MOT SO BIEN PHAP REN Ki lUAlUG HE THONG HOA KIEN THÛ C CHO NGlTdl HOC TS N G U Y I N T H E HUNG'''' Mac du hpc dbac dai hpc, nhi/ng nhieu sinh vien (SV)v§ngidth6i quen ghi chep nhieu, hpc thuoc ldng, ch[.]
MOT SO BIEN PHAP REN Ki lUAlUG HE THONG HOA KIEN THU^C CHO NGlTdl HOC TS N G U Y I N T H E H U N G ' M ac du hpc dbac dai hpc, nhi/ng nhieu sinh vien (SV)v§ngidth6i quen ghi chep nhieu, hpc thuoc ldng, chi hpc nhdng kien thdc du'crc giang vien (GV) cung cap tren ldp, Nguyen nhan quan trgng nhat cua phuang phap hpc kem hieu qua dd, la SV thiaj kT nang (KN) he thdng hoa kien thdc (HTHKT) Cang len cac bae hpc cao, thdi quen cang anh hudng nghiem trpng tdi chat luong day hpc, bdi khdi luang kien thdc cang Idn va yeu cau cua viec hpc tap cung co suthay do'i ve chait Mat khac, dbat kitrucftig dai hpc nao, chuong trinh dao tao ciing chi cung cap nhdng kien thdc co ban, cdt Idi nhat cho SV ddi vdi mpt nganh, nghe nhat dinh Vi vay, de dap dng dUOc cupc sdng thcri dai "bung no'thdng tin", ngudi hpc phai biet tu hpc sud't ddi Tuy nhien, ngudi hpc kho cd thetu hpc mpt each hieu qua, neu bi han che veKN HTHKT Duoi day, ehung tdi xin gidi thieu mpt sobien phap giiip ngucri hpc ren KN HTHKT Khai niem va vai tro cua HTHKT day hoc Trong day hpc, tiep can vdi mdt nguon thdng tin nao dd, ngucn ta thudng phan tich de s§p xep ehung theo nhCmg quan he nha't djnh tao mot td hap he thdng togicgpi la HrH/C7.Nhuvay,HTHKT lampt qua trinh thuc hien cac thao tac tu logic de sip xep cac kien thdc vao mot he thd'ng nhat djnh, giiip ngudi hpc hieu bietsau s§c ve ban chat cua dditi;ang nghien cuu Viec he thdng hda kien thuc khdng chi ren luyen cho ngudi hpc KN tuduy logic de Ifnh hpi va cung cdkien thuc maron ren luy?n cho ngudi hpc KN diln dat y tudng b i n g nhung hinh thdc phong phii hieu qua Viec HTHKT cdtac dung ren luyen cho ngudi hpc phattrien nang luc tiep nhan va gial quyetvan de, nSng luc sang tao va thdiquen tuhpc, deco theti/hpc sudt ddi, Ngoai ra, qua viec HTHKT, ngudi hpc biet each d a chieu, so sanh su vat hien tuong de tim cac quy luat, nghla la ren luyen cho ngudi hoc kha nang khai quat hda nit ket luan Quy trinh ren luyen KN HTHKT Budc I: Xic dinh nhiem VLI hqc tip Tnjoc tien, GV phai xac djnh cho ngudi hpc nhung nhiem vu can thuc hien qua trinh hpc tap vadupc eg the hda bang hanh ddng de giai quyet nhung yeu cau maGV dua Dengudi hpc thuc hien dupc nhirng nhiem vu nay, GV can tao ddng co nhu cau hpc tap vanhu cau mudn giaiquyet cacvan decho ngudi hpc; Budc 2: Phin tich xae dinh ndi dung kien thOc can he thd'ng hoi Sau G V hinh cho ngudi hpc dpng ccf, nhu cau, nhiem vu hpc tap, GV dinh hudng cho ngudi hpc xac dinh nhung kien thdc trpng tam dua tren nhdng tieu chi cu the GV can hudng eho ngudi hpc cae cau hdi djnh hudng giao cho ngucri hpc dpc giao trinh, tai lieu tham khao hoae quan sat kenh hinh Qua do, ngudi hpc se xac djnh duoc nhung noi dung kien thdc tam can he thdng hoa; Budc 3: Xic dinh duqe md'i lien he gii/a cic ndi dung kien thuc.Tdcic ndidung kien thucco ban, ngudihpc can xac lap dupc moilien he giiia cac nq\tiungk\enl\\\ic; Budc4:Diindatnqidungcanh$ thdng hoi Sau xac dinh duoc mdi quan he giiJa cac npi dung kien thdc, ngudi hpc phai trinh bay duoc mdi lien he eac npi dung kien thdc thdng qua vi?c thiet keso do, bang bieu, hinh anh theo mpt trat tl/ logic xac djnh Cac bien phap dien dat npi dung he ttidng hoa 1) Bien phap sudung Graph Sd dung Graph day hpc rat cd y nghTa viec phat trien tu eho ngudi hpc Bdi vi, G raph co tae dung mo hinh hoacacdditucftig nghien Cliu vamahoa cac ddi tupng dd bing mpt toai ngdn ngdvdatri/c quan, vda cy thi Ngoai ra, Graph se giup ngucri hpc ghinhdmptcach khoa hpc va van dung kien thdc mot each linh hoat Thong qua hoat dpng hpc tap bing Graph, ngudU hpc se hinh duoc each tu he thdng Cac /jt/cfcxaydwi^Grap/j:-Chpn nhung kien thdc CO ban " Traaagfiaihoc Tai npyen va Moi tritlH 30 Tap chi Giao due so 308 -(ki2-4/2023) va trpng tam nhat, thue chat la eae dau hieu ban chat cua cae khai niem Nhdng kien thdc cdn can phai tiep tyc phan tich cho viec xac lap cac mdi quan vivaythdng qua bang, ngudihpcphattrien dupcnang luc tu Vi du: So sinh cau tao he tuan hoan a dqng vat (xem bang 1) he vdinhOng npidung khac;- Phan chia khainiem Idn Bang So sanh cau tao he tuan hoan ddong val eac khai niem nhdhon Moi mptcap phan chia, Tim M91 ngan (cho pTiinh M^-E»chmD lai phai lua chpn lai cac tieu chi phan chia khac nhau; HaiuSnhoinho c Ja mach mdu) - Lua chpn ngdn ngu ki hieu de bieu thj mdi lien he Hf man Ha, ngan 04ng m^ch TirJi m^ch; Mdu hoAntfjn gida cac kien thdc da duae phan tich dd Thuc chat la ne ruin Ba ngSn Bon ngan hUu hoAnMa Sf,™"'""""'*• tn/c quan cua cac moiquan he ban chatgiua cac yeu td,cac bpphan b i n g so Vidu: Lap Graph veT/V)/? 3) Bien phap sudung sadotuduy (Mind map) ehat vat Ti, phan hda hoc va phin loai nudc Su dung so tu day hpc khdng chi phat dat (hinh 1) trien duae nang luc ve tri tue, ma phat trien duoc N l / a c TRONC DAT kha nang hpi hpa va suvan dung kien thiic dUOC hpc qua sach vd vao cupc sdng Sa tu mdt cdng cu cd tinh khathicao vi cd the van dung dupc fDi^.^q^ vdi bat ki dieu kien co sd vat chat nao cua cac nha tnidng hien Co the thiet keso tuduy tren giay, bia, bang phu, hoae eung ed the thiet ke Hinh Tinh chat vat li phan hoa hoc va phan loai nua^ dat tren phan mem tin hpc 2) Bien phap dien dat bing bang Cd nhieu Quytrinh tao nen mdtsadotuduy: -Tdtnjng tam cua dang bang nhung cd hai dang bien la dang bang mpt td giay (bang), chpn mot khai niem, hinh anh hay so sanh va dang bang dien dat mdi quan he Bang la bue tranh cho y tudng tnjng tam; - Td hinh anh tmng dang ngon nguco kha nang khic phuc nhdng khd tam ndi cac nhanh ehinh va nhanh phu Cac nhanh cd khan ma ngdn ngd ki hieu khac khdng lam duoc lien quan vdi va deu lien quan tdi ndi dung cua Nhung uu the vuol trpi cua bang la: - Cho phep trinh hinh anh taing tam; - Sudyng mpttd khda mfi bay ro, gpn mot ndi dung cd mdi quan he phdc tap; ddng Vi dy: Sa ve cic dang d nhiem mdi tnfdng - Cho phep lien ket kien thde, he thdng hoa npi dung (xem hinh 2} y ^ y V V y V H3'1°"~ v I ^: I z VfVf\z\\ T' 11"' I p^°^ Hinh Cac dang nhiem moi tn/dng (ki2-4/2023)- Tap chi Gido due so 308 I 31 4)Sddungban ddkhai niem (BDKN) - Concept Afap BDKN dupc xay dung tren mdt he thdng khainiem da biet Nd vda la mpt cdng cy CO the giiip dd ngudi hpc hpc tap hieu qua vda la bien phap tdt viec ren luyen nang luc tu eho ngudi hpc Giua cac khai niem BBKN deu cd mdi quan hp nhatdinh Moiquan he duoc the hien bang Hinh 3* Mdi tn/ang va cac nhin tdsinh thai cac tu, cac cym tu(menh de hay lien tu) Viec s u dyng BDKN day hpc ed vai tro dae biet quan trpng BDKN cd mpt cau tnic khoa hpe, ro rang, d l sudung Trudc het, nd giiip ngudi hpe xac dinh duae mdi lien Vi dy: Lap BDKN ve Mditrudng va eae nhan tdsinh he giua cac khai niem, giua cac ndi dung kien thuc thii{htnh3) BOKN vda giiip cho ngudi hpc luu tru thdng tin mpt Trong quatrinhdayhpc.viec ren luyen KN HTHKT each hi§u qua (vi BDKN HTHKT theo mot logic nhat dinh), vda giiip cho ngudi hpc phat trien tu De cho ngudi hpc cd y nghla dae biet quan trpng Thi/c tSng cudng tinh hap tac, GV cdtheto chuc cho nguffl chaitcua viec hethong hda kien thdc la van dyng hpc xay dung cac BBKN b i n g cac hoat dpng nhom thao cae thao tae tu de sap xep kien thuc da hpc Cac budc xay dung BOKN: -Xac dinh eau hoi vao nhimg trat tu logic chat che khac tiiy theo tim: Cau hdi trpng tam la mdt cau hoi mang tinh myc dich he thdng hoa Ren luyen KN HTHKT cho chat khai quat eho mdt van de nao Mpi khai niem ngudihpc khdng phai la mot quy trinh cdng nhic, ma BDKN deu phai lien quan tdi eau hoi tiiy theo myc dich, ddi tugng ngudi hoc, muc tieu, npi dung day hpc ma van dyng quy trinh mpt each linh tam Khi xac dinh dugc cau hdi trpng tam, nghTa la hoat tren ca sdlua chpn cac bien phap mdt each hop ngudi hpc datra ldi duoc cau hdi: Sudung BDKN dd lin hat a delam g\?',-Xic dinh cic khii niem chinh:Sau xae djnh duoc eau hdi trpng tam, phai dua dugc Tai lieu tham khao eae khai niem chinh se duge the hien BDKN A.M Machiuskin Nhihig tinh hutfng c6 vin At Thudng, mpt BDKN chua tu 15- 20 khai niem Cf tu va day hpc NXB Cido difC budc tiep theo, nhutig khai niem se duoc sap H 1972 xep vao cac vj tri eho the hien 6uqc tinh logic, Nguygn T h ^ Hung "MOt sd bi§n phip nang cao tinh tham mTva dap ung duge yeu cau cua cau hdi chat luoTig day hoc bO mOn Phucmg phip day hpc trpng tam ;-A'a>'dim5md/5£)/CWso'do; Ngudi xay Sinh hoc khoa Supham - Dai hpc qudc gia Ha NOi"Tgp chi Gido due sd 202, ki 2-11/ 2008 dung BDKN can phai hieu rd ban chat cua cac khai mem de tudd xae dmh lien ket gida cac khai mem SUMMARY Cac khai niem trpng BDKN cd the duoc lien ket theo Despite studying at universities many students cac each khac Tuy nhien, phai lua ehpn cac still keep the habit of leaming by heart all the knowledge provided by teachers in the classroom The lien ket cho phan anh va dap ung dugc cau hdi most important cause of maintaining Inefficient trpng tam Can nhd r i n g , khdng phai lien ket giua method of learning, the learners lack of systematized bat ki khai niem nao cung can phai thie't lap; - Duyet knowledge skills This paper offers a number of measures to help vi sip xep lai BDKN: Sau da thiet lap dugc eac learners train knowledge systematiztion skills: Using mpnh de BDKN, thi kiem tra va s i p xep lai vj logic diagram IGraph) expressing In the table, using tri cac khai niem, chmh sua cae chi tiet khac cho thinking maps (Mind map) and using concept map 32 Tap chi Giao due so 308 -(hi 2-4/2023) ... giiip cho ngudi hpc luu tru thdng tin mpt Trong quatrinhdayhpc.viec ren luyen KN HTHKT each hi§u qua (vi BDKN HTHKT theo mot logic nhat dinh), vda giiip cho ngudi hpc phat trien tu De cho ngudi... trpi cua bang la: - Cho phep trinh hinh anh taing tam; - Sudyng mpttd khda mfi bay ro, gpn mot ndi dung cd mdi quan he phdc tap; ddng Vi dy: Sa ve cic dang d nhiem mdi tnfdng - Cho phep lien ket... (bang), chpn mot khai niem, hinh anh hay so sanh va dang bang dien dat mdi quan he Bang la bue tranh cho y tudng tnjng tam; - Td hinh anh tmng dang ngon nguco kha nang khic phuc nhdng khd tam ndi cac