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GSNGM^cau D A M DAO CHAT LUUNG VA V A N HdA CHAT LUUNG TRONG TRUdNG DAI HOC TIIS B6BINHTIIAI TnMHBilhfeSUGta 1 Dim bio chit itftfng Dim bio chit lupng (DBCLJ bin trong tmdng df i hpc ngiy nay dupe phi[.]
GSNGM^cau LUUNG VA V A N HdA CHAT LUUNG TRONG TRUdNG DAI HOC D A M DAO CHAT TIIS.B6BINHTIIAI TnMHBilhfeSUGta dinh sf 38/2004/QE)-BGDDT ngiy 02 tiling 12 nim 2004 eda Bp trUdng Bd Giio dye v i Dio tf o) Din nim 2007, Bf Giio due v i Oio t f o ban hinh bf tHu chuin mdi g f m 10 tilu chuin (61 tilu chQ theo Quylt djnh sf 65/2007/QE)-BGDOT ngiy 01/11/2007 Nim 2009, hoin t i t dinh g i i ngoii 20 tmdng dfl hpe theo bf tilu chuin 38 vdi kit q u i OS tn/dng dft d p d f (chllm 25%) v i 15 trudng dft Cip dd (ehilm 75%) Cd 06 tfi chde CO quan tham gia vio Mfng lUdi Chit lupng Chau A - Thii Binh Duong (APQN) glm: Cue Khio thi v i Kiim djnh chit lupng giio dye Tmng t i m Dinh gil v i Kiim ^ n h chit lupng giio dye - Dfi hpe SU phfm TR Hf Chi Minh, Tmng t i m Khio till vi Dinh gii chit lupng dio tfo - Dfl hpc Qudc gia TR HI Chi Minh, Vifn Dim bio elilt lUpng glio dye - Dai hpc Qufe gia Hi Ndi, Of i hpc Stf phf m Hi Npi, Hif p hfi dfy ngiif [10]; 02 tfi chtfe eo quan tham gia vio Mfng lUdi d c tmdng dfi hpe Odng Nam A (AUN) gfim: Dfi hpc Qufic gia H i Ndi v i Of i hpc Qude gia TP Hf Chi Minh [11 ] v i 09 ehuong trinh dio tao dfi hpc dft chuin AUN: Dfi hpc Qufe gia Hi Nfi (03 ehuong trinh) v i Dfi hpc Qufe gia TR Hf Chi Minh (06 chuong ti'lnh) [11] Lf ti-lnh kilm djnh chit lupng giio dye din nim 2020 [3]: - Din nam 2015, thyc hlfn xong mft vdng kilm djnh chit lupng d c trudng dfi hpe v i bude diu kiim djnh cic ehuongti-lnhgiio dye dfl hpc (GDDH) - Din nim 2020, thyc hlfn vdng hai klim dfnh Tfi Vift Nam, cdng tic OBCLgiio dye tmdng chit lupng cic tn/dng dfi hpc v i chuong trinh GDDH dfl hpe d i dupc thyc hlfn tCr nim 2005 qua edng tic Kit hpp gida kiim dfnh chit Itfpng trudng dfl hpc vi ty dinh gii (theo b f tilu chuin kiim djnh chit lupng kiim dfnh chit lupng chuong trtnh GDDH, df trudng dfl hpc 53 tHu chi ban hinh kim theo Quyft uu tUn kilm dfnh chit lupng trudng dfl hpc Dim b i o chit itftfng Dim bio chit lupng (DBCLJ bin tmdng dfi hpc ngiy dupe phit triin mfnh m l hiu h i t d cic CO sd giio dye trin t h l gidi Td t h l kl XIII, Dfi hpc Paris d i t f chdc triln khai edng tic OBCL bin tiudng dfi hpc Oin t h l ki XIX, VUong qufc Anh hinh thinh hf thfng giim khio l>ln ngoii kiim tra, giim sit cic CO sd giio dye Ngoil ra, cic tfi chde kiim djnh chit lupng cdng ddi d Mi nhung ehua di siu vio DBCL giio dye Sang nda diu t h l ki )(X, hoft dfng OBCL ehua dupe tUn triin nhHu Td nim 1950 d i n nim 1989, Mi dua mft hf thfng t f ng t h i v l kiim djnh chit lupng, Anh v i mft sf qufc gia khic cdng quan t i m din DBCL Cic t f ehCrc dinh gii v i kiim djnh bio chit lupng nhu: Mfng ludi qufe t l cic tfi chde dim bio chit lupng glio dye dfi hpe (INQ/\AHE), Mfng ludi chit Itfpng Chiu A - Thii Binh DUong (APQN); Tfi chdc dim bio chit Itfpng Chiu Au (ENQA); Mang ludi dim bio chit lupng d c tmdng hing dau Ddng Nam A (AUN-QA-T5 chdc hpp tic v i phit triin kinh t l (OECD); Hlfp hfi qufc t i v l dinh gii v i d e thinh tyu glio dye (lEA); Mfng ludi d i m bio chit lupng Ddng Nam A (AQAN); ddi nhim trao dfi, chia si, hpe tfp kinh nghlfm gida d e nude, hf tn? cic nude dang phit triin v i cd t h i so sinh giio dye glCra d c nude khu vyc v i qufic t f Hf t h f n g d i m b i o chit lugng b i n cfa d c trtfOng d f l hpe ^0 d i n g (dc hoft dfng ty dinh gii, glim sit chit lUpng giio dye) Hf thfng d i m b i o chit Itfpng bin ngoil n h i trtftog (cic chd truong, quy trinh v i cdng ey dinh gii) Hf t h f n g d c t f chdrc dim bio chit Itffng (dc tfi chdc dinh gii ngoii v i d c tfi chdc kiim dfnh dfc lip) Hinh 1: Xdy dgng md hinh vd triin khai cdc hogt ddng DBCL GDDH dVift Nam [4] 22*nMi|caliivc NGMCNCMIGQ Thinh lip cic tf chdc kiim djnh chit lUpng OBCL bin vi tfi chdc d c hoft ddng liln quan giio due dfc lip d i kiim djnh chit Itfpng giio dye mfc dd eic trUdng mudn hay khdng mudn edng phii lam vi din din td eudng bde trd thinh thdi quen roi cic eosd giio dye - Khuyin khich d e trtfdng dfi hpe hpe viln dang djnh hinh d e gii tri vin hda Oin diu thl ki XXI, H'lfp hfi cic tmdng dfi hpc ki kiim djnh chit Itfpng trudng vi kiim djnh chit Itfpng chtfong trinh GDDH bdi eic tf chde kiim djnh Chiu Au (EUA - European University Association) triin khai dy in nfi tifng v l VHCL cic tmdng qudcti €>ln nay, ci nUdc ed 156 tmdng dfi hpe hpc vifn dfi hpc d ciiiu Au, dy in niy thyc hlfn thdi thinh lip don vj DBCL ddc Ifp rilng vdi nhifm vy gian nim (2002 - 2006) chia thinh vdng, vdi sy chde ning hf trp nhi trudng thuc hiln cic edng tic tham gia cda 134 Vifn, trudng OH dfi difn cho cic liln quan din OBCL Bin canh dd, d l phit ti-iin hf nude thufc efng dfng Chiu Au d l thio luin vl vife thfng OBCL bin d n phii hinh thinh nin vin lim thl nio d i phf biln vi khic siu VHCL tf-ong tmdng cda hp Dy in nhim ning cao nhin thde vf sy hda chit lupng (VHCL) (Xem hinh 1) d n thift phit triin nin VHCL bin d e tn/dng Vin hda chit Itfpng So vdi OBCL, VHCL mdi dtfpc quan tim sau niy dfl hpc vi phf biln rdng rlL tilp tyc thdc day quin Nhung thyc chit VHCL cdng da dupc hinh thinh td li chit lupng nfi bf d i d i thifn mdc df chat lupng liu (diu till ki XX) tfi mft sf tn/dng dfi hpc d Mi vi gidp dd eic trUdng dfl hpc tifp efn eic dinh gii Blanehard vi O'Connor (1998) nhfn djnh VHCL "khi ngoii vdi tinh chit xiy dung Sau nim thyc hiln, kit mpi ngUdi doin kit xung quanh nhdng gii trj chung lufn cda dy in gdm: quyln ty chd cda d c tmdng d n vi nhim mye dkh dft dupc kit qui khie thudng'thl dupc chuyin thinh VHCL bin trong, deh tifp efn VHCL li yiu tf kkh hoft sil dyng hpp 11 d c ngufin VHCL trudng din din hinh thinh khdng trich lye khic mft tf ehdcTheo John A Wood phft vi nhin mfnh vio ehuong trinh phit triln dfi (1998) cf gii trf eda VHCL /Tit ci chdng ta (nhdng ngd, sy dinh gii eda ngudi hpc cd vai trd VHCL ngtfdl tf chdc vi cic bin liln quan); 2/ Khdng nhin mfnh vai trd cda d c bin liln quan bin ngoil phin bift d p trin, d p dudi; 3/Cdl md, tmng thye 4/ vdl VHCL EUA lip lufn ring bit kl nin VHCL nio cQng Mpi ngUdi dtfpc bllt thfng tin vf cic hoft dfng; 5/ dya trin ylu tf [7]: -Thd nhlt, tfp hpp d c gii trf chung, nilmtin,kl Tfp tmng vio d c qui trinh; 6/ Khdng cd thinh cdng vpng vi cam kit htfdng tdi chit lupng (trong dd v i hay thit bfl, chl cd nhdng kinh nghlfm hpc dupc VHCL dupe xem li sau so vdl OBCL vi hinh thinh khia Cfnh tim If d l cfp sy hiiu biit, tfnh linh hoft vin hda d n phii cd thdi gian dii d i mpi ngudi y tham gia, hi vpng vi cim xde) Thd hai, yfu tf clu trde quin II vdi quy trinh thdc dupe nhifm vy vi trich nhifm cdng vifc, thim nhuln tu tudng chit lupng glio dye edng lim dupe xic dfnh nhim ning eao chit lUpng vi nf lye vifc vi cdng chung sf ng vdi nd nhUng hinh thinh phfii hpp thyc hlfn (trong dd d l cfp nhifm vy, tilu eo chi, blfn phip thl sy cudng bde i p dft bufc chuin vi trich nhifm cda d nhin, don vf, dfch vy) d c tn/dng phii lim nhudp trin ban hinh d c quyit (Xem hinh 2) Quan diim cda nhilu tie gii cho thiy VHCL gin dfnh OBCL kiim dfnh chit lupng, phii cd hf thfng kit chit chl vdi vin Vin hda Chit Itfpng hda tfi chde xiy dyng VHCL trin nin ting vin hda tfi chdc hay ndi Cam kit chit lupng Quin if chit lUpng deh khic VHCL nim Ylu td vin hda Ylu tdk; thuft vin hda tfi chtirc CID dd d nhin: cam kit phin Nhu chdng ta di biit, Cic cdng ey vi co chl Si/thong tin vin hda tfi chdc bf inh diu di dft dupe chit lupng dido ludng, dinh gii, Sdtham gla htfdng rit Idn td cic tiiu Clo dd tip thl: thii df cda dim bio vi ning cao Niem tin vin hda tfi chdc mfi d nhin gdp phin gia chit Itfpng (vin hda nhdm, vin hda tang chit lupng don vf, ), vl vfy, xiy dyng VHCL mpt -*• Ttfdtfdilln tfi chdc li cdng vifc rit Ttf trin xufng TfO dilu kifn thufn Ipi khd khin d i dfng nhit mpi hoft dfng tf Hinh 2: Qudn H chit lugng vi Vdn hda chit lugng chdc nhim muc dich (Oiuyin thi tO EUA-2006 m) StfH-TlUNB11/Zn2*23 yjNGlrtNCaU ning cao chit lupng giio due Hon nda, thay doi v l quan trpng cda cdng tic OBCL ddi vdl cic hoft dfng mat vin hda ddi hdi phii cd sy dng hd, dfng thuan, nhi tmdng cdng nhu vile chdng minh ring hp dfng ldng cua tat d mpi ngtfdl to chdc nhung dang thyc hlfn tdt edng tie OBCL dd tmdc tiln ii d e d p linh dao tfi chdc, triln khai - Dfi ngd cin bp nhin viln d tit ci d c elp theo deh tHp d n td trin xuf ng nhi tmdng can hpe iidi eic phuong thde hifu qui Cic hoft ddng DBCL nhU dinh gii giing viln, nhat vile thiit kl, dua vio ip dung vi vfn hinh dinh gii ngUdi hpe ba edng khaL tat ci diu phii mpt hf thfng OBCL bin hllu qui vi hdu hllu quy chuin thinh thdi quen d l dan hinh thinh nin - Phii tim dtfpc blfn phip khkh If d c trudng gii trf vin hda, ludn ludn phii dmh hinh, thudng tmc dfi hpe hole ed thi bit budc cic tmdng dua vio ip suy nghi cic hoft dfng dd ii cda mpi ngudi chd dyng hf thfng OBCL bin khdng eda rilng Olu tiln, hat nhin li d c quylt - Can cd nhilu thio luin hon nda v i •} nghia eda djnh, quy djnh td bin ngoii (Bd Giio due vi Dio tf o, VHCL nha tmdng va cich thde d l dat dupe dilu chuin vdng, ehuin khu vye chuin qufe tl, ), sau dd niy, vdi sy tham gia cda dfi difn td trudng dfi hpc vi eic tmdng bit bufc phii thyc hiln dinh gii v i td cic bd nganh chd quin Vife lim niy ed thi tin din din nhfn thdc cda mpi ngudi tf chdc dupc kim nhiiu thdi gian hon so vdi vifc tfi elide dc khfa khie siu hinh thinh nin gii tri vin hda tap huln, dio tfo viOBCL bin Mfi quan h i glCra OBCL v i VHCL Cdng quan diim vdi TS Richard Lewis, PGS TS VI CO bin, VhlCL li mft yfu tf quan trpng Ngd Doan Dai ndi v l d e ylu tfi d n thilt cho vile xiy hi thfng OBCL GI3DH Vile hinh thinh VHCL cd till dyng vi phit triln VHCL cdng tic quin If ludn xuit phit td d c hoft dfng DBCL vi VHCL dUpc nghi v l toin bd h i thfing, val trd eda d p quin II cao djnh hinh till quay lfi tie dfng din hoft ddng OBCL nhit xic djnh cic gii trj mpi ngUdI d n chia si; TS VO Cd thi ndi diy li mdi quan hf hai chilu vi tic dfng Thj Phuong Anh nhin dinh"MilquanhiglOaVHCLvd tieh eye qua lfi VI gde df li thuylt vin hda li dfng ea du OBCL bin Id mil quan hf hOu ea vd ph lyc eda mue tilu phit triin, li hf thfng cic gii trj, dc thude lin nhau"v) co d u OBCL bin si khdng tao ehuin mye muc tilu mi ngUdi cdng thdng nhlt chit lupng bin vCmg nfu khdng cdVIHCL, nhUng co dfng thufn vdl qui trinh hinh thinh vin clu OBCL cd thi tao d c thdi quen, sy mong dpL vi hda Trong giai doan hinh thinh vi phit triln hf thfing gii trj chung mi mpi ngudi cung chia sl;TS Nguyin DBCL giio dye tfi Vift Nam, ed thi ndi DBCL gdp phin Kim Dung -TS Ll Vin Hio eho ring d i xiy dyrig vi djnh hinh VHCL ngupc lfi VHCL dupe hinh thinh gdp phit triin VHCL tmdng dai hpe, tmdc hit phii phin diy mfnh hoft dfng DBCL (Xem hinh 3) thay dfii tu d p lanh dfo, sau dd xie djnh vj trf cda VHCL xiy dyng hf thdng cie gii trf vi chfnh sich Djahhlnli triln khaL triin khai dfng bd cic hoft dfng vi tao si/ VANH6A DAMBAO dfng thufn d n bd, giing vlln, ngUdi hpc [1], Diy mfnh CHATLtTlTNG CHATLITQING Nfi dung nghiln cdu vf mfi liln quan giOa OBCL vi VHCL ehua dupe quan tim nhHu, chd ylu nghiln Hinh 3:MH quan hi hdtiiggiOaDBCL vd VHCL cdu nghiing vf OBCL hole VHCL chUa thiy dtfpc mil liln quan ehft chl, sU gin kit nhit djnh mang tfnh Nhfn djnh cdaTS Rkhard Lewis [1] vl dc trUdng ling budc gida DBCL v i VHCL nhlt li mfi quan hf dfi hpc tfi Vift Nam "khdng phii mpi ngUdi diu thda gida hoft ddng OBCL vi sy hinh thinh VHCL nhfn y nghia quan trpng cda OBCL vi ci lanh cic tmdng dai hpc tai Vilt Nam dfo nhilu tmdng cdng khdng coi DBCL li mdt hoft Bii vilt "Sy gin kit gida OBCL vdl xiy dyng VHCL dfng quan trpng", dilu niy cho ehdng ta thiy nhilu tmdng dfi hpc" eda PGS TS Nguyin Phuong tmdng dfi hpc vin chUa nhfn thde dupc tim quan Nga trinh biy t f ng quan v l mfi liln hf, sy gin kit trpng cda hf thfng DBCL hay ndi cich khic chua thi gida OBCL vi VHCL d d c mft kf hofch chiln lUpe hlfn dtfpc VHCL tfi chdc Trong dfc dilm cda md hinh tfi chdc, lanh df o, cin bf, giing viln, ngUdl VHCL dng d i df cfp din sy chia si, li dfc diim quan hpc, dfi tic bin ngoil vi moi liln hf gida hp [3] trpng d l ning cao chit Itfpng, cdng ginh vie Tdm lfi, hinh thinh, hoft dfng, trt vi phit trich nhifm vi cdng phit triin nhU chia si sd triin OBCL vi VHCL tmdng dfl hpc li efng vifc hCru chit lupng bin trong, chia si kinh nghlfm, chia rSt quan trpng xu thl phit triin glio dye dfl hpc sf vdl CO quan bin ngoiL Ngoil ra, dng cdn d l xuit toin d u Of hinh tiiinh vi phit triin bin vCmg, miSi vifc d n tiin hinh d i phit triin tuong lai: trtfdng dai hpc d n phii hofch dfnh, xiy dyng chiln - Cic tmdng dfi hoc dfc bift li lanh dfo d c Itfpc OBCL giio dye vi triin khai cic hoft dfng OBCL tn/dng dfi hpc phii thda nhin sy d n thilt vi tam liln n^e d i din hinh thinh vi xiy dyng VHCL phd hpp 24*auifcaAiivc NGMCNCduQ vdi CO c h i , CO e l u hiln tai, chpn thdi d i i m thkh hpp cdng nhu djnh hudng chiin lupc ngin, tmng hole d i i hfn g i n vdi I f trinh OBCL chung cda h i thfng giio dye d i t nude nhim mye tHu ning eao v i liln tyc eii tiin chit lupng giio due tmdng dai hpe T A I LltU THAM K H A O Cyc Khio thi v i Kiim dinh chit lUpng giio dye, Xdy dung he thdng ddm bdo chdt lugng vd vdn hda chdt lugng bin ede trudng dgi hgc, Tii lilu Tfp h u l a TP Vinh, 22-24/02/2012 Cyc Khio thi v i Kiim djnh chit lupng giio dy c, Vin hda chit lugng vd vai trd hogt ddng da tmng tdm ddm bdo chit lugng trudng dgi hgc, Tii lilu Tip h u l a TR O i Ning, 03/2009 external quality assurance systems, External quality assurance: options for higher education managers, 2007 Egle Katiliute and Bronius Neverauskas, Deveploment of quality culture In the universitys, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania, 2009 European University Association, Quality Culture In European Universities: A Bottom-Up Approach, Report on the three rounds of the quality culture project 2002 - 2006,2006 Lee Harvey and Bjorn Stensaker, Quality Culture: understandings, boundaries and Hnkages, European Joumal of Education, VoL 43, No.4, Blaekwell Publishing Ltd, 2009 SUMMARY Nowadays, quality assurance Is maintained during the course of development and renomtion of education among universities The constant conduct of quality assurance process wiH help to formulate cultural values regarding quality, a very Imponant factor in strengthening Phfm Xuin Thanh, Xdy dung hi thing ddm quality assurance In an aim to constantly imprme and bdo chit lugng bin trudng dgi hgc trin Id trinh strengthen education qualify In universities The paper has hinh thdnh vdn hda chdt lugng da nhd trudng, Cyc analyzed some key issues pertinent to qualify assurance; KT&KOCLGD, Bf Giio dye v i O i o t f o, 2009 qualifyeultur^ the relationship between qualify assuraice UNESCO, Module 1: Making basic choices for and quality culture In universities Cyc Khio thi v i Kiim djnh chit lupng glio dye - Dy i n Giio due Dfi hpe 2, Chl sd thUc hlin ddm bio chit lugng gido due dgi hgc vd tdng cudng ndng luc dio hfthingddm bdo chit lugng gido due da nhd tn^mg.Tii lifu Hfi tfiio-Tip h u l a TR Cin Tho, 14-16/10/2011 iiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiniiMiniiiiiiiiiMniiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiinimiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiu DdNG LUC VA CAC GlAl PHAP (Tifptiieotrang 21) O i ting cudng dfng lyc hpc t f p cho HS tiiu hpc, THCS v i THPT, giio viln v i cha mp HS d n nghiln cdu v i dng dyng d c giii phip khic nhau: Sddung d c hinh thde khoi dfy d e lofI dfng lyc khie d HS bing vife khfch If hay khen thudng kjp thdi; Tim hllu nguyin nhin hpc kim d HS bing cic phuong phip kiim soit dfng lyc hpe tfp; Sd dyng hifu ting eda tic dpng qua lfi gida kit q u i hpc t f p vdi dfng lyc hpe t i p d hpc sinh; TSng cudng dfng lyc hpc t f p d HS dya vio d e nhu d u - mong muf n cy t h i ; Cic glil phip cy t h i tiong Idp hpc gidp glio vHn ting cufng dfng lyc hpc t f p nfi tfi d HS; Cie giii phip cy t h i Idp hpc gidp giio viln ting ctfdng dfng lyc b i n ngoii d HS Quin If giio dye sf 36, thing 5/2012 Reiss, S (2004) Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires Review of General Psychology, 8,179-193 Huitt W., & Hummel, J (1997a) An introduction to classical (respondent) conditioning Educational Psychotogy Interactive Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University Retrieved from http^/www edpsyelnteractive.org/topics/behavior/clasxnd.html Fran ken, R (2006) Human motivation (6th ed.) Fterence, KY: Wadsworth iXvecK C (1986) Motivational processes affedng leamlng American Psychok>gist 41(10), 1040104a TAILI$UTHAMKHAO Nguyin Nghia Din, Ofng Igc bin da glio dgc Nghiln cdu glio dye 12/1995/, tr.S H f Vift Luong, O f t phd ddi mdi cdn bdn quan nlfm khoa hgc nghlin cOu sgthdc diy hgc tdp dHS THCS: Ddng ll/c thdc diy hgc t^p thay vl ddng ca, Kl yiu Hfi thio khoa hpc cic giii phip d f t p h i dfii mdi can b i n v i toin difn n i n giio dye Vift Nam, Thii Nguyla thing 6/2012 Hf Vift Luong, Ofng Igc hgc tdp vd Cdc gidi phdp tdng cudng ddng Igc hgc tdp da HS THCS, Tf p chi SUMMARY The driving forces for leamers are always the first md foremost factors with direct impacts on leamlng qualify Increasing driving forces for leamlng Is one ofthe fundamental solutions to enhandng education quality The paper has presented 1/ some concepts on driving forces and driving forces for learning; 2/ intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of driving forces for learning; Some measures suggested for Inaeasing driving forces for learning among students ttfN-nUMii/znz*2S ... chd cda d c tmdng d n vi nhim mye dkh dft dupc kit qui khie thudng''thl dupc chuyin thinh VHCL bin trong, deh tifp efn VHCL li yiu tf kkh hoft sil dyng hpp 11 d c ngufin VHCL trudng din din hinh... nilmtin,kl Tfp tmng vio d c qui trinh; 6/ Khdng cd thinh cdng vpng vi cam kit htfdng tdi chit lupng (trong dd v i hay thit bfl, chl cd nhdng kinh nghlfm hpc dupc VHCL dupe xem li sau so vdl OBCL vi... eao chit lUpng vi nf lye vifc vi cdng chung sf ng vdi nd nhUng hinh thinh phfii hpp thyc hlfn (trong dd d l cfp nhifm vy, tilu eo chi, blfn phip thl sy cudng bde i p dft bufc chuin vi trich nhifm