn Viet mupn true tilp tir tieng thi chuyin ndi dung ngfl- phap nhung Hdn vd tir Han Viet ngudi Viet tu tao edng thiic (clu tnic) cii phap nhdt djnh bang ylu td Han Viet Qua so sanh nghTa cua Ngudi hpc c6 thi can cir vao nhiing edng tir, cdc tac gia Thu Nha Le va Nguyen thiic (clu tnic) cii phdp da cho de ddt cdu Phudc Lpe (2003) cho rdng; co 65% tir song dien dat npi dung mudn ndi Gido trinh cd dm tilt Hdn Vipt ca bdn gidng vdi tieng thi cdn cii vdo nhflng kit qud nghien cuu ve Trung Qu6c; cd 29% tir vua cd dilm gidng thu dde tilng Trung Qudc ciia ngudi Vipt vira CO dilm khac; chi cd 6% hodn todn 10 N G N NGU* & DOtt SONG Nam ma thilt kl nhflng bai tap tuong iing nhim han chl ldi ngu phap ciia ngudi hpc va hoan thien han dien mao ngon ngii ciia ngudi hpc Thir ndm, ve phuang dien vdn hoa: Nhu da biet, ngdn ngii va van hda ed quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, yeu td van hda khdng the tach rdi yeu td ngdn ngii, chiing phdt trien su tdc dpng qua lai ldn Chiing tdi thiet nghl, bien soan gido tiinh, ngoai viec long ghep nhiing ndi dung van hoa giao tiep vao tiong cac bai khda, ngudi bien soan ciing can gidi thieu vdi ngudi hpc van hda thudng thiic Trung Qudc tren cac ITnh vuc lich sir, dia li, ngudi, phong tuc tap quan, khoa hpc kT thudt, van hpc, nghe thudt Ngoai ra, giao trinh c6 the thiet ke cae bai tap nhd ve so sanh nhung diem tuong ddng va di biet eiia van hda Viet Trung, gdp phan tao sir himg thu hpe tap tieng Trung Qudc, kham pha Trung Qudc noi ngudi hpc Ket luan Thue trang sach hpc tieng Trung Qudc d nudc ta hien cho thdy, chua cd giao trinh tieng Tnmg Qudc phii hop vdi hpe vien ngudi Viet Nam ndi chung va sinh vien khdng chuyen ngfl- ndi rieng Chiing tdi cho rang, cimg vdi viec van dung nhflng qua nghien ciiu da dat dupc giang day tieng Trung Qudc danh cho hpc vien ngudi Viet Nam vao viec bien soan giao trinh tilng Trung Qudc, cung can phai phan biet rd hai khai niem "tieng Trung Qudc danh cho sinh vien chuyen nganh Ngdn ngii Trung Qude" va "tieng Trung Qudc ddnh cho sinh vien khdng chuyen ngu" Ddi tupng su dung khdc nhau, ndi dung vd hinh thuc thi hien kiln thiic ngdn ngfl- Trung Qudc gido trinh cung phai khde S6 10 (228)-2014 Nham bien soan mpt bp giao trinh phU hop vdi dac diem mdn tieng Tnmg Quic danh cho sinh vien khdng chuyen ngft, chiing tdi da dua nam kien nghi: 1/Thii nhdt, phan biet "diem ngii dm dl hpc" va "diem ngii am khd hpc"; 2/ Thir hai, phan biet "chii biet doc" va "chir biet vilt"; 3/ Thii ba, sd dung am Han Viet, tii Han Viet ttong giai thich nghTa tir vung tieng Tnmg Qudc; 4/ Thir tu, sir dung cdng thiic (clu tnic) cii phdp de gidng day ngu phap tieng Trung Qudc; 5/ Thii nam, gidi thieu van hda thudng thiic Tnmg Qudc Chiing toi cho rang ddy la nhiing npi dung ma ngir6i bien soan gido trinh can phdi dac biet chii j T A I L I E U THAM KHAO Lmi Hdn Vii (2011), Hien trgng sach hpc tieng Trung Quoc tgi Viet Nam, Tap chi Ngir van hien dai (Chuyen san Nghien ciiu ngdn ngiii, (sd 9) (Trung Qudc) Luu Hdn Vu (2013), Uhg dung npi nghia hpc cdu true vdo viec gidng dgy ftf vung tieng Trung QuSc cho ngudi Viet Nam Tap chi khoa hpc Dai hpc Tay Hoa (Chuyen san Triet hpc va Khoa hpc xa hdi), (sd 4) (Trung Qudc) Phan Ky Nam (1993), Tmh hlnh giang dgy tieng Trung Quae a Viet Nam, T?p chi Giang day tieng Han Thi gidi, (sd 3) (Trung Qudc) Thu Nha Le, Nguyen Phudc L^c (2003), So sdnh sa luac ve su khdc biet giU tir song dm tiet Hdn Viet vd lic tieng Hdn Tap chi Hpc tap Han ngfl:, (s6 6) (Trung Qudc) Trdn Thin, Md Lam Lam (2007) Nghien cuu doi chieu ngir dm tieng Trung Quoc vdi ngir dm tieng Viet, Tap chi khoa hpc Hpc vien Ngoai ngii Gidi phdng qudn, (sd 4) (Trung Qudc) (Ban Bien t ^ nhgn b^i ngSy 26-08-201*1 ... soan giao trinh tilng Trung Qudc, cung can phai phan biet rd hai khai niem "tieng Trung Qudc danh cho sinh vien chuyen nganh Ngdn ngii Trung Qude" va "tieng Trung Qudc ddnh cho sinh vien khdng chuyen... trinh tieng Trung Qudc danh cho sinh dupc nhihig npi dung ma ede sdeh ngudi vien khdng chuyen ngfl" Vi v^y, cdn bien Trung Qude bien soan khdng the dap iing soan mdt bd gido trinh tieng Trung Quoc... mdn tieng Trung Qudc danh cho dupc ghep tu nhiing chir bilt vilt "Chu bilt sinh vien khdng chuyen ngtr va mdn tieng dpe" vd "chii bilt vilt" dupe thay ddi theo Trung Qudc danh eho sinh vien chuyen