Phan Thj Quynh Nhu va Dig Tap chf KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 94(06) 63 68 StJ* DUNG BAN DO TlT DUY VA 6 CHIEC N 6 N TU" DUV HU''''dNG D A N SINH VIEN TIM Y TU^dNG TRONG QUA TRINH TAO LAP VAN BAN Phan Thj QuJ n[.]
Phan Thj Quynh Nhu va Dig Tap chf KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 94(06): 63 - 68 StJ* DUNG BAN DO TlT DUY VA CHIEC N N TU" DUV HU'dNG D A N SINH VIEN TIM Y TU^dNG TRONG QUA TRINH TAO LAP VAN BAN Phan Thj QuJ-nh Nhu', Nguyin Thj H i n g Nam^ Trimng Cao dSng Suphgm Kien Giang ^Khoa Sir phgm Truang Dgi hpc Cc'iii Tho TOM T A T Bdi vill nhim gidi thieu vifc sft dyng Bdn dl tu (BDTD) vd sdu chiee n6n tu (CNTD) vdo viec ren ky ndng tgo lap vdn bdn cho sinh vien Idp Cao ddng Tilu hpc, Trudng Cao ding Su phgm Kien Giang Ket qud thyc nghiem cho thiy vi?c hudng din sinh viSn hpc tdp theo ky thu^t BDTD va CNTD Uong viec tim y tudngfrudckhi vilt dd g6p phin viec nSng cao ky ndng tim ^ ludng, ky n3ng hpp tdc cho ngudi hpc Tir kh6a: Bdn tuduy, sdu chiee non lu duy, limy tudng, hpp Idc DAT VAN DE Tao lap van bdn la mgt nghp thugt ddi hdi ngudi vilt (NV) phdi cd y tudng sdng tao Y tuong sdng tgo Id su khdi ddu cho sdn phim viet thdnh cdng, ndi nhu vgy chiing tdi khdng cd y phu nhgn ede yeu td khdc tgo nen chat lugng cho bdi viet Nhung cd the ndi cong vipc viet van thi vipc tim y tudng trudc viet la cue ki quan trgng vi thdng qua viec tim y tudng, NV da dinh hudng cac y can viet va the hien cac nang luc tu (tu logic, sdng tao vd tu phe phan) KT thugt Bdn tu (BDTD) va chiee non tu (6 CNTD) rat phu hgp vdi vipc giup NV tim y tudng trudc viet Chung tdi da van dyng hai kT thuat dgy hgc tren de hudng ddn sinh vien (SV) qua trinh tao lap vdn ban vd da thu dugc mdt sd ket qua budc dau BAN D O T U DUY v A SAU CHIEC NON TUDUY BDTD (mindmap) la kT thuat Tony Buzan phat kiln nam 1960 Vay Bdn tu la gi? "5a« tuduy Id phuang phdp kit noi mang linh dd hpa co tdc dung luu^ irir, sdp xep vd xdc lap uu tien doi vdi moi logi thong tin (thuang la tren gidy) bang cdch sic dung tir hay hinh dnh then chdt hogc g0 nhd nhdm Idm "bgt len " nhimg ki ire cu the vdphdt sinh cdc y tuang mai Moi chi tiii gai nhd sa dd tu id chia khoa khai ma cdc su kien, y ludng va thong tin, dong thai khai nguon tiem ndng cua bo ndo ki died' [4; tr 158] BDTD giiip chung ta the hipn, to chuc thdng tin dudi dgng tryc quan ro rang, hieu qua Tel: 0918486086 CNTD (six thinking hats) la mgt ky thugt nhdm tap trung suy nghT cua mpi ngudi vdo cimg mgt vdn de Edward de Bono de xuat nam 1985 Sdu chiee ndn vdi mdu khdc bieu tugng cho cac ky thugt tu khdc Non trang bieu tugng cho viec tim kiem thong tin; ndn the hien cdm giac ciia ngudi ddi vdi van de; ndn vdng bieu tugng cho mat tich cue cua van de; non den bieu tugng cho nhung hgn che cua vdn de; ndn xanh Id cdy bieu tuong cho viec khuyen khich su lim kiem sdng tga, non xanh duang bieu tugng cho sy kiim sodt qud trinh lu Olivier Serrat (2009) cho rang '•'Nhiiu ngiroi thirdng lu ve su vgt tir goc dp phdn tich, phe phdn, logic ma it nhin sir vdt lit goc dp linh cdm, true gidc hodc tir nhin thdy mat hgn che cua vdn di Dieu ndy ddn den ket qud la cdch nhin su- vgt cua hp thieu sg- ludng tupmg, ddnh gid khong dung mirc nhiing cdn iro/rda cdn ddi vdi su thay doi hogc khong vach duac nhirng ke hogch de doi vdi nhirng bdt ngd co the xdy rd''' [5, tr.l] Nhu vgy, ky thuat CNTD giup chung ta bilt each tu duy, each nhin van de dudi nhieu gdc dg, ky nang hgp tac nhdm, va ciing Id nhftng ky ndng song ma ngudi hgc cin dugc phdt trien nha trudng Dudi day la ket qua thyc nghiem (TN) cua viec kit hgp sft dyng ky thuat tren qua trinh hudng dan SV tim y tudng qud trinh tao lap van ban 63 Phan Thj Quynh Nhu vd Dig Tgp chf KHOA HOC & CONG NGH$ THUC NGHIEM VA O A N H GlA KET QUA THUC NGHIEM Doi tirp'ng vd so tiet thuc nghiem Doi tugng TN ciia chiing tdi Id 44 SV Idp 30A Cao ddng Tilu hgc Trudng Cao ddng Su phgm Kien Giang, So liet TN Id till hgc phan Tieng Vipt thyc hdnh chuong R^n kT ndng Igo Igp vdn bdn Muc tieu thirc nghiem Tien hdnh TN ndy, chiing tdi nhdm myc tieu ren ndng lye tu sdng tgo, thdi quen nhin \!in de dudi nhieu gdc dg, nang lye hgp tdc gifta cdc vien Irong nhdm Tien trinh thuc nghiem De giiip SV bilt cdch tim y ludng trudc viet bing vipc kit hgp su dyng BDTD vd CNTD chiing tdi da cd mgt buoi gidi thipu va lam mau cho SV ve each trlnh bay y tudng bdng BDTD, cdch sft dung CNTD de Idm viec nhdm Sau dd, cac tiet TN dugc lien hdnh theo trinh ty: - Hogt dgng 1: Chia SV theo nhdm, 6SV/nhdm, mdi nhdm chgn mdt trudng nhdm vd mgt thu ki Nhdm trudng cd trach nhiem quan ly nhdm cho mdi vien deu cd CO hdi phdt bieu y kien, thu ki cd nhipm vy ghi lgi cdc y tudng cua nhdm - Hogt dgng 2: GV giao dk tdi eho cac nhdm vd phdt cho mdi nhdm mgt td giay Ao vd mgt hgp biil chl mau - Hogt dgng 3: GV yeu cau cdc nhdm tudng tugng minh dang lan lugt dgi CNTD, suy nghT va dua y kien ve de tai dd dugc giao Cy the la: SV tudng tugng hg dang dgi chiec ndn mau trdng de trd Idi cau hdi: chiing la dd CO thong tin gi ve chu de ndy thieu nhirng thong tin gi? Nen tim thong tin a ddu?; dgi ndn mdu de trdi nghipm cam giac: thich hay khong thich chu de ndy?: dpi chiec ndn mdu vdng de suy nghT vl gid tri hogc nhimg mat lich c^c, iru diem cua vdn de dang thdo lugn; dgi chiec ndn mdu den de suy nghT vl mat lieu cue hgn che cua vdn de; ndn mdu xanh Id cdy bieu tugng cho su sdng tgo, bi^n phdp gidi quyil nhung mat lieu circ cua vdn de; vdi chile ndn mdu xanh duong, cdc thdnh vien se cung torn tdt npi dung thdo ludn rut kit lugn lap id hogch th{rc hi^n 64 94(06): 63 - 68 Y tudng cua cd nhdm dugc the hipn bdng BDTD - Hogt dgng Cdc nhdm trinh bay ban phac thdo y tudng ciia nhdm - Hogt dgng 5: Thdo lugn chung tren Idp vl cdc san pham Kit qud va ddnh gid ket qud Cdc sail pham chimg tdi thu dugc qua tilt TN Id: sdn pham ciia cdc nhdm, ban toe ky cugc thdo lugn nhdm, y kien ciia SV vl hieu qud cua vipc su dyng BDTD va CNTD qud trinh tgo Igp vdn bdn, philu dy gid ciia GV Sdn phdm cua sinh vien Dudi day la vi dy vl sdn phim ciia SV Vi du Thuyet minh ve sdn pham nu&c mdm Phu Quoc Sau cho SV dn lgi Iy thuyet ve vdn thuyet minh (da hgc d lop 10), chung tdi cho cac nhdm sft dyng ky thugt CNTD vd BDTD dl phac thao y tudng cho de tai "Thuyet minh ve nudc mam Phii Qudc" Cugc thdo luan cua nhdm diln nhu sau: - Nhdm trudng Phugng Loan de nghj cac ban tudng tugng minh dang dgi chiec non maa triing vd neu cau hdi: "Cdc hgn co thong tin, hieu biet gi ve sdn phdm nu&c mdm cda link ta?" SV Thanh cho ring: "Ddy Id sdn phdm noi tieng cua Phu Quod''; y kien cua Phugng Loan; "Nirdc mdm Phd Quoc id mon dn bo dirdng Irong bira dn gia dinh nguai Vift" Nhdm trudng tiep tyc dieu khien nhdm: ''The y kien ciia Tea the ndoT^ Teo suy nghTroitra Idi: "Theo minh, cdch che bien cung cong phu lam" Teo neu them cau hdi "Xudt xir cua no thi the ndo?" Nhdm trudng dl nghj: "Chung ta phdi len mgng lay them cdc thong tin khdc nhu qud trinh che bien, cdch sdn xudt nhe!" - Nhdm trudng chuyen sang chiec non mdu do: Cdm giac cua cdc bqn vi chu de ndy? Cdc bgn thich hay khong thich? " Tit ca cung noi: "Minh thichl" Nhdm trudng tilp tyc dgt cau hdi: "Tgi cdc bgn thich?" Phong Suang trd Idi: "Vl chu de rdt gdn gSi, han nira, day Id sdn phdm cua tinh minh md!", My Linh bo sung "nuac mdm Id mon dn hdng ng^ cua moi gia dinh Vl^t Nam, ta lgi co tH khong thich nudc mdm!" Phan Thi Quynh Nhu va Dig Tgp chf KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ - Phugng Loan de nghi: "Chiing ta ciing dpi non mdu vdng! Ta nghT den mgt ich lai cua sdn phdm ndy ndo!" Teo cho y kien: "Theo minh, nudc mdm rdt bo dudng vi hdm lu^rng dgm rdt cao cdn thiet cho sue khoe Sdn phdm ndy thi hi^n vdn hoa dm thuc rdt rieng cita ngudi Viet" Hang Nghi bd sung: "Theo minh biit nudc mdm ciia linh minh khong nhihig duprc nhieu ngudi ddn nuac tin diing md sdn phdm ndy cdn dugc xudt khdu sang nuac ngodi cho kieu bdo minh hen diing niia, gop phdn tao nen gid tri kim nggch cho nen kinh te nudc ta.'" Nhdm trudng hdi tiep: "Cdc bgn cdn co y kien khdc nira khong? Neu khong chung ta qua chiec non mau den nghe!" - Nhdm trudng ndi: "7a dpi nan mdu den nhe The mat tieu ciic, hgn che Id gi nhP Vdn de ndy kho phdi khong cdc brm?" My Linh bay gid mdi cd y kien: "V^ de ndy chdc chung ta cdn ldy thong tin them tren mgng nhung minh nghe me minh noi neu ngudi sdn xudt cho phdn dgm, ndng chdt bdo qudn cao han cho phep thi rdt co hgi cho siir khoe ngudi tieu dimg" Teo phdt bieu "Toi sg Id ta khong cd du thong tin ve vdn de ndy" Phong Suang bd sung "Neu ngudi sdn xudt khong tudn thu theo quy dinh chung thi vdn de nhiem moi trudng Id khong trdnh khof - Nhdm trudng tiep tyc de nghj dgi chiec ndn mdu xanh Id cay ^e suy nghT ve cdu hdi "Vgy ta cd bi4n phdp gi di co thi thu thdp dugc ddy du thong tinT Thanh 6.^ xuat: "Ta se tlm tren mgng, dpc tren bdo, rieng toi se vi hoi ong chii toi Id ngudi sdn xudt nudc mdm de cd them thong tin" - GV de nghi eac nhdm chdt lgi van de dang thdo luan (ndn mdu xanh duong) Nhdm trudng ggi y: Chiing ta dd thdo lugn ve cdi gi? Thong tin ndo chiing ta dang thieu? Bdn phac thdo cua chung ta se gom mdy y? " Cd nhdm thdng nhit la ban phdc thao se cd cdc y: thdng tin vl nudc mam, mat tich eye, ban chl, tinh cdm ddi vdi sdn pham Nhdm giao eho Phong Suang, ngudi kheo tay nhdt ve BDTD (hinh 1) 94(06): 63 - 68 Hinh Phdc Ihdoy tudng cua nhom Cugc thao lugn cho thay cac SV da "cong ndo" mgt each tfch cue Mac du cac y kien cua nhdm chua thgt sy phong phu nhimg chii de "nudc mam Phu Quoc" da dugc nhdm nhin nhan dudi nhieu gdc dg, nhdn dugc mat tich cyc ciing nhu mgt hgn chl cua vin de, ddng thdi de xuat bipn phdp tim thong tin Qua do, thi hien nang luc phan tfch, danh gia van de, khd ndng kiem sodt cugc thdo lugn de di den ket lugn ve ndi dung ban phdc thdo Trong cugc thao lugn, SV cdn the hipn ky nang hgp tac, trg giup lan nhau, tinh thdn trach nhiem vd sy chia se thdng tin Bdn phdc thdo cua nhdm vfta the hipn nang lye tu logic (nhin su vdt tft gdc phdn tich, phe phan) vfta the hipn cam xuc yeu thi'ch, tu hdo cua SV vl sdn phim nudc mdm Vdi bdn phdc thao nay, chdc chan bdi viet ciia SV ve de tai se du y, cdc y dugc sdp xep logic vd the hipn tinh cam cua cac em vdi dgc sdn que huong Vi du Internet ddi song Vdi de tdi ndy, GV hudng ddn cdc nhdm sft dyng CNTD dl thdo ludn vdi cdc cdu hdi ggi y nhu "Chung ta dd co thong tin, hieu biet gi vi mgng Internet?Cdn tim them thdng tin gi? (ndn mdu trang), "Cdm gidc cua cdc bgn ve chu de ndy?, Cdc bgn thich hay khong thich sir dung Internet? " (ndn mdu do); "Mat tich cue, uu diem cua Internet Id g'l? (ndn mdu vdng); ^^Mgt tieu c\rc hgn che cua Internet?" (ndn mdu den); "Vdi de bdi ndy 65 Phan Thj Quynh Nhu vd Dig ta cdn trinh bdy nhCmg v ndo cd cdn sicu tdm hinh dnh hay khong? Neu cd Id hinh dnh ve cdi giT^\ (ndn mdu xanh td cdy); cuoi cimg Id cau hdi tdm tdt ngi dung thdo lugn, Igp ke hogch thyc hipn 'Thong tin ndo chung la dang thieu? Ai se la ngudi lim thong tin'-' Cdn phdc thdo BDTD nhu the ndo? " ndn xanh dirong Ban phdc thao ciia nhdm (hinh 2) the hipn rd cac y tudng ma SV se the hipn bdi viet, dd Id (1) nhftng thdng tin ve Internet vdi cdc y Ijch sft hinh thdnh, cdc phien bdn, ty Ip ngudi sft dyng; (2) dicm lich cyc cua Internet vdi cdc luan chftng: tinh ndng, ImVt web, gdp phin phdt tnen kinh tc, mgng xd hgi; (3) hgn che ciia internet Id game online gom cdc lugn chftng: thdi gian, sftc khde, tien, ngn xd hgi; (4) sy yeu thich ciia ngudi viet vdi internet vi sy bien, sy gan gui vd md rgng ciia nd M^c du cd mgt so lugn chftng chua thgt rd rang {sir md rpng, rpng rai) nhung vipc sft dyng CNTD da giup SV hinh nhung y tudng vd cam xuc ve Internet, nhftng y tudng dd dugc dinh hinh mgt "buc tranh" bang vipc sft dyng BDTD Vdi bdn phdc thdo tren, bdi viet cua SV ve vdn de ndy chic chin se khd du y, thi hipn cd suy nghT ldn tinh cdm cua cac em ve chu de tren Hinh San phdm BDTD cuu nhom ? i ^ >ii: vC*% ? Y kien ddnh gid cua SV vdOV Sau tilt TN, chiing tdi da khao sat y kiln cua 44 SV ve hipu qua ciia vipc su dyng ky thugt CNTD va BDTD doi vdi qud trinh tgo Igp vdn ban Philu khao sat gom cau hdi ddng xoay quanh van de Tdc dung cda vi^c 66 94(06): 63 - 68 Tgp chf KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ vgn dmg ky thugt BDTD vd CNTD ddi vdi: phdt triin ndng luc sdng tgo cua nguai viet (cdu I); kT ndng phe phdn ddnh gid (cdu 2); kT ndng giao tiep (cdu 3), giiip nhin vdn di dudi nhieu goc dp (cdu 4); tdng thu hpc tgp (cdu 5) SV chgn trd Idi mgt nam mftc sau: hodn todn dong y dong y, khong dong ^ ciing khong phdn doi, khong dong y, hodn loan dong y Chung toi cdn neu cdu hdi md; (1) Co ihi vgn dung ki thugt BDTD vd CNTD de dgy hpc sinh viit vdn a trudng thdng hay khong? (2) Co the gap kho khdn gi vgn dung ky thudt ndy? Dudi day Id bdng thong ke ty Ip % y kien chpn phuang dn trd Idi hodn todn dongy (bang 1) So lipu tft bdng cho thay SV ddnh gid rat cao vl hipu qud ciia viec sft dyng BDTD vd CNTD dgy tgo lap vdn bdn Bdng I Thdng key kien hodn loan dongy cau h6i CSul cau Cau CSu4 Cau SoSV 38 35 32 37 34 % 86.5 84.1 72.8 84.09 77.27 Vdi cau hdi md thu nhit phan Icm SV cho ring cd the sft dyng ky thugt vao viec dgy hgc sinh each tgo Igp dan y cho vdn ban, chi cd cd SV (16.7 %) e nggi tinh khong kha thi vgn dyng chung d trudng thdng Ve cau hdi md thu hai phin ldn SV cho ring vipc vgn dyng ky thugt tren vao dgy hge se mat kha nhieu thdi gian, chay giao an, hgc sinh chua quen, chi nen sft dyng gid thyc hanh Cac y kiln tren cho thay SV da nhgn thay nhftng hihi ich cua vipc su dung BDTD vd CNTD va mong mudn dugc van dyng chiing qud trinh day hgc nhimg cac em luon bj am anh bdi vjpc khdng du thdi gian Sy e nggi la chinh ddng bdi vi chuang trinh mdn Ngft van d phd thdng khd nang, so tiet danh cho gid thyc hanh Lam v5n khdng nhieu, hon nua lau khdng it HS khdng cd thdi quen lap dan y tnrdc vilt Phan Thj Quynh Nhu va Dig Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE Chung tdi da mdi GV cung to chuyen mdn dy tiet TN thft va ddnh gia tfnh tich eye cua SV gid hgc bdng each diln vdo philu quan sdt Kit qua tdng hgp philu quan sdt ciia hai GV nhu sau: BAngl Phieu quan sdt gid hgc Thiri gian (phat) Chi so tich cyc ciia sinh vi£n tilt hQC B C D A 0-5 3.6 4.0 4.6 4.8 5-10 4.6 5.2 5.2 6.0 10-15 5.0 5.6 5.8 5.9 15-20 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.6 20-25 5.3 6.0 6.8 6.5 25-30 6.0 4.2 5.3 6.6 30-35 60 4.8 4.8 5.8 35-40 50 5.6 5.6 5.2 40-45 56 5.0 6.3 5.8 Chi so TB 51.8 51.6 56% 58% % % Hai GV ndy eft phut mdt lin khoanh trdn mgt cac so tft din 10 (the hipn chi s6 % mftc tfch cue hgc tap cua SV) Chi s6 A, B, C, D chi cac muc dd: (A) mftc dd tdp trung , , , „,,_ ,• z ' ' chu y cua SV gio hoc, bieu hien qua cac •' && ' M hanh vi hoan cac nhipm vy hgc tap hgc tap; (B) muc cam xiic ciia SV gid hgc, bilu hien qua cdc sy thich thu, i L