DOC HIEU VAN B A N VOl VIEC TU HQC TiiS, TRUONG DINH" Hien nay, cac he dao tao (dai hpc chinh quy, dai hix tai chdc, dai hoc tdxa, giao due thudng xuyen,, ) deu cd nhdng doi mdi nh4m vao kha nang tu h[.]
DOC HIEU VAN B A N VOl VIEC TU HQC TiiS, T R U O N G D I N H " H ien nay, cac he dao tao (dai hpc chinh quy, dai hix tai chdc, dai hoc tdxa, giao due thudng xuyen,, ) deu cd nhdng doi mdi nh4m vao kha nang tu hpc cua sinh vien (SV), hpc sinh (HS), hpc vien tren co sd cac tai lieu hoc tap da dupc ban hanh Tu hpc - tu dao tao khong phai la van de mdi Tdnhieu nam trudc da ed nhdnp tam guang tu hoc va dat nhu giao su Nguyen Canh Toan, giao su Hoang Tuy, Giao su Tran Van Giau cung ndi: "Bal hpc la tu hpc" Ngoai ra, khong it cac ehuyen de ve tu hpc da dupc to chuc va in sach, gdp phan nang van de tu hpc len mot khoa hpc Tuy nhien, chat lupng dao tao nhan luc td trinh dp tu hpc hien chua the hien re, Nguyen nhin chinh cole li doy thtic vi kinang tiidqc, ti/hieu van ban ti/hqc dngudi hqc gan nhuchua co Khdng phal cac he dao tao khong danh thdi gian va khong bii buoc ngudi hpe phai hpc tdtal lieu, nhung hau het yeu eau khong duae thuc hien Duae biet, ed nhung hpc vien ca nSm khdng "sd" tai lieu ehdehua ndi den doc tai lieu; co ngudi cung dpc nhung lai chua biet each dgc nen vipc tu dpe, tuhieu khong hieu qua Tren CO sd khai thac cae tai lieu nudc ngoai, ket hpp dieu tra thuc tiln Vl§t Nam, bai viet cung cap mdt sd'nhan thuc vi biin phip cai thien each day tuhoc tren ca sdtudqc • hieu van ban Khai niem, cac m o hinh dpc hieu (DH) Dpc la mdt hoat dpng nhan thdc khong the quan sat mpt each true tiep 6\iqc d nhdng van dpng cua mix, cua cd chi va gipng dpc cao, thap, tham hay to cua minh, cung khong giai thich dupe qua trinh ben rait phdc tap cua viec dpc Han nua, phan Idn ngudi dpe khong cd y thdc ve cae thao tac nhan thuc rat da dang cua viec dpc Cudi cung, dpc la mot qua trinh cdn nhieu bi an, ke ea nghla rpng va nghTa hep Nhieu y kien ehua thong nhat ve dinh nghia va mpt md hinh dpe tpng quat nhat 1) Mo hinh chu y chu yeu den viec giii ma dugc coi la m hinh dpc hi thap den cao bottom • u^j Thep mp hinh nay, ngudi ta hieu mot van ban bSng each tiep can tn/dc het cac yeu tc'nhd nhat cua vfin ban (chd, van, td), lap ma ndi tam cac yeu to, cuoi eung phdi hpp ehung vao cac don vi Idn dan len KT (ki 2-4/2023)- nang lap ma, giai ma chiem vi tri hang dau dd'i vdi mo hinh tren Ket qua eua viec hieu can thiet phal giong gida eac ngudi dpc bdi thdng diep glai ma la gid'ng Nhieu van de duac dat vdl md hinh dpc tu thap den cao, Tn/dc het, ktii doc khdng can thietglaimatatcacactd,eaeehudehleuvanban;sau nda, viee hieu van ban khong phal luc nao cung d mdc dp tu hay eau, cd can thiet phai doc nhieu doan tn/dc hieu eac doan tn/dc da ndi gl, Cud'i cung, md hinh khong c§t nghTa 6uqc tai eung mpt van ban ma nhieu ngudi cd hieu khac nhau, Nhu vay, du biet ring mo hinh doe td thap len cao hien cd hipu luc phan nao nhung chua phal la each dpc hoan thien, 2) Cich dqc tucao xud'ng thap (top-down) Md hinh ciiu y den cae hoatdpng tri tue phdc tap nhusutien doan, sutieh hpp, susuy II hon la viec giai ma dupc coi la can thiet nhung khdng day du, bdi vl can phal ed nhung thao tac nhan thdc can thiet khac mcri CO the hieu van ban Thay V! giai ma don gian cac yeu totu, chu, cau, ngudi dpc can phai dat gia thie't, eo cac tien doan doivdi van ban xuatphattdvon hieu biet da CO cua minh Nhu vay, viec dpc td eao xud'ng thap phan nao gidng nhu mpt qua trinh khai trien va kiem nghiem gia thie't tdcac kien thuc cu da cdduac luu trutrong ki dc cua ngudi dpc Ngudi dpc ap dat mot cau tnjc nhan thdc do'i vdi van ban, vda lam trdi day kien thdc eu, viec hieu van ban nhu khong phai la gi qua mdl me Mo hinh giai thich tai nhieu ngudi hieu khae mot van ban: vi hpco kinh nghiem va hieu biet khac ve van ban va each dpc Td dd, viee dpc trd mpt qua trinh phat trien hieu biet va sang tao, van ban chi ehiem mot gldf han nhat dinh Tuy nhien, tren thuc te, viec dpc ludn cds^c thai khac nhau, do viec hieu eung bie'n doi, cd ti ml nhu mo hinh dpc tuthap len cao, ed lai tdng quat nhu md hinh dpc tu cao xuong tha'p 3) Hien nay, bien nhung mo hinh tuang tac van dung ci haimo hinh da ndi dtren Cac mdhinh tuong tac mieu ta viee dpc nhu mptqua trinh * Tliaiib Hue Tap chi Gido due so 308 4i xuli thong tin dcae mdc dp khac Viec xuli co the dua tren cau tnJc vl md cua van ban (td, chu, cau) hoae tren cau tnic vT md (doan, lien doan, chuong) Cac mdc dp xuli co the su dung song hanh, tiep ndi hay ft/ang tac vdi nhau.Theo cac mo hinh Mong tac, ngudita chap nhan mpt chien thuat xuli thdng tin phu hop vffl hoan canh dpc Hoan canh dpc duoc dinh nghTa chu yeu dua tren ban chat va tam quan trpng cila cac thdng tin ma ngucri dpc da tich luy Xuat phat tdcac kinh nghiem dacd hay td hoan canh cua viec dpc duoc xac dinh, luong thong tin khdng nhieu thi dpc theo each giai ma, luang thong tin phong phu thi viec dpc dua vao sutien doan va tich hap Ngudi dpc khong bao gid dpc mpt each gid'ng ntiau.hp chpn chien luoc xuli thong tin phu thupc vao hoan canh dpc Cac md hinh tuang tac cd le phu hc^ hon vdl viec dpc van ban tu hpc hien nay, Nhan dien mot so yeu kem cuaSV OH (dae biet dd'i vdi tai lieu hpc tap) 1) Lam l l n viec giai ma cac yeu to ngon ngu (tdvung, cu phap, ngunghTa,.,) dnhung SV yeu kem ve trinh dp Weng Viet (hoae SV nudc ngoai), 2) Lam lan viec giai ma ngdn nguvan ban qua tn/u tupng, qua phdc tap hoae qua khep kin 5JKhiphaithuc hien nhung thao tac nhan thuc thich dang (hieu nghTa td van canh, gial quyet nhung sumapmd, neu cac gia thietde hieu, ) dnhung SV it dpc hay cdthdi quen dpc cae tai lieu ngoai nganh 4) Khi phai nJt y chinh cua van ban doi vcri cau tnJc van ban co tinh vT md, dd tae gia di qua xa yeu cau dpe hieu 5) Hieu biet tiem nang qua it ol so vdl de tai van ban, de'n ndl khdng the hieu mpt sothuat ngu hoae bat luc nJt y nghla tong quat cua van ban Ktio khan thupc cac hpc vien nam dau 6) Thieu su hieu biet ehung de hieu thi du doi vdl van l}an eo van canh van hoa tiem an xa la Kho khan thupc vecae hpcvien dan tpc thieu so 7jChien lupc dpcva xuli thong tin khong phu hap eae yeu eau cua hoan eanh dpe 6uqc nlian thde khdng ro Cd SV nam dau dpc van ban hpe tap nhu dpc tieu thuyet hay dpc bao vdl cae quy tSc vT mo de hieu van ban cua KIntsch va Van Dijk (1975) Theo tac gia, de tdm tat van ban, can phai: a) Loai tn/ cac thdng tin khong quan trpng; b) Loai tn/ cac thong tin quan trpng nhung lap di lap lai; c) Thay cac tu ngu hay Uianh ngu dae thu bang cac pham tm khai quat hon; d) Trong tdng doan, chpn mpt cau "chia khda" chda dung cae thdng tin trang doan; e) Trong tdng doan, ne'u khong ed eau "chia khda", chpn mpt cau chda dung thong tin doan theo quy tac khai quat Cac quy t^c tren la co sd de hieu va tom ik van ban kho thdng qua tdng giai doan mpt Cd the tach them eac glai doan don gian hon va thuc hien theo thdtu, V(S ngudi dpc cdkinii nghiem, cac giaidoan thudng dupc thuc hien mpt each tuddng Vdi ngudi dpe mdi bat dau thi viec van dyng can eo y thdc lian 2) Bien ddi tdc vi iinh dqng viec dqc Toe dp dpc d tung ngudi la khae dang ke, phu thupc vao the lue, suchu y cua ngudi dpc va dp khdcua van ban Nang lue bie'n doi toe dp dpc quan trpng hon toe dp dpc Ddcung la chl so eua trinh dpDH van ban Mpt so SV cd thdi quen dpc tieng, nhung chi thuc hien mpt kieu dpc cham hay rat eham dan den met moi tai lieu qua nhieu va dai, Cach dpc nhanh, Cham va rat cham van ban can theo trinh tu chl d i n cua tac gia (neu ed) Cach dpe cham td dau den cuoidd nh§m to chdc lai cac thong tin, dieu chinti va ghi nhd Trai lai, each iAJCt)'ue7(baiayage) khong can dl tddau de'n cudi Cach dgc dinh vi (reperage) chiean luu lai eac thdng tin vaghlnhddieuchinh.Tral lai, cich cfpcf)ay(survol) nh§m tim cacthon^ tin khai quat dua vao cac de myc, chi dan hay torn tat ddau sach Ngudi dpc uyen chuyen van dung chien lupc va nhjp dp dpe phu thupc vao van ban va kha nang ca nhan, dae biet dpc dehpc ddi hoi nim vdng tai lieu hpe tap khae vdi each dpe tieu thuyet, tho hay bao chi Sado: Nhanh Dipn mao cac khd khan tren khong den ndi lam cho SV qua bi quan vi qua dieu tra da so SV ed the vuot duoc Cac glai phap cu the 1)Hieu vitom /a/.Qua nghien cuu thuc nghiem, Brown (1983) da xae dinh sau quy iic co ban giup ta n^m bk dupe 1am diem" eua van ban va tom xix no Cac quy tie cua Brown tuang ung mpt each dai the 42 Tap chi Gido due so 308 Udc mufin Ki^udpc Loai v3n bdn - BS n i m Unng Pn ChiMi - Tit d i n , b d d i khoa -Ddueivanbinndigl •TfiiH^uciniJvctSu -Doccftovui -Truy^ngln,BJulhuyft - N & n cac i chmh aiavin ' M o hing n g ^ band! Ch$m - E)£ hAi l$i eie ih6ng bn mSu diSI - V A n b ^ supham - V i n b i n khoa hoc Hal cham - Bi lo4m nghiem m6l ilinh - Hudng d i n hpc «dch tvaag dS i i c dmh muc hanh, s i c h k l O w f l - El^ ^ u van ban khd - van b i n su ph^m khoi hoc (Dua theo J Theiisault Hoc va day doc Montreal ViHe Made 1983) -(ki2-4/2013) 3) Thi/c hien cic chien thuat ca ban cua dqc hieu Brown (1982) de ehien thuat co ban cua dpc hieu, CO y nghla thuc tiln va kha thi- - Gach chan cac eau quan trpng; - Ghi chep; - Dung so logic eua van ban; • Tdm ik van ban theo ngon ngu rieng; -Dat cau hdi tuvan ban 4) Dqc uyen chuyen, ttr suy nghfvi dinh gii hoatdong dgc cua minh Nhieu tai lieu ve DH de cap viec uyen chuyen, su tu y thuc, su van ddng tu than va kha nang sieu nhan thuc viec dpc hieu Dieu la cd the, vi viec dpc la mpt hoat dong don dpc va ngudi dpc la ngudi nhat co the kiem soat cae thao tae tri tue ma hp da van dung Dpc uyen ehuyen la kha nang dieu chinh cac ehien lupc dpc &ieo dd'i tupng dpc, m ye tieu dpc can dat, Theo Bnawn, ngudi dpc cd hieu qua la ngudi doe uyen ehuyen, eo kha nang khang dinh each dpc phu thupc vao hoan canh dpc Su uyen chuyen cd hieu qua edn dua tren kha nang kiem soat viec dpc va mot nang lue tij'than Cae budc di cua doc uyen chuyen gom cd: a) Y thuc ve eac blen the eua hoan canh dpc, chu the dpc, tai lieu dpc, myc dich dpc va phuong tien dpc; b) Hoat dpng kiem tra cac bid'n the dpc Cae bien the dd khong phai luc nao cung hai hda vdi nhau: CO ngudi ed yeu cau cao, trdthanh chuyen gia hay can cd mot thdng tin quyet dinh nhung lai van dung cae phuong tien han ehe (it thdi gian, thuc hien chien luoc kem hieu qua), co ngudi laithieu kha nang xua't phat ea nhan (hieu biet ciJ it dd'i vdi tai lieu, lai khdng khai thac het tri thdc xua't phat ca nhan) Chodennay,vieedayhpechi dya tren cac kTnang cythe(dpcnhanh,cham,t6mtat,ghichep„.)makh6ng nhan manh de'n hoan canh cua viec doc Brown cho r^ng, trude het can day cho SV ythdc td'ng the ve hoan canhdoc(4yeut6daneu dtren), Chinh ngudi dpc phai tuxae djnh cae yeu to cua van canh dpc Tait ca cac su hieu biet ve dpc va hoat dpng tu kiem tra viec dpc quay lai a nang luc sieu nhan thdc (metaccgnltlon) Sieu nhan thdc la nhan thde ve nhan thuc Tudau the ki XX, Platon da khang djnh ngudi ta CO the vda suy nghT vda tu nhan thdc ve suy nghi eiia minh.Trong viec hpe tap tdvan ban, SV chi tap tnjng ehu y vao detai van ban, hiem cac em tudanh gia hoatdpng dpc cua ban frian ivluon cosieu nhan thiic, SVph^ibietvdadpcvdasuy nghi, danh giahoatdpng dpc cua minh, luon hudng viec dpc ve nhu cau can dat Van ban dpc la mot dieu kien can thiet de SV cd the hoatdpng sieu nhan thdc Sieu nhan thuc khidpe tai lieu la vc eung can thiet vdi cac trudng hpp hpc td xa, hpc tai ehuc hay tuhpc khdng can thay (autoddacte) Van ban hpc tap la ch6 dua cho SV tu chon dupc dia diem,thdi diem va nhjp dp dpe hieu Phan Idn cac tai lieu hpc tap hien dupc soan Vneo each tiep can hinh tuyen, eo hethong va ehdc nang hda ro ret, dieu ddcd phan thuan Id cho viee dpc hieu Cac tai lieu "ha co" nhu vay chi day each hpc theo kieu "mdm duf, Cau tnJe khep kin, chat chequa mdc chi thuan Ipi eho viec dpe cd myc tieu dmh s i n No han che nang luc tu than cua SV tuminh xae dinh doi tuong, nguon tu lieu va cac hoat dpng dpc • hieu thieh hpp Can CO cac tai lieu md(nhieu Id'i vao va Idl ra) danh cho cac each DH khae ve trinh dp (hon la mot trinh tudpe da hoaeh djnh) nh&m giup eho SV giol cd kinh nghiem hpe tap phat huy kha nang tu hpc Lieu cae giao trinh li tudng nhu the cung vdi viee day kT nang tu dpc - tu hieu cho SV cd kha thi chien lupc doi mdi can ban va toan dien ve giao due tdnam 2015'' Ngoai ra, cung can de cap de'n viec nghien cuu sutrpgiup cua cong nghe thong tin do'i vdi viec daykinangDH van ban hpctap • Tai lieu t h a m khdo Brown A.L Learing how to learn from reading In Langer J.H et Smith Burke T (ed.) 1982 Brown A.L, Metacognition The developmenl of selection attention strategies for learning from texts In Kamil M, {6d.) Directions in reading Washington National reading conference 1981 Brown A.L Camfrione J.C et Day J.D Learning to learn: on Irainmg students to learn from texts In Educational Reseatcher 1981 France Henry Anthony Kaye Le savon k domiclie, Pressesdel'Universitddu Quebec Tdle-universite 1985 Truong Dinh ""Tir than" khai nifim trung tam cua viec nghien cuu vf» phat tri^n ty hpc Chuyen di vt vin di tu hpc" Klyiu S& GD-DT Thua Thiin Hui 1994 Truong Dinh "M6t sO' tidn dt !i luan cua viec soan giao trinh tyr hoc" Ki yiu ddi m&i phuong phdp dgy dgi hoc Dai hoc Hug, 2012 SUMMARY Currently, the training requirement m the direction of self-learning requires learners to have text comprehension skills In fact, learners (especially students) not have the ability of text comprehension General speaking, text comprehenslos reading bottom to up and from top to down Each kind of reading has its own advantages However, the best way of reading is the combination of two above readings Mentioning the text comprehension, cannot but metion to the flexibility in reading and metacognitive abihty to test their reading efficiency Tap chi Gido due so 308 | 43 (ki 2-4/2023)-