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SITDUNG linrCDO Tir DUY TRONG DAYHOC HOAHOG NHAM PHAI HUY NANG l l i l i SANG TAB CHH HHG SINH TRUNG HOC PHU THDNO ThS PHAM TH! BICH D A O " 1, Trong chuang trinh mdn Hoahoc(HH) dtrung hoe phdthdng, c[.]
SITDUNG linrCDO Tir DUY TRONG DAYHOC HOAHOG NHAM PHAI HUY NANG llili SANG TAB CHH HHG SINH TRUNG HOC PHU THDNO ThS P H A M TH! BICH D A O " 1, Trong chuang trinh mdn Hoahoc(HH) dtrung hoe phdthdng, cae kie'n thue HH (dac biet ta H H hiru CO) ddi hoi hgc sinh (HS) phai nam dugc dac die'm cau tap, cau true phan tif hgp chat hOu ca tif dd hieu dugc qua trinh dien bien ciia phan dng, ca ehe phan ung ciing nhu cac quy trinh dieu che, long hgp cac chat hiru co cdng nghiep, Tuy vay, HS cung gap khd khan viec long quat hda, khai quat hoa tinh chat cua cae loai hgp chal mdt each he thd'ng ij'ng dung CNTT segop phan giaiquyel dugc van denay, Trong do, sudung/t/acgd7uguy(LDTD) - mot klthuat sang tao degiao vien (GV) cd the lua chpn npidung va PPDH, th let ke kehoach giang day cac bai luyen tap, long ke't kien thu'c, hudng dan HS lir hpc hieu qua,, • la mot hinh thii'c dugc ap dung cang rong rai LDTD cd the ifng dung nhieu tinh hudng khac day hpc nhu: tom tat not dung, on tap mgl chu de; trinh bay td'ng quan mot chu de; chuan bj y tudng cho mgl bao cao hay budi ndi chuyen, bai giang; thu thap, sap xep cac ytudng; ghi chep nghe bai giang Hon ni/a, LDTD cdn giiip HS sang tao han, ghi nhdtdt han; nhin thay biic Iranh tong the; tdehu'eva "phan loai" suy nghi; len ke hoach, giai quyet cac van de;tiet kiem thdigian, LDTD vi tinh co dac diem: linh hoat, de chia se, cd the Ihay ddi, bd sung hinh anh, ndi dung, ket ca'u, khdng bi gidi han bdi kho giay, iam cho LDTD trdnen sinh dpng va thdng minh hon De thiet ke LDTD vi tinh.cpthesudungphlnmdm Mind Manager-duac ifng dung kha nhieu tai Viet Nam (chi ehay dugc tren he dieu hanh Microsoft Windows); freeiW/zJc'-phan mem nguon md (ehay tren he dieu hanh Windows Mac va Linu)^ Hien nhdm ma ngudn md cua HueCITda nghien cuu va viet tai lieu hudng d§n su dung, Mptsdphin mem khac cung hay dugc sudung nhu: ConeeptDrai/v MINDMAP Visual Mind Axon Idea Processor Inspiration, Trong day hpc HH, LDTD cdthe lam chp phuang phap day hgc (PPDH) cua GV trdnen phong phu, sinh dgng; viee tuhgc cua HS trd nen hieu qua han, Oac biet LDTD su dung 56 j Tap chi Giao due so 317 ICT se tap them cam va giup ngucfl hpc Ird nen nang ddng va sang tao han, Cd nhieu each dinh nghTa va guan niem ve nang lUc sang tao (N LST) M ednick (1962,1964) va Malz tvlann (1960) da cd ddng gdp to Idn eho lam li hpe lien tudng ve tinh sang tao Mednick dinh nghia; "Nang li/c sang tao la st/ cai to cac yeu to lien tudng nhung tdhopphu hgp vdi nhung yeu cau chuyen biet hoac la can thiet tren mot phuang dien nao dd' Theo L.X, Vygotsky hoat ddng sang tao dupe coi la hoat dpng cao nhat eua ngudi va "nang Iuc sang^ tao la thugc tinh nhan each, la to hep cac pham chat tam li ma nhd ngudn tren ca sd von tri thdc • kinh nghiem cua minh va bang tu phan tich, so sanh tong hep danh gia, tao va li/a chon y tuang giai quyet van de mdi, dpc dao va hap li tren binh dien canhan, xahgi gan hoac toan cad' Doi vdi HS, NLST dugc hieu la kha nang lu tim thay cai mdi, each giai quye't cat mdi, kha nang phat hien dieu chua biet, chua cd va tao cai chua biet, cai chua cd, khong bi go bd, phu thude vao cai da cd, da biet Tinh sang tao se dugc bieu hien ngudi ddng tn/dc hoan canh cd van de, Trong mon HH, NLST cija HS dugc the hien thdng qua viec lim kiem nhirng each lam (giai bai tap, thuc hien thi nghiem, ) cd hieu qua; phavdmd hinh ciJ (each lam iruyen thdng) de lim nhiJng giai phap mdi, each lam mdi; kich thich sutim tdi, hieu biet vai cau hoi "tai sao, vi sao?"; tao nhiJng y tudng mdi la, ddc dao.,.; dam hanh dgng De phat trien dugc NLST cho HS, trudc hetGV can sang tao PPDH, biet lua chpn ngi dung, phuang phap thich hgp detao tinh hudng cd van de, kich thich tinh Id md kham pha khoa hpc cua HS Ben canh dd, hp can nhan thuc day dO ve NLST, hieu dugcmdiquan hegiifa cac "nang iijc"dethudng xuyen cd y thire boi dudng NLST cho HS mpi hoat dgng day hpc nhu: thiet kebai giang, giang day, kiem tra danh gia,,.; dau tu thdi gian, cdng sifc de xac dinh nhifng ndi dung nao bai day HS da dugc ligc * Vien Vkw hoc giao due fif t Kam -(kil-9/2013) ho?c dugc biel den (Id cae bai trudc, cac Idp trudc) de Trong chuang trinh HHdpho thdng,cac bai luy&n cothelua chgn dugc PPDH phu hc^, tap, on tap cd vai trd quan trpng viec he thd'ng ' Vi du: Khi thiet ke LDTD lua chgn ndi dung cac kien tht/c co ban ma HS da duge thu nhan qua vaPPDH dbai "Polime va vat lieu polime''{HH (dp 12 mdt sdbai hgc Viec Ihiet lap mol lien he giira cac kien nang cao) (xem sado 1), GV can xac djnh ngi dung thdc, kinang cac bai giup cho HScd phuang "polime" ma HS da dugc hoe d Idp (gdm: polime, phap nhan thuc he thd'ng, phat trien kie'n thue va ren polime thien nhien, polime tdng hep, mot sdvat lieu luyen ki nang tu HH Trong cac phuong phap po/me}desudtjngphuangphap'dam thoai tai hien" tich cue hda hoat ddng nhan thue cua HS qua cac bai gliipcac em cothe nhdial kien thuc (HS tutim kien on tap, luyen tap, viec sudung LDTD dugc cho la mpt thiJt).Nham giup i-IScd kien Ihircthuctien cung nhu bien phap thich hop de hinh nen phuang phap phathuy nang lue sang tao.GV cdthesudung phuang tuduy logic va ki nang luhoc mdi each hieu qua (xem phap 'true quan", "mau vat that" hay "hoat ddng nhdm" SO'do 2) De hieu dugc tinh chat hda hpc cung nhu dieu ehe So LDTD HS chuan tli hoc bai luyen tap cac vallieu polime (chat deo, to, cao su, keo dan), HS "Polime va vatHiupolime" phai huy dgng cac kien thuc da hgc d cac phan; Hidrocacbon no, phan ung trung hop, dong Irung hgp amino axit, phan ung tmng ngung, dong trung ngung cac&o/i/iiraf,, Do dd, GV CO the'ung dung LDTD day hpc du an de day hpc phdn Polime va Vat lieu polime Sa Sif dung LOTD lua chgn noi dung va PPDH bai "Polime va vat lieu polime' (HH Idp 12 nang cao) Trong qua trinh xay dung chu de cua duan, thuc hienduanvaxaydt/ng san pham cua duan, de giai qiiyelcacyeu eau dat (kich thich tinh tdmd, tudn tu (iat cac cau hdi, ), HS can phai thue hien theo nhieu each khac (pha vd md hinh cu de tim cac giaiphap vacach lam mdi) De thu thap thdng tin, cac em cung can biet thu thap thdng tin ddau? bang each nao? phuong tien gi? chpn each nac la phu hgp va hieu qua, dam bao thdi gian phu hgp {tim kiem cac each lam cd hieu qua), Yeu cau dai trinh bay san pham du an va trinh bay bao cao la: chgn each nao cho phii hgp va the hien dugc susang tao? PPDH duan dugc danh gia cao va phathuy nang Iuc sang tao ciia H S d muc cao hgn, HS cdthetu lap cac LDTD chuan bi cho cae bai luyen tap,on tap khituhpednha traodoi thao luan eac nhdm phan chuan bi LDTD cua minh ve cac van dd: (he thdng hda kien Ihuc moi lien he giua cac kie'n thuc, each trinh bay va ma rong kien thuc o cac nhanh ) Khi thiet ke LDTD HS phai phat huy tri tudng tugng, tu logic, kha nang tai hien kien thuc, gan kien thifeda hgcvdihien tugng vadd vat thue te (nhat la ddi vdi HS da tao dugc md hinh mdi, each hieu cua rieng minh, tang kha nang lam chu kien tht/c, ), Trong hoat dgng "eung ed bai hgc", GV yeu cau HS lap LDTD td'ng ket eac kie'n thuc ca ban ctia bai hpc tap dieu kien cho HS cd thdi quen he Ihdng cac kien Ihirc tam cua bai hpe va sap xep theo logic phal then cua kie'n thu'c dede ghi nhd, Viec su dung LDTD ed kem theo hinh anh, md hinh tugng trung, eac bieu tugng, mau sac ciing nhu hien tuong thi nghiem phan nao se kich thich hirng thu hoe tap ctJa HS, giup cho hoat ddng hpc tap ctia cac em trd nen cdy nghia han, gan vdi thuc tien han; kich thich su tdmd, kham phakhoa hgc, qua dd hieu kien thdc HH mdi each sau sic va hoan chinh hon Tap chi Giao due so 317 53 (hi 1-9/2013)- Nhu vay, van dung mdt sd phan mem nhu Mindmap Freemind VisualMind, v'i^\hte\keLBJD day hpc HH va hoal ddng tu hpc ed hudng din la phu hgp vdi yeu cau doi mdi PPDH hien d nude ta; dap ung duge triel li giao due the ki XXI theo dinh hudng "phat then nang Iuc" - dae biet la nang Iuc chu dpng sang tao, quan diem tuhpc va hpc tap sudt ddi, timg budc hinh mdi xa hdi hpc tap; phat huy dugc tinh tu Iuc, tich cue, chu dpng va sang tao qua trinh tiep thu phuong phap tu hpe, biet sap xep ke hpach hpc tap mdt each hgp li,, d HS; phii hpp vdi dieu kien ca sdvat chat hien dcac trudng THPT, dap dng dugc ehu truong lin hge hda nha trudng thdng ciia BgGD-OT.Q NguySn Van C u ^ g - Bemd Meier "Phdi iriin nOng l\ec ih6ng qua phucmg phdp vd phuong liin day hpc mdi" Dy an phai trifin giao dye Irung hpc phri ihOng H 2005 Bill Th] Hfinh Ung diing cdng nghf thdng lin vA iniyhi thdng irong d(iy hpc Hda hpc hau ca& trudng Cao ddng vd dpi hpc Lufln an Ti^n si GiSo dgc hpc Tnrfyng Dai hpc mphpin Hd Ndi 2010 Phfim Ngyc Son, llfng dung cdng ngh? thdng tin dgy hpc phdn Hda hoc hifu err THPT ndng cao nhdm ndng cao ch^t lucrng dgy hoc Hoa hpc Luan ^n Ti(*n sT Giao due hpc Tric