Khoa hoc Gido due Si ; DUNG PHirGTNG PHAP GRAPH TRONG DAY HOC • m m MON GIAO DUC HOC CHO SINH VIEN DAI HOC • NGUYEN TH! THANH Hqc vien Quan li Giao due Giao due (theo nghTa rpng); La qua trinh tac ddn[.]
Khoa hoc Gido due- Si; DUNG PHirGTNG PHAP GRAPH TRONG DAY HOC MON GIAO DUC HOC CHO SINH VIEN DAI HOC • m • m NGUYEN TH! THANH Hqc vien Quan li Giao due G iao due hoc (GDH) la mdn hoc thudc ITnh vQc khoa hoc xa hdi, nd de cap tdi rat nhieu van de cua ITnh vOc giao due Nhong ndi dung mdn hpe la nhong kien thQc kha hap d i n , hien dai va mdi me dd'i vdi sinh vien Tuy nhien khdi loong kien thQc toong ddi nhieu va duqc viet dodi dang If luan nen da gay ap lyc kha Idn ddi vdi ca ngodi day va ngOdi hpe Khi day bpc, giang vien thQdng cd gang phan tfch, giang giai, chCmg minh nhOng sinh vien v i n cam thay mp hd, trOu topng, khd hieu va khd nhd Chinh vi vay cd rat nhieu sinh vien khdng he hQng thu vdi mdn hpe nay, cdn giang vien cung kha vait va hodng dan sinh vien hpe tap nhOng kien thQc dd PhQpng phap graph la mpt phopng phIp cua toan hpe da dope eae nha giao due hpe nghien cQu chuyen hda phOdng phap day hpe Khi day hpe, tO nhQng npi dung kien thQc cua bai, giang vien se cu the hda nhQng npi dung dd b i n g nhung sd logic Trong sd dd, nhung kien thQc trpng tam se dope dOa vao cac dinh (tQc d chQa ndi dung), cdn nhQng mdi lien he se the hien bang cac cung (tQc eae mui ten) Khi dd nhQng kien thQc trOu tOdng da dope the hien mdt each bet sQc eu the, sinh ddng va gay nhieu hQng thu cho ngodi hoc nhd nhong graph ndi dung bai hpe Hp da cd dope mdt die'm tya de nhan biet, ITnh hdi va ghi nhd nhQng npi dung kien thQc can thiet Vdi viec sQ dung phOdng phap graph day hpe, cd the lap nhong graph khai niem, graph npi dung mdt phan kien thQc hoae graph toan bp mdt chOPng Khi tien hanh nghien ciru, chUng tdi tha'y r i n g ed the sQ dung tat ea eae hinh thQc graph day hpe mdn GDH de dem lai nhiJng hieu qua can thiet Dodi day la mdt sd graph npi dung cu the nho sau: Graph khai niem Trong choong trinh mdn GDH, nhong khai niem CP ban dau tien can lam rd cho sinh vien la; 48 - Giao due (theo nghTa rpng); La qua trinh tac ddng cd muc dich, cd td chQc, cd ke hoach, ed ndi dung va bang phopng phap khoa hoc ciia nha giao due tdi ngOdi dope giao due cac ed quan giao due nham hinh nhan each cho hp - Giao due (theo nghTa hep); La qua trinh hinh cho ngodi dope giao due li todng, ddng co, tinh cam, niem tin, nhong net tinh each cua nhan each, nhong hanh vi, thdi quen cQxQ dung d i n xa hdi thdng qua viec td chQc cho hp eae boat ddng va giao ILTU - Day hqc: La qua trinh tac ddng qua lai giQa ngodi day va ngOdi hoc nham giup cho hp ITnh hdi nhiimg tri thQc khoa hoc, kT nang boat ddng nhan thQc va thOc tien, phat trien cae nang lyc boat ddng sang tao, tren co sd dd hinh the gidi quan va cac pham chat nhan each cua ngodi hpe theo muc dich giao due Viec nhan biet, thong hieu, ghi nhd va phan biet ba khai niem tren ed y nghTa rat quan trpng dd'i vdi mdi sinh vien NhQng kien thQc dd se theo hp sudt toan bd chOdng trinh de lam cO sd glQp hp tim hieu va ITnh hoi nhong kien thQc khac, ddng thdi day cung la co sd cho nhQng boat ddng cua hp edng tac giao due sau Vay giao due (theo nghTa rdng), giao due (theo nghTa hep) va day hoc cd nghTa la gi? Nd ed gi gid'ng va khac nhau? Mdi quan he gioa chung nho the nao? NhQng dieu dd se rat trOu topng va khd nhan biet neu sinh vien chi nhin vao khIi niem NhQng hp cd the de dang nhan tha'y qua cae graph trpc quan, cae graph dd se cho hp tha'y nhOng chu the, nhCmg boat ddng chinh, nhQng mue tieu va nhQng mdi quan he giQa cac ehu the cac khai niem ChQng tdi da the hien khai mem giao due (theo nghTa rpng) hinh 1, cdn khai niem giao due (theo nghTa hep) hinh va khai niem day hoc hinh dodi day KHGD so , thdng - 2009 • Khoa hoc Gido due Cdn khai mem giao due theo nghTa hep khdng he de cap tdi ngodi giao due, nhong qua trinh giao due bao gid eOng p h i i tdn tai hai ehu the la nha giao due va ngodi dope giao due, nha giao due se td chQe eae boat ddng va giao lou de ngLfdi giao due hinh nen nhong pha'm chat can thiet Vi vay graph cua khai niem the hien d hinh se giUp sinh vien nhan dieu Viee giUp sinh vien so Hinh 1: Graph khai niem giao due (theo nghla rdng) sanh hai khai niem giao due (theo nghTa rdng) va giao due Dong Tinh Niem Tinh Thoi Li Hanh (theo nghTa hep) that dPn CO cam tin each quen tuong vi gian nbin vao hai graph ung Hp se nhanh ehdng nhan xir thay sy gidng cua cac chu the gdm nha giao due va ngudi dupe giao due, ddng G i a o l u u N g i r d i d i f o c G D Hoat d o n g thdi qua trinh giao due A bao gid nha giao due eung la ngudi ehu ddng td ebOc tao Nha G D nen nhQng tae ddng tdi ngodi dope giao due Cdn sy khae eda hai qua trinh giao Hinh 2: Graph khai niem glao due (theo nghla hep) due ndi tren the hien d mue tieu va pham vi eua ehUng Nang lu'c hoat d o n g Mue tieu eua qua trinh giao Phat s a n g tao Pham trien due theo nghTa rdng n h i m Muc chat Ngirdi dich nhan hinh nen nhan each KT nang hoat dong glAo cach cua hoc due ngUdi nhan thi/c va thuc ticn toan ven muc tieu cua giao hoc Lmh due theo nghTa hep n h i m hoi Tri thLfc khoa h o c hinh nen nhQng pham chat nhan each Oieu dd cung ebOng td ehUng ed mdi quan Hinh 3: Graph khai niem day hoe he chat che vdi nhau, qua trinh g i l o due theo nghTa hep la eo sd cua qua Nhin vao graph hinh 1, sinh vien ed the trinh giao due theo nghTa rdng, edn qua tnnh hie'u dope qua trinh giao due theo nghTa rdng bao gdm hai ehu the' chinh la nha giao due va giao due theo nghTa rdng se ed tae dung dmh ngodi dooe giao due NhQng tac ddng cd muc hudng eho qua trinh giao due theo nghTa hep Khai niem day hoe eung ed mdi quan he rat dieh, ed td chQc, ed ke hoaeh, ed ndi dung va ehat ehe vdi hai khai niem giao due ndi tren bdi b i n g phoong phap khoa hoe la khau trung gian muc dieh eua qua trinh day hoe la giup ngudi hoe giQa hai chu the n h i m dat den dieh eudi cung, 'Tfnh hdi nhQng tn thQc khoa hoc, kT nang hoat tQc nhan each eua ngodi dope giao due Nhan ddng nhan thQc va thye tien, phat trie'n cac nang each dd se ludn tae ddng ngooe trd lai tdi nha lye boat ddng sang tao" NhOng dd phai la giao due de nha giao due dieu ehinh tac ddng dich eudi eung, ma ehi la eP sd cua viee 'hmh eua minh eho san pha'm dat dOde nho the gidi quan va cac pham chat nhan mong mudn X K H G D so , t h a n g - 0 J 49 "'ItfeS Khoa hoc Gido dueeach "eua hp theo 'nnuc dfch giao due" da dat Nhu vay qua trinh day hoc cd the coi la mdt eon dudng, mdt phQpng tien hay mdt bd phan cd ban cua qua trinh giao due Khi tien hanh day hpe phan nay, ngoai nhong y co ban ndi tren ehung tdi cdn de cap tdi nhieu van de khac de sinh vien hieu sau va kT nhung kien thQc cd ban dd TrOdc day, chung tdi chi dung ldi de giang giai, phan tich thi tdn kha nhieu thdi gian va cdng sQc Vay ma hdi lai nhieu em van IQng tung, dien dat khdng mach lac hoae khdng day du nhQng van de can thiet Khi sCr dung phOdng phap graph, chung tdi da thu dope nhong hieu qua rd ret, cac em hieu bai nhanh hon, trinh bay van de rd rang, mach lac hon va ghi nhd tdt ban Do dd chung tdi da sQ dung de day hpe nhieu khai niem khac, c h l n g ban nho; - Khai niem ngudi, ca nhan, nhan each: + Con ngudi: * La mpt bd phan va cung la mdt san pham tien hda cao nhat cua the gidi hien hou mang ban s l e ty nhien - sinh bpe * La san pha'm cua tien trinh phat trie'n xa hdi eae nen van minh nhan loai + Ca the; La mdt don vi hoan ehinh dai dien eho gidng loai nhUng mang nhung net dae thu rieng + Ca nhan: La mdt eon ngudi, la mpt vien xa hpi loai ngudi nhong cung mang nhong net dac thu rieng le de phan biet vdi cae vien khac mdt tap the, mdt cdng ddng + Nhan each: * NhQng pha'm chat va nang lyc cd gia tri dd'i vdi ca nhan va xa hdi dope hinh va phat trien bang hai eon dodng ehu yeu la boat ddng va giao lou * Mdi c l nhan cd mdt nhan each rieng bao gdm mat to nhien va xa hdi, dd mat xa hdi the hien dac thu ve nhan each cua mdi ngodi * Nhan each la tdng hpp nhQng pha'm chat, nang lyc khdng bat bien cua ca nhan ma nd thodng xuyen van ddng, bien ddi theo ehuan mye, gia tri xa hpi Vdi mpt ehudi cac khai niem cd mdi quan he vdi nhau, khai niem la cP sd eua khai niem nho vay, ehung tdi da thiet ke mpt graph (theo hinh ) de sinh vien nhin vao dd cd the de dang nhan cac mdi quan he va hie'u dope ban chat eua tQng k h I i niem 50 San pham xa hoi San pham tu nhien fCo the nfiiMi) Cathe ^C6 ngdn ngU, H/ duy, ytn Jcj Con ngirdi Phjm chat, ning lut c6 gia tr] vdi ca nhan, xl hoi Ca nhan Nhan each Hinh 4: Graph moi qua he gii/a eon ngudi, ca nhan va nhan each Ben canh viec sQ dung phoong phap graph de phan tich, so sanh va tim cac mdi quan he cua cac khai niem, chQng tdi cdn sQ dung phoong phap de lap cac graph tQng phan theo ndi dung bai hoc nhO sau: Graph noi dung mot phan kien thurc Phan kien thOc 'IVIuc tieu giao due Viet Nam" choong Muc dich va nguyen li giao due cd cau trQc co ban nho sau; II Muc tieu giao due Viet Nam NhQng can cQ de xay dyng muc tieu giao due Muc tieu giao due Viet Nam - Mue tieu d cap dp tdng quat + Muc tieu giao due xa bdi , + Muc tieu nhan each - Muc tieu d cap dp he thdng giao due {Duqc the hien d tOng cap hpe, tOng trinh dp dao tao cu the) - Muc tieu d cap dp ehuyen biet; Muc tieu giao due d cap dp la nhUng ehi tieu, nhong yeu cau cu the can phai dat dupe nho muc tieu day, muc tieu bpc, muc tieu eua choong trinh, eua mdn hoc Muc tieu d cap dp de cap tdi ba mat; Kien thQc, kT nang va thai dp ma hoc sinh phai dat dope qua trinh hpe tap Day I I kien thQc cua mdt phan npi dung cd ban bai, de xay dung dupe graph ndi dung, hdp li thi nhong dinh chinh cua graph la c l e de muc, edn nhong ndi dung nhd c l e de muc dd thi can phai xem xet, c h i t Ipc de xac dinh nhong y cu the, tdng quat ma van phan anh dOdc KHGD so , thdng - 2009 curu GD MN GD Tieu •Khoa hoc Gido due GD THCS GD THPT na Cd sure GD THCN Tri/dng cao dang Ta/dng day nghe BT trinh (36 OH DT trinh ThS DT trinh doTS Kien thiirc Co ki luat Co dao dire Co y chi Mtjc tieu nhan each Cap tong quat Co tri tue Cap he thong GD Cap chuyen biet KTnang Trong qua trinh hoc tap Co y thtirc Thai Co kT ndng Nang cao dan trf MiJC Dao tao nhan li/c •*- tieu GD XH Boi di/8ng nhan tai " - MUC TIEU GIAO DUC VIET NAM CO SO CUA MUC TIEU GIAO DUC VIET NAM Hinh 5: Graph Muc tieu giao due Viet Nam TQ nhQng graph ndi dung tOng phan, ehung chinh xac ndi d u n g cua bai bpe Do d d phan ed the bieu dien b i n g g r a p h theo hinh ta ed the xay d y n g de khai quat len graph Viee s Q d u n g g r a p h tOng p h a n ndi dung giUp mdt ehoong Tuy nhien graph ehi nen de sinh vien n i m dUde kien thOc ed ban eua van de lai nhong ndi dung ehinh the hien linh hdn eua eung nhOng mdi q u a n he giQa cac ndi dung eua van de d d Mdi g r a p h se la n h o n g d i e m nhan de sinh vien lou trQ kien thOc sau hpe xong mdi phan bai hpe Trong qua trinh day hpe, ed the hodng dan choong dd de nhin vao cd the n i m b i t dOdc eau true eua van de Graph cua c h o c n g I giao trinh G D H (Hinh 6) la mdt nhQng graph dd sinh vien lap g r a p h tQng phan n h d rdi mdi k h I i Ben canh viee lap nhOng grap truyen thdng quat g r a p h Idn C u n g c d the tien hanh n h o tren, qua trinh day hpe cd the tan dung b i n g each gidi thieu g r a p h tdng quat, sau dd yeu edng nghe thdng tin va nhQng y todng eua minh eau sinh vien khai trien tiep nhQng dinh nhd vdi de lap len nhQng g r a p h each dieu NhQng graph ndi dung ehi tiet theo kien thOc eua bai de phat each dieu se tang t h e m phan hQng thU, kieh huy tinh tieh eye eua sinh vien hoc tap thieh s u sang tao ddi vdi sinh vien va lam phong G r a p h n o i d u n g k i e n thOc t o a n b o m o t choong K H G D so , t h d n g - 0 phU them he thdng sP dd ndi dung bai hpe ChUng tdi xin gidi thieu mpt s d graph each dieu n h o sau; 61 Ngli Khoa hoc Gido due • ^m [;-"#uyig cua XH foal r^Udi Khai niem =- SOra ddi va phat trien cua giao due GD ch? CO d loai ngirdi PhUdng phap luan va phuong phap nghien ctjfuKH Tinh chat cua GD KHGD: - GDH Da CUdng - GDH lira tuoi - GDH khuyet tat - GDH bo mon - GDH c h u y ^ ^ j eiia GDH vd cae khoa hoc khac: - Triet hpe - Sinh li hoc - Tam li hpe JMeukhlen -.'.^^i- / Doi ttrgng cCia GDH IS Q.trinti GD toan ven Nhiem vu cua GDH (6 nhi$m vu) GO (theo nghTa r6ng) GD (theo nghTa Day hoc GD c6ng dong GD suot ddi hep) PhUdng phSp luan nghien ciJru GDH GD khuyet GD hudng tat nghi§ P GD kh6ng chinh quy 4- Cac phudng ph5p nghien ciJru GDH vPhantfch Phiroig • phap , nghien ciftj I thuya , f Shg hpp M6 hinh h6a Phuong 'phIp thifc tiin PhUdng : ph^psQ dung toan th6'r^gk§ T Phong vS'n Dijng bang hoi TiJng k^t kinh n^iSnn 60 ' Ngh'*nciJu Sin phim hoatddng SP L Hinh 6: Graph chuang Giao due hqe la mdt khoa hqe Nhin vao graph each dieu tren, ehle c h i n cung hie'u duqc cd bdn yeu td cd ban anh hodng den sy hinh va phat trien nhan each eon ngodi la yeu td ba'm sinh di truyen, yeu td mdi trodng, yeu td g i l o due va yeu td boat ddng cua ca nhan Mdi yeu td cd so anh hodng k h l c sQ hinh va phIt trie'n nhan each dd 52 Hoac vdi phan kien thQc Nhong xu the phat trien giao due bao gdm sau xu the co ban la; a Nhan thQc mdi ve giao due la sQ nghiep hang dau cua mdi qudc gia b Xa hoi hda giao due c Giao due sudt ddi d Ap dung sang tao cdng nghe thdng tin vao qua trinh giao due KHGD so , t h d n g - 2009 •Khoa hoe Gido due (La tiin