VAN DUNG PHiniNG PHAP MONTESSORI TRONG DAY HOC m zRt mum ZAZ d via JVJ jw ThS H O A N G TH! N H O " TS, C A O XUAN M Y " 1 Vai net ve phuang phap (PP) Montessori Maria Montessori (1870 1952) cha de cu[.]
VAN DUNG PHiniNG PHAP MONTESSORI TRONG DAY HOC m zRt mum ZAZ d via JVJ jw ThS Vai net ve p h u a n g phap (PP) Montessori Maria Montessori (1870-1952) - cha de cua PP Montesson - duae gpi la ngudi di trudc thdi dai bis quan diem tien bd cua ba ve tam li giao due (TL-GD) LaniJ'bacsTykhoadautiendY,nam 1904,ljadahpc them bang TL-GD d Oai hpc Rome (Y) va tu dd chii trpng den nghien edu TL-GD tre em, Phuang phap day hpc (PPDH) cua Maria da dat nhieu cdng giao due (GD) va dupc coi la mot n h i ^ g ngudi tien phong phong trao GD Tan GD d ChauAuvachauMTcud'ithekiXIX,TLfnhung nghien cdu eho tre eham phat trien tri tue, ba da phat trien he thd'ng GD chii trpng den nhu eau eua timg tre khuyen khich tu sang tao ddc lap cua Ire em Ba la ngudiquan lam den suphat then tunhien va chu trpng den cac giai doan nhay cam cua tre nhd Oac biet, ba da phat then dupe he thd'ng eac bai tap va diing day hpe (DH) theo eac linh vuc hoat dpng khac cho tre nho Triet li GD cua Montessori Triet li eua Montessori xay dung tren nen tang tre phat trien va suy nghi khac vdi ngucri Idn, dd, ba dau tranh eho quyen Ipi cua tre va ton trpng tre, cd phuongphap (PP) hudng dan su phattrien cua tre Ba tin r§ng, tait ca mpi tre sinh deu cd nhCmg kha nang khac nhau, dd, giao vien (GV) can giup tre phat trien the chat, linh cam tri tue Triet li ciia Montessori la: - Tre em can nhan dupe su Iran trpng cua ngudi Icffi nhu nhung ca the rieng biet;-Tre em cd mpt si/nhay cam dae biet kem theo kha nang tri tue de tiep thu va hpc hdi tir mdi tn/dng ben ngoai ma khdng gid'ng ngudi Idn ca ve nang luc va cap dp; - Sau nSm dau ddi cua tre la khoang thai gian quan trpng nhat lao tien de eho s u phat trien sau nay; - Thdng qua vipc hpc ma chai, choi ma hpe tre se dan hinh thdiquen hpe tap nghiem tiic; -Tre em cd nhieu dam me mud'n kham pha nen chiing can ngudi kin hadng d^n nhiing hoat ddng ed ehu dich Tuy nhien ehung hoat dpng khdng nhu each ngudi \an hoan cdng viec eua minh ma don gian chi la H O A N G TH! N H O " - TS, C A O X U A N M Y " thich hoat ddng ma thdi, nhien, thdng qua nhimg hoat ddng dd se giiip tre dat duoc m uc lieu quan trpng nhat: dd la lu minh phat tnen ban than day du ve the chat cung nhu linh than Van dung PP Montessori DH cho tre khuyettat(fKT)dVietNam 1) Phat trien he thong eac Idp hgc, gde hgc tap tai eae ea sa day TKT: Ldp hpc theo PP Montessoriddihdimdtmditnidnghpctapcdsuchuan bi tot vdi he thd'ng dung DH de giup TKT ed chait lupng hpe tap tdt han, de dang thich nghi va hda nhap tot hon cupc sd'ng, Ldp hpc Montessori cd cau tnJc, ca ve mat s i p xep ea hpc va cac quy trinh su dung diing mang linh trinh tucao trudng Ic^ Tre em se hpc tap kem hieu qua cac mdi trudng Idn xdn, nhat la vdi TKT, viec to' chuc mdi tn/dng hpc tap ed cau true theo quan diem Montessori se hd tra tre rat nhieu hpe tap GV cd the hpc each s§p xep mdi tardng Idp hpe nhu: ehuan bi thd'ng nhat ve gia ca, ke, quy dmh cac mau sac khac eho gdc va rd'dung mpt gde thi thd'ng nhat ve mau sac, hinh dang Cac hinh thuc ap dyng linh hoat la: Idp hpe chuyen biet cho ca trudng, gdc diing rieng bietlheotiJmg linh vuc khac Idp hoc, eac phdng hpc ed dung theo eac Unh vuc khac Irong In/dng 2) Su dung nguyen vat lieu phu hop vdi dieu kien dia phuang: Xuait phat tir quan die'm tre hpc thdng qua hoat dpng vdi cac dung, vat Montessorikhuyen khich GVsudung nhung vat lieu mang tinh ddi sd'ng eao (nhu len, gd, giay ).06dung hpc tap tai Idp hpe Montessrori ddi hoi tinh GD va dp ehinh xac quy trinh thuc hien, kiem Ira, danh gia rat cao Vi vay, viec thich nghi cac dung va tan dung Inet de vai trd cua ehung la dieu rat can thiet Hau het cac dd diing deu dupc dieu ehinh eho nhd, gpn, ph ii hpp vdi tay cam va sdc lUe cua hpc sinh • Khoa Giao due dae biet - Tn/ong DHSP Ha Noi " Khoa Giao due dae biet - Tn/ong DHSP TP Ho Chi Minh Tap chi Gido dye so 309 (ki 1-5/2013)- 37 (HS) VI du nhu nhung ehiee ca nhd, bat nho giiip eac em d i dang su dung, Ngoai ra, cae dung deu dupe ehe tao tu nhiing vat lieu ben nhu gd, nhua su dung dupe lau dai Mat khac, cd the su'dung nhiing vat lieu cd san, d e l i m d dia phuong de thiet ke cae dung cho cac hoat ddng ca nhan hay can thiep ea nhan tre tai gia dinh hoae cac tmng tam Vi du, cac diJng phat trien giae quan- ed the diing vd sd, vd oe, eae vien sdi de tre phan loai ve nhi/ng dae diem cam nhan khac finh vue phat trien ngdn ngi/, G V ed the tan dung bia tranh, anh eac loai nhan hieu tao dung khac nhu: tranh ghep hinh ve nhan hieu, cap the hinh venhan hieu va td linh vuc ddi sdng, ed the su'dung cae hoat ddng gan gui cupc song nhu: xue gac, donudc tuam chia deu cho eae chen, van va md khda 3) Xay dung muc tieu hoc tap ed st/ thdng nhat va hd tra lan giua cae mdn hoc: Ldp hpe Montessori tap trung vao linh vue: thi/c hanh cupc sdng, phat trien giae quan, ngdn ngi?, loan hpc, van hda Tat ea mue lieu hpc tap eua cac finh vuc g i n bd chat che vdi theo each bo sung, hd Ira eho Cae dung cu hpc tap va each sudung dung eu hpc tap cung dupc thiet ke de dat cac muc tieu cua linh vuc •Dieu ehinh vecach hudng da'n.Trong qua trinh hudng dan tre thuc hanh vdi cae v|t lieu hpc tap, can dam bao theo dung cae budc, ki thu$t va quy lac cua PP nay.Tuy nhien dae diem ca nhan cua tung tre, cdlhedieu ehinh mot vai ndi dung vacach hudng din de phii hc^ vdi kha nang eua tung tre - Dieu ehinh each danh gia:Q\e\j chinh cac muc dp khac theo tung dd tud'i, VD: vdi hoat ddng rdl gao tre luoi thuc hien cd the cam bang ca ban tay thuan, khdng can dd tay cdn lai dudi binh va rdt gao mdt each thue (theo dung chieu tir trai sang phai, khdng do' gao ngoai) Chung tdi danh gia tre da thuc hien tot ho?t ddng va da sin sang de thuc hien hoat ddng khd hon Nhung vdi dp tud'i kjn hon, vdi hoatdpng nay, tre phai thue hien theo diing quy trinh, thao tac va tieu ehi danh gia se dupe giii"nguyen nhuirong bai hpe, Dd la tre cam ca bing ba ngdn tay thuan, ddtay eon lai d binh, rdt gao khdng bj ngoai 5) Dieu chinh each hudng dan bai tap phu hop vdi dae diem loai khuyet tat van dung PPDH theo Montessori: a) Doi vol TKT - Cho phep tre cd thdi gian de luyen tap va hoan nhiem vu; -Khuyen khich, khen ngpi kip thdi tre khiem thi thuc hien hoat ddng; - Cho phep tre cd thdi gian de luyen Mye tieu cae hoat ddng day theo PP tap va hoan nhiem vy; -Tang giao tiep, trao dd'i Monlessoridcac npidung phattrien giac quan va cac giiia G V va H S ; -G V chia nhd cae hoat ddng hpe tap hoat dpng thuc tien ve true tiep la giup thoa man nhu khien tre tieh cue tham gia; - Khi tre the hien sd thich eau npi tam eiJa ehinh tre, ddc lap, tU nhan biet van dd'i vdi mdt dieu gidd mdi ddi theo sd thieh eua tre dpng thd - van dpng tinh, tap trung, kha nang hanh bing each thiet ke cae dung va hoatdpng phu hap ddng, phan ung, phd'i hpp tay - mk, nhung muc tieu vdi Ire va hudng dan cho tre each sudyng ehung; -De gian tiep cua hanh ddng la chuan bi ren kl nang eac dodung dvi tri de thaiy va de tiep can, ca vdi (KN) doe, Viet, toan ngdn ngii, qua dd, giup tre kham nhimg dung tre da thao, vi ddi tre ed the se quay lai thuc hien cac hoat ddng d i han tre da pha cac van de ve van hda, lich su, ttr nhien xa hdi VD:Trong viee ehuan bi KN dpc vie't: eac hoat budc sang giai doan phat trien khac; b) Dd'i vdi tre ddng hudng dan tre thue hien eac bai tap ve KNS, khiem //jrHudng d i n cua GV: Cac budc hudng din nguyen lac eua PP la hudng dan tii"trai sang phai, voi tre mil can sddung each thu'c GV dung phia sau, 10*tren xud'ng dudi gid'ng nhu nguyen t§e dpc va viet siJ dyng kT thuat tay tren tay giiip tre dd dang cam Can linh hoat thiet ke bai tap de dap dng nhu nhan dupc cac budc Ihao lac, Sau dd, GV cdlhehi/dng eau ea nhan cua tre thdng qua chuan bj cac KN ve dan ket hop bing giai thich bing Idi cho tre; diing: phat trien giac quan, thuc lien cupc song, chuan biKN Tre khiem thi hau hel cd the sd dyng diing dupc dung cac khay, cdgdde tre xac dinh vi tri; Chuan cho hpe toan, doc va vie't,., bj tn/dc sudyng: Cho phep tre lam quen ydi toan 4) Lua chon eae bai tap, boat dpng phu hop bd dd dung, tap rieng cae thao tae neu can thiet; c) Doi vdi mue tieu DHva kha nang etJa tre: Monlesson vdl tre nang ddng: - Khdng nen ap dat tre, thu hilt su eho ring, cae hoat dpng GD dupc xay dung dua tren chijyeualre ;-Kethppxenke cac PPDH khac nhu cau nhat va rieng biet cua tung HS M di ng Uffl vao npi dung bai hpc nham tang tinh tieh cue, phat !amdtcatheddc lap,ednhu eau, tinh each khac trien kha nang va thii cua HS ; -Tim hieu ehi nen viec GD eung khdng the ap dung mot PP ehung tiet v i dae diem, kha nang eua tung tre, tudd lua ehpn nhat cho tat campiddi tupng Khi DH eho TKT, GVed cae nhiem vy phu hpp eho Ire Cac nhiem vy xay thedieu ehinh nhu sau: 38 Tap chi Gido due so 309 -(kil-5/2013) dung cho tre nen chia nho, hudng d i n va lam mau cho tre thuc hien rd rang Quan sat va danh gia ket qua hoat ddng cua tre khach quan, khoa hpe; - Cho phep tre lua chpn nhdng boat ddng phii hop vdi sd thich cua m inh; • Neu tre id qua khd chiu thao tac vdl mdt dung nao dd, dd la dau hieu ehung to rang tre chua s i n sang cho hoat ddng Hay tam de hoat ddng dd lai sau (vai ngay, vai tuan) va gidi thieu nd lai vao giai doan khac J u t u d n g vaquan diem GD cua Maria Montessori the'hien la mdt nhiing nha giao ed tu tudng tien bp ve G D tre em ndi ehung, TKT ndi rieng Ba da ehu trpng den suphat trien tunhien tam li, thu ca nhan, tdn trpng sd thieh ciia tre, ehii trpng den tUPng tac vdi ban be va ngudi Idn Viee van dung tu tudngvaPPDHMontessorichoTKTdVN la can thiet va coy nghTa quan trpng, cd the giup cae easd, tmng tam eung nhu cha me, giao vien, ngudi eham sdc dap img tot hon nhu eau eua TKT Thi/c te cho thay, he thd'ng diing cua PP Montessori ed the thiet ke, dieu ehinh de su dyng dieu kien va van hda d Viet Nam, HS khuyet tat the hien sutien bd duoc thuc hanh vdi cac bai tap Giao due y thirc nang lirgng (Tiep theo trang 28) v l n dam bao su phat tnen eua san xuait va xa hdi; giam cac chat thai d nhiem mdi Irudng - Cac phuang thue tieh hdpglao due mdi trudng va NL cae mdn hgc /CTcd m uc dp: + M uc dp toan phan: Trong bai hpc hoae tung chuang, tung phan mue tieu va ngi dung phu hop hoan toan vPi mye tieu, ndi dung eua giao due y thdc ve NL va mdi tn/dng; + Mdc dp tifng bp phan: Trong bai hpc ed mdt phan mye tieu va ndi dung giao due ve NL va mdi tn/dng; + Mii'c dp lien he: Trong bai hpc cd mpt so ndi dung cd the lien he vdi NL, mdi trudng, bao ve mdi tn/dng ehung hoae cy the d dia phuang Thdng thudng cac ndi dung giao dye da dupc long ghep vao sach giao khoa hay giao trinh nhung thudng la sa luac Do vay, giao vien day KT phai tu xac djnh eae npi dung giao due mdi tn;dng va NL de'long ghep mdt cac sang tao vao cac ndi dung chuyen mdn KT • T ^ i lieu tham khiio I DutTngPhucTs Phinmgphiip da> ki Ihuat cOng cua Montesson Su dyng PP DH cd the giup giaiquyet nhi/ng vain de thach thue DH eho TKT nhat la day nhung khai niem bieu tuang: nhu mdn toan, ngdn ngi/ Nhiing tuu cua Mana Montesson ve DH cho Ire nhd cd the giup ehung ta hpc hdl d ba ve quan mem tiep can, each thiet ke bai tap, dung, each hudng din • Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen H6ng Phucrng "Y nghla ciia nh&ng hai i^p dai s6'ng ihco quan tl'icm giao due ciia Maria Montessori'" Tap chi Gidn due mdm non sfl' /2()07 Kislin Le Bosicimann and Vivien Heller, Hoat dftn^ ty do, lir thich n^hi va tir cjuyet djnh viSc hoc NXB Dat hoc Hue' 2005 SUMMARY Maria Montesori - father of Monteson approach was ahead of its time by the educational progress of her views on psychology, education, especially research on education for children with mental retardation, characteristicparticuiar she has developed a system of exercises and leaching aids In different areas for chlldren.The paper analyzes a number of measures to apply the Montessori method of teaching for children with disabilities in Viet Nam nghiep, NXB Klwa ligc vd kilhudl, H 2007 HobngDuc t^hufln(chubien) Molsophumtgphdp tiep can giao due mfii Irurmg NXB Gido due H, 20(X), Nguyen Van Tua'n Phurnig phap day hoc chuyen nganh ki thuat, NXB Dgi hgc qud'c ^iu TP Hd Clu Minh, 20]2 PeEer Kolodzioj, Em Henulliingsmodell zur Fordcriing von Uiu» ellhewtisslseiii im Technikiinlerrichr tn Fasi/ Seiferl: Technisihe Bilduiig.'Wanhiiim 1997 Ropohl, Einc Syslemtheorie der Technik Carl Hanser Vcrlag Muenchen Wien 1979 Wolfgang IVtausolf- Guntcr Patzold Planung und durch fuehriing beruflichen Unterrichts Verlag W.Girardel Essen, 1982 The article focuses on analysing the basic of tech nlques and the relationship between of them with emironment and energy It helps us to determine Uie emionmental education and energal content when teaching about theory of technique and practising techque for example: the content of machine, trasmit ting and moving energy, using energy and the form of Ihe integration, envionmental and energical education in the technique subjects Tap chi Gido due so 309 | 39 (ki 1-5/2013)- ... van dung PPDH theo Montessori: a) Doi vol TKT - Cho phep tre cd thdi gian de luyen tap va hoan nhiem vu; -Khuyen khich, khen ngpi kip thdi tre khiem thi thuc hien hoat ddng; - Cho phep tre cd thdi... tudngvaPPDHMontessorichoTKTdVN la can thiet va coy nghTa quan trpng, cd the giup cae easd, tmng tam eung nhu cha me, giao vien, ngudi eham sdc dap img tot hon nhu eau eua TKT Thi/c te cho thay,... thich bing Idi cho tre; diing: phat trien giac quan, thuc lien cupc song, chuan biKN Tre khiem thi hau hel cd the sd dyng diing dupc dung cac khay, cdgdde tre xac dinh vi tri; Chuan cho hpe toan,