DayvajH^i Phirofng phap sir dung tranh minh hoa trong day hpc Ngu* van 6, 7 TRAN THI HONG LOAN TrUdng PTDT NT Bao Lam Bao Lam Lam Dong Ngay nay phUdng tien day hpc cd mdt vai trd het sQc quan trong tr[.]
DayvajH^i Phirofng phap sir dung tranh minh hoa day hpc Ngu* van 6, TRAN THI HONG LOAN TrUdng PTDT NT Bao Lam - Bao Lam - Lam Dong N gay phUdng tien day hpc cd mdt vai trd het sQc quan trong viec day- hoe dac biet cdng nghe Ihdng tin dang phat tnen vdi idc dd manh va Qng dyng hetsQc rpng ral Tranh minh hoa khdng chi ddng Igi d mQc dp minh hoa ma da Ird cdng cu nhan IhQc Nd vQa la ngudn cung cap tn thdc, vUa la phUdng tien minh hog eho bai hgc, ddng thdi cung la phQdng ti^n de thQc hipn cac thao tac eua qua trinh day hpc La ngudn kien thdc dupe dung de khai thac kien IhQc, la phUdng lien minh hoa dupe sQ dyng de lam ro ngi dung da dupe thdng bao trudc dd Bd mdn NgQ van cd dac thu rieng, no khae vdi eae bd mdn khae d chd: Hpe sinh cam nhan van ban chu yeu bang ngdn lU van ban Tranh minh hoa chi la mdt phUdng lien hd try eho qua trinh tidp nhan van ban d hpc sinh Tuy nhien, tranh minh hoa cung rat can Ihiet ddi vdi vi§c giang dgy, gdp phan tao nen sQ hQng Ihu hpc tap d hgc sinh va giup eho hpe sinh tiep thu tri thUe mdt each nhe nhang hdn Vipe sQ dyng tranh de minh hoa cac sy kien nhan vat, kel hpp vdi ldi ndi truyen cam cd sQc thuyet phuc eao ddi vdi hpe sinh vi the npi dung bai giang them sinh ddng, phpng phu va hap dan Irpng tiet hpc Vdi nhQng suy nghT nhU tren sang kien tdi mudn trinh bay van de ve each sd dyng mdt loai phUpng li^n dgy hgc dd la "Iranh minh hoa" cho dgt hieu qua tdi Uu nhlt I THI^C TRANG BAN DAU A Glao vien: Trong nSm IrQc tiep dgy bp mdn NgQ van THCS tdi nh$n tha'y ring hau het cac giao vidn rat it sQ dyng tranh minh hoa (tham chi ed giao vien khdng bao gid quan tam den nd) Neu cd sCi dyng thi cung chUa khai thac m$t each triel de Bd Giao dye va Dao tgo cd cKp cho nha Irudng mot sd bdc tranh Cdn Igi nhQng phQdng tign khac thi IQ giao viSn chu^n bi Vi$c sCf dyng tranh minh hog cua cac giao vidn Irong cdc tiet dgy mdl chl dQng lai d viee quan sat tao tdm thd hdng thu hgc tap d hgc sinh hon nQa mpt sd tidt dgy khdng cd tranh nSng ma ehi cd tranh sach giao khoa NhQng bQc tranh SGK hau nhQ rat ddn dieu (thQdng la anh chan dung), itdi mau s i c kem chat lUdng thieu sU hap d i n giao vien rat khd sii dyng B Hpc sinh: Tuy mdn NgQ van la mpt nhOng mdn hpc chinh nhung rat It cac em yeu thich mdn hpe nay, da sd Ihay rat khd va IrQu IQdng Cac em thQdng cd thdi quen N'nh hgi kien thQc bang each hpc thude long nhQng gi ma giao vien cung cap eung nhU nhUng kien IhQc san cd d sach giao khoa PhUdng phap day hgc cu Giao vien chu yeu van dyng phUdng phap thuyel trinh Thay giang trd nghe, thay dgc trd chep Hpc sinh thudng bj dpng tiep thu ITnh hgi kien thUe Giao vien ehi coi Irpng khai thdc kien IhQc san cd sach giao khoa (kenh chO), ludn coi day la ngudn kien thdc chfnh cung cap eho hpc sinh Hpc sinh khdng the phat huy dQdc tfnh tich cUe sang lao tim tdi tiet hpc, vi vay, kha nang tiep thu kien thQc chi dQng lai d viec ghi nhd va hpc thupc long PhUdng phap day hqc mdi Giao vien vdi tu each la ngUdi id chQc hudng dan, ddng thdi giam thieu viee ndi giang, Ihuyet trinh tiet hpc Phat huy Hnh tich cQc ehu ddng sang tao cua hpc sinh thdng qua ede kien IhQc s i n ed ke ca kenh chQ va kenh hinh SGK Tang eUdng vai trd chu dpng cCia hpc sinh, hgc sinh khdng cdn la ngUdi thu ddng tiep thu va ITnh hdi kien IhQc Ren luyen kha nang kham pha va phat hien, kha nang tu hoc, tu duy,,-II GIAI QUYET VAN DE Cd sd ly luan Dinh hudng ddi mdi phUong phap day hpc d trudng phd thdng Iheo Luat Giao due (1998) la - Phat huy tinh lich eye, ty giae, ehu dpng sang tgo d hpc sinh - Bdi dudng phUdng phap ty hpc - Ren luypn ky nang van dyng kien thQc vao Ihyc lien - Tac dgng den tinh cam, dem lai mem vui, hQng Ihu hpe tap eho hgc sinh 80 5-2012 DMvaHdC 261 ^ — — ^ ^ ^ — ^ Bon djnh hQdng ed Nen quan chat che, dmh hudng dau lien la can ban Oe hoc sinh ITnh hpi dQdc tri thQc mdt each tdt nhat e i n hQdng hgc sinh vao "hoat ddng tich eye" TQc la hoc sinh phai dQdc tryc tiep tim hieu, kham pha van de Mdi van de dQdc iam sang td se md nhQng chan trdi mdi ve sQ sang tgp Bd mdn NgO van dang tren eon dQdng ddi mdi eung phai tuan theo quy luat dd Day hoc theo phUdng phap ddi mdi phai thue su lay "hgc sinh lam trung tam", coi hoat ddng eua hoc sinh la mdt hoat ddng ed y nghTa thiet thUe nhat viee dgy va hoe Hpc sinh dQdc hoat ddng dQdi sQ hudng dan cua giao vien De N'nh hdi tri thQc hpc sinh ed the dpe, phan tich van ban thdng qua hpgt ddng chi dao cua giao vien Ben canh dd hgc sinh dUOc md rdng, khlc sau kien IhQc bang cac phQdng lien day hpc m# giao vien sCf dyng; may chieu, tranh anh, bieu bang, phieu thao luan,, GiQa van ban, phQdng lien day hoc vdi hoe sinh ed tae ddng qua lai vdi tao moi lien he chat che, hoan chinh, thdng nhat (hpe sinh la ngUdi kham pha, tim hieu; van ban la canh eua; phQdng tien day hoe la chia khoa) Cd sd thUc t i l n Trong nhQng nam qua la giao vien trQc hep giang day bd mdn NgQ van ban than tdi ludn cd g l n g phat huy tinh tu giac, tich cQc d hoe sinh theo tinh than ddi mdi Mot phuong phap ma tdi da va dang sQ dyng nham nang cao nhiem vu day hoc, dd la viee tang eUdng sQ dung cac phudng tien day hoc bd mdn Ngi^ van Vdi tinh than "bam sal sach giao khoa, lay sach giao khoa la phQdng lien day hoc cd ban", ldi da cd gang phat huy tdi da phUdng tien day hpc nay, Ngoai Bg Giao due - Dao tao eung da hd trd them mdt sd bQc tranh, cdn cac phUdng tien day hoc khac nhu Phieu thao luan, sd ^ N G A V HAY dd, bieu bang tU giao vien chuan bj De ed dugc cac phQdng tien dgy hoc bd sung budc giao vien phai tu sang che (vi du may chieu dQdc thay the bang bang phy, giay khd to, ve them mpt sd bijfc tranh minh hoa, ) Doi tUdng, thdi gian va phUdng phap nghien cCfu a, Ddi IQdng: Hpe sinh trUdng PTDT Ndi Tru Bao Lam b, Thdi gian Nam hoe 2010- 2011; 2011-2012 c, PhUdng phap nghien cQu: PhUdng phap quan sat, nghien cdu phan tich va long hdp Trong hai nam hgc ban than Idi ludn chu tdi viec ap dyng sang kien vao thUc t i l n giang dgy Dac biet eae tiet thao giang, dU gid vdi viec sQ dyng tranh minh hga nhQng liel giang ciJa Idi da dQdc cac ban ddng nghiep danh gia kha cao Ket qua dgt dUdc: Vdi y thUe vQa nghien cQu dac diem tinh hinh hpc tap bd mdn eua hpe sinh, vQa tien hanh rut kinh nghiem Ngay tQ dau nam hoc tdi da dinh hudng cho minh mpt ke hogeh va phQdng phap cy the de chili ddng dieu tra tinh hinh hpe tap cua hpc sinh Idp minh phu trach ciing vdi viee van dung sang kien kinh nghiem nay, ban than tdi da dat dUOc mot so kel qua kha quan - Sd hpe sinh hQng thu hgc tap tang len: qua trinh giang bai mdt sd hpc sinh khdng tap trung nhUiam viec rieng, ndi ehuyen, , nhUng treo nhQng bQc tranh cho cac em quan sat thi hau het ca Idp deu tap trung quan sat bQc tranh dd mpt each thfch thu - Nhieu hoc sinh da rut dUdc kien thQc va bai hgc cho ban than nhin vao bQc tranh eae em cd the ndi len ndi dung cua bai nipt each d l dang hdn ral nhieu va li 16 ghi nhd cung eao hOn Ket qua cu the: hoc 2010-2011: Gioi TS Mun Ngir van khoi 23 NgCr van 6c 31 Kha % SL % SL % 4.3 2.7 17 74 19.4 18 58 SL I Yeu TB % SL 22.6 -1 loc smh gidi cap huycn: 01 IS - Hoc smh gidi cap linh: 01 HS ' Nam hoc 20! 1-2012: Liip 7A 7B Dau nam Tong so 26 31 Cuoi ndm Khong lich circ Tich cue Khong lich cue 20 12 Tich cue 14 ( 76,9%) (23.1) (46,2%) ( 53,8%) 21 10 22 ( 67,7%) ( 32.3%) ( 29%) (71%) SO 5-2012 ^^^nd^r ill BAI MQC KINH NGHIEM Mvc dich sil dyng tranh minh hoa: Giup hpc sinh: a, Luu giO va tai hien kien thUc b.Tgo kha nang lien tudng, tudng tugng, nhan IhQc, suy lu$n c, Hieu biet va vgn dung d, sang tao (HS minh hog tac pham bIng each sang tgo hinh anh) e, Nang lyc tham ml Cach thiJc sii tranh minh hoa: Giao vian cd the dUa IQc ban dau de tgo tam the hQng thd d hgc sinh (gidi thieu bai), Trong qua trinh phan tfch van ban can dua tranh minh hoa de bo sung, khac sau kien thQc (dgy hpc bai mdi) Cung cd the dua tranh da phan tfch day dCi ndi dung, y nghTa van ban de hpc sinh md r0ng, lien h§ kien thdc (eiing cd bai, kiem tra bai eu) Yeu cau sQ dung tranh minh hoa: Giap vien can xac dinh rd ndi dung cCia tranh minh hoa, ndi dung bai hgc can dugc khai thac Can dy kien xac djnh phUdng phap sQ dung phu hpp tranh minh hog tQng bai cy the Khi sQ dyng khai thac c l n ed sy lua chgn phu hdp vdi Irinh dd nhan thQc cua hpe sinh dgc bi^t la cae dd dung true quan sinh ddng tao an tugng, tai hien Igi kien thQc da hpc giup hpe sinh khlc sau Tranh minh hpg sd dyng phai dam bao tlnh khoa hpc, tlnh tham my Giao vi§n hQdng d i n hpc sinh quan sat ( d l u lien quan sat ldng thd rdi mdi quan sat cac chi tiet) Sil dyng hp thong cau hdi gpi md de hpe sinh tim tdi kham pha, Hpc sinh phai chu dpng tich eye sang tao va tinh hdi kien thQc ma giap vien eung cap Hgc sinh biel quan sal xac djnh chi lidt cda tranh rut ndi dung bai hpc qua tranh minh hoa dd dung tryc quan can cung cSp Giao vi&n kdt luan khai quai ndi dung kien thdc eua tranh minh hog can khai thac de hpe sinh khlc sau • LUu y' - Giio vien phai CO stf chuan bj Dd tiet dgy dat dugc mye lieu giao dye tu tudng tinh cam tdt dgp cho hpc sinh ddi hdi ngudi giao vien phai cd sy chuan bj ky cang ehu dao Ddi vdi viec sCr dyng tranh minh hog, giao vien phai biel ro Bp Giao dye - Dao tao ed cap tranh chp van ban dd khdng, trpng SGK cd hinh ve khdng, Ndu ed thi giap vien cd the sd dyng, neu khdng ty giao vidn phli lhu§ ve, ly ve hoac nhd ve them tranh Gia sQ phai ve thdm tranh minh hog eho bai dgy thi yeu eau bQc tranh phai cd n$i dung phQ hyp, ed -^ nghTa giao dye cao, Tranh tlnh trgng tranh khdng dung vdi chu de bai giang, gay tri giac tan mgn d hgc sinh sQ dyng hoac lam cho hgc sinh khd hi^u Nhu vay, sy chuan bi cua giao vi&n la rat can thiet trudc lan Idp giang dgy - CSn si^dyng kSnh hinh dung thdi diem (dung luc, dung chd) Viae SLf dyng tranh can kdt hyp linh hoat vdi hp thdng cau hdi, sifdyng ddng mye dfch cdchgn Ipc Nhung can luu y Irdnh dUa tranh liSn tyc lam cho hgc sinh tn thdc tan mgn Khi dua tranh cho hpc sinh t r i ldi y c^n khai thac xong, cEin cat tranh 4, Mdt sd vf du minh hog: a Tiet 106,107 van ban " Sdng chet mac bay" (Phgm Duy Tdn)-NgQ van tap II Khi phan tich van ban tdi khdng qua nang ne ve thuyet trinh ma cd gang giup cac em dQpc phat huy tinh chu ddng, sang tgo tiep nhan van ban Khi phan lich muc " Canh tren de" ldi da cho hoe sinh quan sat bdc tranh da dQdc phdng to va dat cau hdi: GV- Hay quan sat bQc tranh va cho biet bUc tranh tren mieu ta canh gi? HS Mieu ta canh nhan dan hd de GV Khdng gian luc dd nhu the nao? HS; Mua tam la, nUdc sdng cUeudn eudn bdc len GV: Vay em hinh dung de se sao'' HS: Rat nguy cap, khd cd the giQ dQpc GV: Khdng khi, canh tUdng luc dd nhQ the nao? HS: Hang tram nghin dan phu dang Io chdng chpi vdi nQde de cQu de Ke thudng, ngudi cudc, ke dao dat vac tre, nao dap, nap cQ bi bom dQdi bun lay lUdt thudt nhU chudt Ipt GV: Em hinh dung dd la mpt canh tUpng nhuthe nao? HS: Hdi chen chuc, nhech nhae, Iham hgi GV: Qua hinh anh va chi Iren gdi eho em tinh cam gi ddi vdi nhQng ngUdi dan phu HS- Ddng cam, Io ling cho tinh canh cCta nhQng ngQdi dan trudc tham hog thien tai Tiep tue tdi yeu eau cac em gap sach Igi va chp quan sat bQc tranh IhQ hai de phan tieh muc " Canh dinh" D^JF^ GV: Qua sQ ehuan bj d nha em hay eho biet bQc tranh tren mieu ta canh gi"? HS; BQc tranh mieu la canh quan di hd de GV Chan dung quan phu dQdc mieu ta nhU the nao? HS; Uy nghi, chem chen ngdi, tay trai IQa gdi xep, chan phai dudi thing de eho ten ngQdi nha gai GV: Cae dd vat quan mang theo gom nhOng gi*? HS: Bat yen hap dQdng phen, trap ddi mdi GV: Dd ed phai la nhQng dd dung de di hd de khdng HS: Khdng Dd ehi la nhQng dd dung phuc vu eho nhu e l u smh hoat eua ca nhan quan phu, GV: Cdng viec cilia quan di hd de la gi*? HS: Chdi id tdm GV: Cac chi liet tren gpi cho em hinh dung ve quan phy m l u nhQ the nao? HS: Beo tdt, nhan nha, thich hudng lac Tiep theo tdi cho HS quan sal ea hai bQc tranh tren: GV: Em ed nhan xet gi ve hinh anh dan phu ben ngoai de va hinh anh quan phu m l u d dinh ? HS: Trai ngQOc, ddi lap GV- Dd chfnh la bien phap lUdng phan Vay theo en phep tUdng phan tren cd tac dung gi? HS: Lam noi ro tlnh each hudng lac cua quan phu va tham canh cua ngUdi dan GV: Thai cua em ddi vdi quan phy m l u nhUthe nao? HS: Cam ghet bgn quan lai thd d vd trach nhiem vdi tinh mang ngudi dan GV cd the Nen he vdi thdi dai va chdl lai ndi dung, nghe thuat chinh eua mue dugc phan tich Vdi cdch khai thac nhQ tren, chi can giao vien biel each hudng d i n hoe sinh quan sat tQng ehi liet nhd ttrong bdc tranh la cd the rut dUOc ndi dung va nghe thuat chinh cilia ehuyen ma khdng can qua nhieu thdi gian de dpe cac chi tiet dd d sach b De kiem tra viec dpe tae pham va tai hien kien IhQc Giao vien cd the eung cap chudi hinh anh eua bai hgc, HS se quan sat va tai hien lai kien thQc da hgc, Cd the sQ dyng d phin dpc hieu van ban hoac phin kiem tra bai cu VD: Van ban " Thach Sanh"- NgCf van ( Tgp I) Bude 1: GV dgy xong bai -> cho bai tap ve nha ? Sau hpe xong tac pham em hay ve lai chien cdng CLia Thach Sanh ma em thich nhat Budc 2: HS xac djnh dOn vj kien IhQc can minh hoa va ve theo earn nhan cua rieng minh BQde 3: ( Khi GV kiem tra bai cu)- GV dd nghj HS chia se san pham cua minh vdi eae ban Budc 4: Oat cau hoi ? Vi em lai IQdng tUdng va ve nhu vay HS chi vao tranh va trinh bay quan diem eo sd tudng tuyng cua minh BUdc 5: GV (HS) nhan xet danh gia Ket luan chung va kien nghj Qua nhieu nam giang day bd mdn NgQ van tdi nhan thay viec sd dung tranh minh hpg mudn dgt dQgc hieu qua tpi Uu can phai ed sy linh hoat qua trinh sd dyng Tiiy tQng van ban ma ta ap dyng cho dung luc, dung cho Giao vien can chpn dung thdi diem de phat huy dugc tdi da hi§u qua cua tranh minh hog (ed the sCl dung tranh d phan md bai de tao su thieh thu Id md ddi vdi hpc sinh, eung cd the sii dyng qua trinh phan tieh van ban, phan cung ed hay kiem tra bai cu, giao bai tap ve nha ) Viee sd dung tranh minh hoa se tao tam the hpe lap hUng Ihu hpc sinh, tgo eho tiet dgy sinh dpng, khdng edn nham chan Ddng thdi giup hoc sinh cam nhan sau sac hdn ve van ban Vdi nhQng y nghTa thiet thUe tren tdi mong ring lat ca eae ddng chi giao vien dang tryc tiep giang day bd mdn Ngfl van se nghien cQu va ap dyng sang kien Kinh mong BGH nha IrQdng, cac cap lanh dao se cung cap nhieu hdn nQa nhQng bQc tranh minh hoa theo IQng b#i eu the Ddng thdi lanh dgo trudng, nganh tang cUdng \& ChQc thi dd diing day hpe de phue vu trUc tiep cho cdng tac giang day, thudng xuyen giao luu ehuyen mdn de cd thdm nhieu kinh nghiem, phUdng phap dgy hpc mdi Viee sQ dyng tranh minh hpg la ea mdt qua trinh tim toi, sang tao, chuan bi chu dao eua giao vien Do iidng lyc cua ban thdn cu han, nhQng trai ngiem nghd nghiep cun dt ndn de tai khdng tranh khoi nhQng han che, thidu sdt mong eae ddng chl giao vien eung tryc tiep giang dgy va cac ddng chi phy trach ehuyen mdn cho y kien ddng gdp, 65 sung de giup ldi tiep luc hoan thien hdn nQa sang kien n&y TAI LIEU THAM KHAO sach giao vien, sach giao khoa NgQ van THCS Phuong phap dgy hpc NgQ van THCS NhQng van de chung ve ddi mdi giao dgcTHCS mdn NgiiwSn 4.LuatGiaodycnam1998 ... lich cue 20 12 Tich cue 14 ( 76 ,9 %) (23.1) ( 46,2 %) ( 53,8%) 21 10 22 ( 67, 7%) ( 32.3%) ( 29%) (71 %) SO 5-2012 ^^^nd^r ill BAI MQC KINH NGHIEM Mvc dich sil dyng tranh minh hoa: Giup hpc sinh: a,... Yeu cau sQ dung tranh minh hoa: Giap vien can xac dinh rd ndi dung cCia tranh minh hoa, ndi dung bai hgc can dugc khai thac Can dy kien xac djnh phUdng phap sQ dung phu hpp tranh minh hog tQng... ly ve hoac nhd ve them tranh Gia sQ phai ve thdm tranh minh hog eho bai dgy thi yeu eau bQc tranh phai cd n$i dung phQ hyp, ed -^ nghTa giao dye cao, Tranh tlnh trgng tranh khdng dung vdi chu