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TRIET LY GIAO DUC HIEN DAI TIEN DELY LUAN DE TO CHUrC VA QUAN LY HOAT DONG GIAO DUC T rong Ijch stt phat triln gilo dye tai clc xa hpi khlc nhau, tuy thupc tmh hmh phlt triln kinh td, xa hpi, khoa hpc[.]
TRIET LY GIAO DUC HIEN DAI TIEN DELY LUAN DE TO CHUrC VA QUAN LY HOAT DONG GIAO DUC NGUYEN QUOC THANG * T rong Ijch stt phat triln gilo dye tai clc xa hpi khlc nhau, thupc tmh hmh phlt triln kinh td, xa hpi, khoa hpc va dng nghe, nhieu trtet ly giao due da dupc d l xuat v l thyc hien Trong nhttng the ky can hien dai v l hien dai, nhttng triet ly gido due phd bien nhat la: Giao due vlfinhhoa (Education for Elite), Giao due vi nhin luc (Education for Manpower), Giao due dai ching (Education for Mass), Gilo dye xa hpi hpc tap (Education in Learning Sodety), tridt ly gilo due dya t i n chi nghia sinh tdn (existentialism), triet ly giao due dya trln chi nghia hien tupng (phenomenologism), tridt ly gilo due dua trln chu nghia phi phan (crifieal theory), ttil't ly gilo due dua trln nhan thtte luan (epistemology) loai hinh chmh quy hay khdng chmh quy Mfl hmh "xa hdi hpc tap' md' da nhung da chflmg tfl Id mfl hinh httu hieu dd vd tat el elc qudc gia khflng phan bist gilu - nghic, phat triln hay dang phat tridn, xly dyng xa hd hpc tap sudt dd dua trSn cd sfl bdn luan d l cfl bin hay cfln gpi II bdn opt try ml blo d o trinh UNESCO cQa uy ban qudc te ve giao dye the ky XXI d l cap den la: hpc d l hilu bidt vl sing tao, hpc d l lam, hpc de cQng chung sdng vd v l hpe dd ilm Ngud Day la mpt tridt ly gilp due md, phu hpp vd giai dean phlt tridn hien cQa nhin loai, vly chung tdi di slu phln tich nfl nhu tien de ly luan dd td chttc va quin ly boat dpng gilo due mpt dch httu hieu Khdng dl slu vio d c tridt ly giao due nly, ching td xin nhan manh rang, qua trinh dai chflng hoa giao due fl mtte dp cao din din x l hpi hpc tap Hpc tap sudt dd ngly hflm fl nhieu nufle khu vyc va trln the gid khflng cfln chi II mpt khai nilm hay mpt nguySn tic dfln thuan hpc tap, ml da trfl thinh mpt nhttng chia khca quan trpng nhat dd thQc day phat triln kinh te - xa hpi Xly dyng xa hpi hgc tap cfl nghTa II xay dung nen giao due cQa xa hpi hpc tap sudt dd toan dien va tich hpp, xa hpi ma dfl tat nhttng ySu d u hpe hanh cia mpi ngud diu dupc dip ttng fl mpi nd, mpi lie Gilo due ngufli Ifln tudi phlt triln vd quy md ehua tttng thi'y Se khdng d n tdn tai khli nilm Itta tuoi di hpc v l clc VI luan d l thtt nhat: Hoc de hieu biet, d thi nd, sdng xa hpi hiln dai vd sy phlt triln nhanh chdng cQa thdng fin va tri thttc, khoa hpc dng nghe va d c quan h i da dang, phic tap eupc sdng v l lao dpng nghe nghiep, mdi c l nhin mudn tdn tai v l phlt triln can cfl d hpi v l nang hpc tap liln tue dd biet thu nhan, fidp thu, xtt ly thong tin va tao lap, s i dung, lam ehi trt thttc d l trfl nhttng ngtta cong ddn khfln ngoan v l thflng thli, sang tao cupc sdng va lao dflng nghe nghiep Hpc tap trfl thinh nhu eau thidt ydu eia mpi ngua cflng nhu ngoli nhl trudng bat kd khlc biet ve chQng tpc, ton gilo, dja vj x l hpi, Ida tufl'i, gilu - nghlo Hpc tap trfl thinh mdt boat dpng cd bin eia da sdng xa hd (nhu lao dpng san xuat trude kia) Hpc tap vtta la phttflng filn, vtta la mue dich sdng * Vu trudng Vdn phong Chinh phu TAP CHi GIAO D g c IY LUAN • SO 221 (2014) 61 cfla md cl nhan nd rteng va ca cpng ddng nfli chung de hmh xa hpi hpc tap La phuong filn, hpc tap glQp ngud hinh v l phlt triln ntiln dch, hilu bidt d c gia trj cQa ngudi, cQa cudc sdng, hieu bidt md truflng sdng v l llm vile cua minh de sdng d ich cpng ddng, phat triln trmh dp va ky nlng nghi nghiep va giao tiep xl hpi L l myc dch, hpc tap cho phip thoi nhu eau nhan thtte, hidu biet, ed nang tu dpc lap, nao trang phi phan, phat hiln, kham phi va d chinh kidn rilng cQa minh Hpc tap glQp ngttd bidt suy xet, bidt each sdng, each lam vile, biet lua ehpn, bidt thieh nghi vd dd sdng xa hpi ludn thay ddi mdi el nhin, nhflm xa hpi thyc filn cupc so'ng vl lao dpng nghi nghilp Ndu nhu hilu biet, trinh dp hpc van tap nln gil trj nen ting cia nhan dch, thi nang lye llm viec (ky nang) dua tren tri thic, bllu biet tac nln gil tri eon ngttd, gia trj gia ting cia sie lao dpng, tao nln cQa eai, nhttng gia trj finh than va vat chat cho xa hpi v l ca nhan, qua dp tang thlm vdn tri thttc, hilu biet Gin liln giao due dao dttc, van hoa, khoa hpc vd giao due ky thuat - nghi nghiep trfl nguySn ly can ban cia nln giao due hien dai fl tat d d c bac hpe, nglnh dao tao vd d c mue fiSu, npi dung, phuang phap v l hinh thttc to chttc thich hpp VI luan de thtt ba: Hpc ciing chung song, hoc each sdng vdi ngudi khac, cfl thi ndi ring, the gidi hien dai vd nhttng tyu to Ifln vettnhpc dang dttng frttflc nhttng co hpi phat tridn chtta tttng thay v l ddng thd dang phai dd mat vd nhttng thach thtte to Ifln mang tfnh toln ciu vd d c nguy co chii'n tranh, khing bd, nan bao lyc, phln hoi giau ngheo, ky thj ehing tpe Gilo due vd chttc nlng x l hpi to Ifln can gdp phin tich cue vao vile gili quydt cac van de trln thflng qua d c npi dung va hinh thttc thich hpp Gilo due dua den che mpi ngud, die bilt II the h i tre fl tat d elc qude gia, cac dan tpc nhttng thdng diep ehung, nhttng gia tri ehung cia nhin loai: boa bmh, hop tac, binh dang, hidu bidt v l tdn trpng lin Gilo due gdp phan thtte tinh nhttng ban chat tdt dep cia ngoa, day IQi sy dd ky, thuc day sy huflng thien va hoa ddng, finh than hop tac, khoan dung, than thien, nhan li Hilu biet cQa ngud cd the dupc phan cle loai: biet d l g\ (biet sy vile xay nhu thd nio), biet vl (biet nguyin nhdn cQa su vile), biet lam nhtt the nao (bidt dpng tac, ky nang), bidt al (biet hieu cli gt llm dupc cai gi), bidt fl dau (biet sy vile xay fl dau), bidt IQe nio (biet su vile xay IQc nao) Trong clc hilu biet ay, hilu biet "vi sao' d y nghia quan trpng nhat Con ngud phai nim dupe thflngfinv l ly IS vi d hien tupng hay Unh hudng mmh phli gili quydt d l cfl dupc gili phap thich hcjp nhat Kidn thtte efl thi d dttpc qua gilo due v l dlo tao, hoac qua kinh nghilm hoat dpng Kidn thtte qua kinh nghilm hoat dpng het sttc d n thiet nen kinh td tri thtte Con ngttd nhieu phai llm viec vd nhflng thdng Un v l kien thic md tai truflng hp chua hpe, thlm ehi chtta cb d c thong tin can thidt Do vly, nln kinh td tri thttc, dieu quan trpng nhat nha truflng phai truyin dat cho ngttd Ve luan de thtt tu: Hpc delam ngudi, can nhan hpc II phuang phap hoc tap, Um td, nghiln cttumanh rang, nln gilo due hiln dai khflng cfl gia trj ehtt khdng phai 11 khd Ittpng Idn v l thflng fin v l tu thin ml mang tmh nhin van, 11 nln glao due kien thttc Kha nang thinh dng cia mpt td chttc, vl ngua, huflng td eon ngud Gilo due gflp deanh nghiep, cflng ty thupc truflc hdt vao phin vio qua trmh hmh va phlt triln toln kha nang hpc tap eia hp Vd mpi ngud, hpe tap diln nhan each cQa moi ea thd: tim lue v l thi phai II vile lam sudt dd Phuang Uen thflng fin lye tri lyc v l my lyc, nlng lyc hinh dpng Hpc hiln dai holn toan blo dim kha nang nly tap khdng chi dan thuin d l trfl thinh mpt chuyin VI luan de thtt hai: Hpc delam, d n luu y rang gia mpt Fnh vyc lao dpng nghe nghilp hay •|am' fl day khdng chi la thttc hanh lao dflng sin mpt vj tri xa hpi nio dfl ml truflc het II d l xuat ma d n la van dung tri thttc, hilu biet cQa iam Ngudi va qua dfl gdp phin vio sy phlt triln 62 TAP CHi GIAO Dgc LY LgAN - SO 221 (2014) BliNBiHGIABBUC cQa tttng d nhin, cpng ddng v l cQa toln x l hpi Nhiem vu co ban cia nln gilo due fl thi ky 21 la mang iai cho mpi ngua cP hd hpc tap v l phat triln dd trfl nhttng ngttd tai nang, d nang suy nghT dpc lap, sang tao, nang dpng, tu khang dinh minh vd gdp phin canh tan mpi Fnh vyc eia dd sdng xa hd Tai Oai hpi ddng lan thtt 27 cQa UNESCO (thing 11/1993) d c bao d o tham luan eia d c hpc gil fl nhilu chau luc da de cap v l nhan manh ddn vai trd cQa giao due the ky 21 Gilo due la quyen co bin nhat cQa ngud, II ehia khoi, II ddn bay d l filn td mpt the gid tdt dep ban Vai trfl cQa giao dye II phat triln mpi tilm nang eia eon ngud va tao d i u kiln tISn quydt d l thyc hien nhin quyen, dan quyen, hijp tie trf tue, binh ding va tdn tnpng lin VI vay can phli d triet ly day dQ hfln v l vai trd cia giao due dng cupc phat triln ngua, phat tridn dl't nude phlt trten cQa c l nhin loai thd dai md: gilo due khflng chi la tich tu tri thttc ma quan trpng hpn la thic tinh film nlng sing tao to Ifln frong moi ngud de dflng gflp httu ieh vio phat triln cia mfli cl nhin v l cpng ddng "ngan hlng" thdngttnmay tinh hien dai cd thi xtt li Tom lai, maytt'nhd thi va ran phli dupe hpc sinh stt dungttidngdung nhu bit viet hang ngly Th& ba la cfl nhdng ki nang giai quyet van de va ki nang tu phe phdn, tdc la hpc sinh cin biet tu nhilu hon biet nhfl Mac du nhttng thong fin ching hpc dttpc fl tmflng cfl thi trfl nln lac hau hole vo ich, nhung eae qua trmh tu ChQng cfl dttpc thi khong bao gifl lac hau va vd ich Nhttng qua trinh dfl tap tmng vie nang tim kiem, d dupe vd s i dung cac ngudn thdng fin de gili quyet nhttng van d l hay tranh thQ d e eo hpi sinh cupc sdng Hpc sinh phai bidt dch dd phfl vd nhung thay dd, dy doln nhttng diin bien tuong lai d thi va suy nghi d phi phan v l sing tao, biet deh phan tich v l tdng hpp khd Ittpng Ifln dtt lieu phttc tap Thd tu la cd hieu biet xa hgi va cd kJ nang giao tiep, tttc II hpc sinh phli biet giao tiep vd nhttng ngttd thupc d c nln vin hoa khlc Nang lyc tao mpt thd gid tdt hon tuang lai chac chan s l phy thupe vio vile chQng ta sin sing tdn trpng tmh da dang, phong phi v l vin hoa cia mdi nttdc thdng qua hmh thttc giao fiep giip cho Dd dip ing ySu cau cQa xa hpi, tridt ly giao mpi ngtta hilu lln v l din tdi d e quan he due hien dai de cho thd he tre cle mue dich xa hpi thin thiln v l tdt dep hdn Mpt bai hpc quan trpng dd vd hpc sinh II ngheo dd, phln hpc tap Cfl ban sau: Thir nhat la xda mu chd, mu so va mu khoabilt chQng tpc, tpi Ic v l d c co hd bat bmh dang hoc, tie II hpc sinh phli cfl nang biet dpc, fl bat ky diu eung se tac dpng td tat d chflng ta bilt viet biet llm lean va bilt khoa hpc Od gili O l gili quydt nhttng van dd nly v l nhttng van d l quyet nhttng van d l nly, hpc sinh tttflng lai d n xa hpi khac, hpc sinh phai cfl hieu bidt x l hpi, dkhlnangsidung ngfln ngtt vilt v l nfli d l giao tham gia boat dflng xa hpi va thinh thao stt dung tiep mpt each rfl ring va sQe tich Hp ein bidt ap nhttng phttdng phdp gili quyet xung dpt dyng nhttng khai nilm tean v l khoa hpc vie vile Thi nam la cd hieu biet ve the gidi va cd kl gili nhttng bai toln md hpc tap va cupc nang bao ton the gidi, tttc la hpc sinh phli hieu sdng, biet Ip dung nhttng quy tic, djnh li va phep quan he qua lai va phu thudc lin gitta d c tinh vdo cupc sdng hang ngay, bilt ttng dung nudc va clc dan tpc, gitta cle nln kinh te Sy tdn nhttng tyu md khoa hpe v l dng tai cQa hp phu thupc rat nhilu vio kha nang hp nghe vao sin xuat v l dd sdng tham gia mflt each thdng minh vao nen kinh td toan rau va dap lai mpt each thflng minh, linh Thtt hai la cd nhifng ki nang cdng nghe mdi, tttc la hpc sinh phli hilu nhttng film nlng to Ifln, hoat khdn ngoan truflc nhttng thach thttc toan dng nhtt nhttng ban chd d a dng nghi vitt'nhCac d u ve an ninh, sttc khoe, chat Ittpng mdi sinh em phli d nhttng ki nang d n thilt d l dinh gil d c d tie dpng id chat Ittpng cupc sdng ngua TAP CHI GIAO DUC LY L U A N - s o 221 (2014) 63 Tat nhien, chuong trinh hpc tttflng lai phai nhl'n nhung dua md hinh thttc, tranh cha'p hay kiln manh ta nhttng npi dung, nhu da dang van hoa, tung qui dang, chung ta nhan thI'y nha trttdng su phu thupc lln nhau, tdn trpng quan dim va phai chfl y hon ntta den nhttng vl'n d l cfltfnhdao gil trj cQa ngufli khac va din tpc khac, hpp tac dttc dng cdng Gilo viln can giup hpe sinh phat qudc te d l gill quyet nhttng van de toln eau, kiS'n triln djnh hudng dao dttc thflng qua nhttng hinh thttc va kT nang blo tdn mfli sinh vi lam gttong cua minh, dpng vien hpc sinh tham djnh gia trj va tap co hpi cho hpc sinh hpc thai dp Thi sau ia co kien thic va ki nang linh vuc giao due sic khoe, tttc la hoan canh ty tfln trpng mmh va tfln trpng ngua khae tdn niiieu can benh nan y (HIV/AIDS, BARS, ung trpng phap luat; Thi chin ia cd dc tham my, tdc la nha trudng thu ) xuat hien va lly lan, hpc sinh phai d kien thic, kT nang va thai dp thich hpp d l bao ve sttc va giao viSn phli khuyen khich hpc sinh sang tao, khoe Ol CO cupc sdng lanh manh, hp can mpt biet thuflng thic d i dep v l tao d i dep, dac npi dung giao due md II "gilo duefiSudung", bilt II nang thuflng thttc nghe thult Nhilu nhfl dd hp bidt lya chon nhttng djch vy y te tfl't nha giao due cho rang fl d c truflng phd thdng nhat, phfl hpp nhat trpng vd sd djch vu y t l ngly hiln nhttng mat khae cia eupc sdng, cdng phttc tap Ngoai ra, hp cflng phli d kha nhtt xuc d m , Unh than, tham mi, it dttpc chu y vl nang lya chpn d hidu bidt nhieu phuong an khae de cao so va cac ki nang ttt phe phan va kT d l ngan ngtta hole x i li nhttng van d l cfl nang sdng thyc te Mac du chudng trinh hpc phln lien quan tdi viec lam dung elc chat khlc Inh phan nao kho tang van chuang va mpt vli (kl d thufl'c), dinh duflng, sttc khoe thd chat v l loai hinh nghi thuat, nhttng nhm chung hpc sinh ttnh thin Giao due gid tmh trfl nSn dng d n it hilu biet v l eae loai hmh nghe thuat quan trpng v l bttc thidt hPn bao gifl hdt Dudng nhu hpc sinh khdng dupc hpc ve Ijch stt Thd bay la cd ki nang song, tttc II tuangnghe thuat d c nguyin tie thidt ke hoa van hay lai, ngud d n d kha nang sdng vfli nhau, elc tilu chi danh gia cac cflng trinh nghe thuat va hpc va nhau, llm vile vd va stt dung sang tao Hau qui la, hpc sinh d thd thidu nhttng nhttng ngudn luc mfli trudng dch khfln ngoan KT khai nilm, kinh nghilm eung nhu kidn thttc d l nang sfl'ng cin dupc thi hien hpc tap, cupc hilu ell dep va danh gia d i dep VI dupng sdng d nhan, quan h i vfli ngud khlc, vd moi nhien, deu dd se ban ehe dang k l vile sing tao trudng, vd dng vise Oac biet tinh da dang van hoa eai dep d c em sau vl sy phu thupc kinh te toan rau ngly cang tang Thi mudi ia co kha nang, nguyen vong lufln dd hdta"nang giaofiepv l hpp tac, ki nang gili thudng xuyen tu hrx suot ddi, tttc II nhl trttdng quydt nhttng van de nly sinh trcng cupc sdng v l can dem lai cho hpc sinh tinh than hpc tap ca da dng vile Cd thi ndi, kT nang sdng sl dng nhu uu filn chfl ydu, d t Idi gilo due Hpc dupc mfl rpng ve pham vi va npi ham d l giip phli duoc xem II ngud ban ddng hinh vd cle ngud trfl thinh ngua dng dan thd gia; em treng sufl't cupc dfli v l vile hpc dd cd sy tu Thi tam la cd dinh hudng dao die, tttc II hpcchi dac, ty dieu tiet va ty quin cia mfli d sinh phai nim bat van boa hpc duflng vl chuang nhan Mpt nhttng mue dich hang dau cia trmh hpc phli phan Inh nhttng gia trj eia dat giao due hpc duflng la giflp hpc "hpc cdeh hpc" nttflc v l cia dja phuang Khi chttng kien tac dpng Trpng mpt the gifli bien ddi qua nhanh ve xa cua nhttng xung dpt gitta cac bang nhdm, bao lye hpi, cdng nghi, chmh trj v l kinh te, tat ca mpi gitta d c ching tpc, sac tpc, bflc lot ttnh due tre ngttdi deu phai cfl trlch nhilm vfli vile hpc cQa em, III xe Unh trang say xin hay vupt din chmh mmh, phai coi vile hpc tap thuflng xuyen dd, qulng clo sai, lam an phi dao dttc, tham v l sudt dd v l ty dieu tfit II hit sttc can thiet.H 64 TAP CHi GIAO Dgc LY LUAN - s6 221 (2014)