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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF IINUE Education Science, 2013, Vol, 58, No 4, pp, 34 44 This paper is available online at hllp //stdb,hnue edu vn LEARNING ECOSYSTEM HE SINH THAI HOC TAP NHIN Ti; Li THUYET HOC T[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF IINUE Education Science, 2013, Vol, 58, No 4, pp, 34-44 This paper is available online at hllp://stdb,hnue edu.vn LEARNING ECOSYSTEM - HE SINH THAI HOC TAP NHIN T i ; Li THUYET HOC TAP KE i' NOl VA Ll THUYET HE THONG Nguyfin Manh Hung Trung tdm Cdng nghe Tbung lin, Truimg Dgt bgc Supbani Hd Nui Tom tat L.i thiiyll hoc lap kit ndi (Connectivism) md each nhin mdi ve hoc lap dua viio cic kit noi ma khdng dua vao noi dung; va sU van ddng cuia in thflc kit ndi (connective knowledge), Khai niem mdi trudng sinh thai hoc tap (Learning Ecology) md rong moi IrUtfng lioe tap cd dien theo trUdng ldp mdi trUbng rong Idn hdn vdi tap hop cae he thing li luan phuong phap hoc tap trien khai hpc tap nhb sU ket ndi vdi internet Biii viet phal tnen mo hinh niiy vii de xuat md hinh he smh thai hoc tap mdi, la mang cac he thdng lac nhan hoc tap tri thflc hoc tap, cdng nghe hoc tap va ngii canh hpc tap TU khda: Li thuyet hoc tap kit ndi (connectivism), mdi trUdng sinh thai hoc tap (leaming ecology), he sinh thai hoc tap (learning ecosystem) Md dau Giao due ndi chung va hoc tap ndi rieng tfl trfldc ldi va Irong tfldng lai ludn lii dl tai nong cua ca xa hdi, nhll la thdi ki thdng tin md nhu hien Hoc tap ldt ludn la tieu chi phin dau cho lit ca cac ca nhan Irong xa hdi Trong thdi ki xa hdi hoa hoc tap va kinh tl tri thflc nhfl ngiiy nay, hoc tap khdng chi bang ndi luc ciia ca nhan, ma cdn nhd su kit ndi ciia rlt nhieu yeu td - ngudi hoc, ngUdi day, ban be cac nhdm cgng ddng, cac mang ket ndi, edng viec, dgng lflc lam li, mdi irUdng hoc lap vdi cac he Ihdng hd trd sach vd, thfl vien, va nhll la the gidi sd hda Iren internet Bai viit trinh bay cac y Ifldng ve mdi trfldng hoc tap va he sinb thai hgc lap dfla tren li thuyel he thdng, H thuylt hoc tap kel ndi v;i in Ihflc kit ndi 2.1 Noi dung nghien cu'u M o hinh \i thuyet ciia moi trtfdng sinh thai h o c tap Vice hoc tap tfl xua gin lien vdi cac khai niem cd ban: thly - trd, trudng - ldp, sach - vd, hoc hanh - thi cfl Mdi IrUdng hoc lap Iruyen Ihdng trUdng - ldp, thly - trd vin Ngaynhanbai 18-8-2012 Ngay ch^p nhan dang'2S-3-201.1 Lien he- Nguyen Manh Hiing e-mail thuykhite424@yahoo.com Learning Ecosystem - he sinh thdi hoc tap nhin tif li thuyit hoc tap kit noi la chfl yeu cho din l i t ca cac cai liln, ddi mdi vl day va hgc, suy cho cung vin ddng khung cac cap pham tru tren, Irong mpt khdng gian chinh la trfldng - ldp Ndi theo li thuyet he thdng, nhflng he Ihdng dn dinh, nhflng he thdng rlt ldn nhfl he Ihdng giao due vdi dac trflng trudng - ldp, cd dac linh chung la mgi thay ddi cin thdi gian dai va cac nd luc thay ddi du ldn, tfl ben trong, cung nhfl tfl ben ngoai Nhu vay, nlu ehiing ta vin chi xac dinh khong gian hgc tap la trudng - Idp, thi cac ddi mdi vl li thuylt hgc lap ndi chung cac phfldng phap day hpc, phUdng phap hgc lap ndi neng, la chfla du Viec nghien cflu theo phfldng phap luan he Ihdng (systemic approach) va cac xu hudng giao due hien dai, la cin Ihill cho cac cai tien va ddi mdi cho giao due va hoc tap hien Bai vill cua tac gia Li ihuyet Hgc lap Kit ndi (Siemens, 2008, [9]) da trinh bay vl cac clu true va khdng gian mdi cua hgc lap, cac anh hudng mang tinh he thdng cua tri thflc kit ndi, chu nghia kit ndi va hpc tap kit ndi mang Cung bai nay, tac gia da dua md hinh hoc tap mdi cho trudng hgc, dUa tren mpt sO dd long quat cua mdi trUdng sinh thai hgc tap (Learning Ecology) Ihdi ki internet, cac vung hgc lap, cac nhdm va mang hoc tap Mdi trfldng sinh thai hgc tap dua md hinh tdng quat vdi cac phan dUdc ket ndi vdi nhU sau: - Hgc tap chinh thflc (formal) - Cpng ddng hpc tap - He Ihdng hd trd nang cao hieu qua hpc tap - Trai nghiem, trd chdi vii md phdng hpc lap - Hgc tap phi chinh ihflc (informal) - Tfl hoc - Tfl van va hoc nghe Cac Ihanh phan dd lien kit mdi trfldng vdi cac ylu id: - Bd lpc cho hpc tap: cac gia Iri hoc tap, cac niem tin, va trien vong - muc dich, nhu clu Igi ich hoc tap - Cac chilu cua hoc tap: hoc de bilt, hoc de lam, hpc de sdng, hgc lai dau, hoc de ehuyen doi - Cac khai niem, pham tru hgc tap: dfl lieu, thong tin, tri thflc, y nghia, hieu bilt, sfl thdng thai Viec thuc hien hoc tap thong qua: ngdn ngfl, cong cu phfldng tien hoe tap, edng nghe Mdt mdi trfldng sinh thai, Iheo nghia d day la mdi trudng nudi dUdng va hd trd sU lap va phat trien cac cpng ddng, mang lUdi Nhfl vSy, ldp hgc truyin thdng la mdt mdi trudng sinh thai hpc tap, vdi mdt khdng gian ddng kin, va clu true phan he chat che: ngudn tri thflc va chu the day hgc la ngfldi thly, vdi mdt cdng ddng nho ngudi hpc ddng dang; cac ngi dung day hpc dfldc quy dinh chat che Ngfldc Iai, internet la mol vi du mdi trfldng sinh thai rdng ldn, md va da dang, cho phep sfl sang tao cua ngfldi Iham gia hpc tap Nlu mdi trfldng sinh thai hpc tap la khdng gian nudi dfldng va hd trd hoc tap, thi 35 Nguyfin Manh Iiiing mang hoc Idp Id cdu triic hoc tap, cae ket ndi hen kel giii'a cac phdn khong" gian hoc tap Mang hoc tap sinli khong gian hoc tdp va ca hai hfi tro, tao su sdng tao hoc tap Nhflng nghien cflu giin day vc li thuyfit mang (xa hdi, smh hpc, loan hoc, gido due) (Barahasi, 21)02 Walts 2003; Wollnian, 1999; Siemens, 2006 (9]; DovKnes, 2012 [3]) da dfla cac mo hinh mang, dac tinh phal trifi'n va xu hudng hoat dong cua mang Irong cdc linh vflc cu Ihc dd, ndi rieng giao due, Iri thiJc ket noi mang vd sfl hlnh va van hdnh cac mang IflSi hgc tap la die'm nhan chinh xu hudng phdt trie'n hoc tdp hien dai Mol die'iii nhdn manh Irong nidi IrUdng sinh thai htjc tap hifin dai la sU thay do'i ve tfl sfl pham cua viec tham gia gidng day va hoc tap, noi dung day va hoe, quan he giiia ngudi hoc - ngUdi day - khoa - bo mdn - trfldng Nhung doi mdi phflOng phap gidng day theo quan difi'm thiet kc bdi giang, ting dung cdng nghe, s6 hda bdi gidng, flng dung cac he thong e-learning (he qudn Iri dao tao) nhu la ban dien tfl cua cdu trtic ldp hoc, vdn chi ddng khung khong gian Idp hoc truyen thong, dd chfla cd cac tdc ddng manh tdi kcl qua hoc tdp ndi chung "Vific sii dung cdc phuong phdp sfl phain gdn vdi eong nghe xay dflng bdi giang mdi, luy vay, chfla nhdn dfldc cdc ket qua ro rfit" (Davidovitch, 2007) Chi vdi su xuat hifin cua cdc phudng phdp su pham gdn \di web 2,0 dfla khdng gian va cach Ihflc lifin kfit mdi giang day va hoc tdp, thi sfl doi mdi vd sdng tao mdi thflc sfl rd ret (Barnett, 2004 Downes, 2008; OECD, 2007; Siemens, 2008) Theo dd, sfl da dang ve quan difi'm, y IUdng, sfl sang lao chti ddng ciia ngudi hoc se ddng gdp ndi dung ctia qua trinh day va hoc Nhu vdy, vdl sfl bung nci cua Ifldng tri thflc, sfl van ddng nhanh cua tri thflc kel noi, sU phflc hdp cua hoc tdp hicn nay, vdi stt ddi cua cac cdng nghfi Web 2.0, vific md rpng mdi trUdng sinh thai hoc tdp gan vdi cdc khong gian vd cau true hoe lap mdi, phflOng phap su pham mdi vfi tham gia day \'d hoe la ket qua cua sU chuyen dich \e giao due, dap flng nhu cdu gido due phflc hdp, da dang hda xd hpi hda ngdy nav 2,2, He sinh thai hoc tap Theo nhu cau md rdng khdng gian vd cdu liuc cua hoc tap, cung vdi md hinh moi trfldng sinh Ihdi hoc tdp td'ng quai nhfl trinh bdy d trfin, mdt loat nhflng rad hinh moi trfldng cdng nghe cho hoc tap, duoc mpt sd tat gia ddng thdi dua dudi khdi nicm hfi sinh Ihai hoc tap - Learning l-cosyslcni Mark Berthelcmy (2010,11]), sfl dung khdi mem cco.syslem til sinh vdl hoc de" dinh nghia he sinh thdi hoc tdp, vdi y chinh la cho hoc tap tai ndi lam \ iec Tfldng tu, khai nifim he sinh thdi sd, bddc he smh thai K-lcarning - Digital/ELearning Ecosystem dfldc sfl dung nhfl ldng mang mdy linh trfin Internet (Chang va West, 2006; Holey vd Chang, 2007; Briscoe vd De Wilde, 2008; Bo, 2009; Briscoe va Marinos, 2009); hodc nhfl mo hinh sinh thai cho hoc lap va giang day (Frielick, 2004); nhfl Id tdng e-learning (GutI va Chang 2008); hoac nhfl la sti trie'n khai e-learning (Uden, Wangsa et al., 2007), hodc nhfl mdt cdng eu h5 trd hpc tap (Ficheman and de Deus Learning Eco.sysiem - he sinh thdi hgc tdp niim tif H thuyil hoc tap kit noi , Lopes 2008) Trong [8J, lac gia md ta he sinh thai hoc lap nhu he thdng lien kit cac ca nhan, nhdm, mang hoc lap mdi trfldng cdng nghe va Inlernel, cung vdi eae dac linh ve san pham giao due, vdng ddi, sfl lien kel, kit ndi mang, sfl van dgng Iri thflc Y tfldng cua he sinh thai hgc tap la: - La he thdng nudi dfldng va phal Irien cae ca nhan, nhdm, mang hgc lap - La he Ihdng md ta mang linh Irien khai dfldc Irong thflc le - La mat ciii cfla mdi trfldng sinh thai hoc lap long quai ibdng qua mdi trudng kit ndi mang Khac vdi moi IrUdng sinh thai hpc tap (Learning Lcology) nhan manh tdi mang hpc tap, vdi dac tinh cfla mang ludi la sU linh hoat, tfl Iri, binh dang, hdn mang, tu dieu ehinh (Downes, [3]), he sinh thai hpc tap nhin manh ldi linh he thdng va mdi trUdng cdng nghe cho he thdng - la yeu td giup cho kha nang trien khai Ihflc te 2.3 M o hinh he sinh thai hoc tap Dua tren nhflng khai niem cua li Ihuyll he thdng [10] va khai niem mang va nhdm [3;396] md hinh cua he sinh thai hoc tap dfldc dl xuil nhu la mang cac he thdng kit ndi vdi 2.3.1 Cac he thdng chu the hoc tap Ca nhan ngfldi hoc, giao vien dudc id chflc nhdm hoac mang Nhdm thich hdp vdi viec hgc chinh khda, nhung hoat ddng chinh thflc hoac ngoai khda nhung theo su hudng dan ciia giao vien hoac ngUdi hgc la lanh dao nhdm; nhdm thudng cd pham vi hep cho cac hoat dong cd kiem soat, cd clu true va dinh hfldng rd rang Trong dd, mang thich hdp vdi viec hgc phi chinh thflc, vdi cac hinh thflc kil ndi iri thflc binh dang, sfl lim tdi nghien cflu, hoc lap nang cao, hoc tap Iheo nhu elu Mang cho phep md rdng d pham vi rgng rai, tfl phat, khdng gidi ban vl khdng gian va elu true Vl dll Ngudi hoc, nhdm ngfldi hoc, mang lUdi ngUdi hoc, giao vien, nhdm giao vien, mang ludi cac giao vien, ldp hoc, bd mdn, khoa, trfldng, Cac he thdng cd the mang linh phan he vi du nhfl ngUdi hgc - nhdm - ldp - trudng, ngUdi hgc - mang Ifldi, giao vien - bp mdn, bd mdn - khoa; hoac cd the la ddng dang nhu ngUdi hoe - ngfldi hoc, nhdm - nhdm, ldp - ldp, giao vien - ngUdi hoe, hoac ed the la phflc hdp nhfl nhdm - mang ngUdi hoc - bd mdn, day cd sfl thay ddi, dich chuyen khai niem ngUdi hoc \i\ ngudi day NgUdi hoc ban than tham gia qua trinh tao tri thi?c Ihdng qua cac tinh hudng hpc lap nhu hoi thao, trao ddi, diln dan, bai tap nhdm, tieu luan, nhan xel, dfl an; hoac Ihdng qua cac hinh thflc xult ban/chia se tri thflc nhfl blog, wiki, dien dan, irang web ca nhan, Theo quan diem kit ndi ngfldi hoc, ngudi day, ban than ngfldi hpc trd ihanh ngUdi day Irong cac he thdng nhdm, mang Ifldi hgc tap va ngfldi day cd the trd ngudi hoc cac linh hudng khac 37 Nguyfin Manh Hiing 2.3.2 Cac he th6ng tri thiic hoc tap Cac he thflng Iri thflc hoc tdp dfldc id chflc Ihanh nhom hoac mang tri thiic lien kh: chfldng irinh, bdi giang, sach gido khoa, tai lieu thfl vien, Iri Ihflc tren mang, tn Ihflc cua ngfldi day tri thflc eua ngUdi hoc, tri thflc cua nhom, Iri thflc cua mang, Cac noi dung/In thflc hpc tap ndy eung cd Ihe' mang tinh phdn he, dflng ddng hoac phflc hdp, va mang tinh dong, md, hoae linh vd ddng Ngudn tri thflc Id phflc hdp Tii cac tri Ihflc han lam, chinh thdng phuc vu hoc Idp ehinh thflc cdc chuyen gia dfla ra, Idi cdc tri Ihflc kfit noi nhfl la ket qua sing lao ttt qua Irinh suv nghi, kfit nfli cdc ngufln tri Ihflc ngfldi hoc tao Cac he thong tn thflc cung dUde kfit nfli vdi lad cac he Ih6.ng In Ihflc lai ghep Vi dii vung In thflc xa hoi ket nfli vdi vung tri thflc mang Ifldi tao vung tri Ihflc mdi mang xa hpi; vung Iri thflc tin hpc kel hdp vdi vung Iri thflc sinh hpc tao tri Ihflc tin-sinh 2.3.3 Cac he thong cong nghe hoc tap Kfit nfli Iheo nhdm cdng cu/he thong hoac theo mang: mang Internet, he thflng e-learning 1.0, he thflng e-learning 2.0, cac phdn mem hfl trp hpc tap, cac cong cu lira kifim/tra cflu Iren mang Internet, phdn mfim mfl phdng, Ihuc tai do, Cac phSn chinh Sl/ tham gia ThcJi gian xay dUng DodaidcJn vihoc tap Hinh thiic cung cap noi dung Truy cap noi dung hoc tap Tiic gia noi dung Bdng E'learning LO va E-learning 2.0 E-Learning 2.0 E-Learning 1.0 - Cac he tn thiJc md Wiki, vi du Wikipedia, Wikiuniversiiy - Bai giang s6 hoa - Cac he quan iri hoc tap (LMS) vi - Cac mang xa hoi vi du Facebook, Twiuer du Moodle, Blackboard - Cac he thong quan tn noi dung hoc - Cac cong cu ghi chii / danh dau (bookmarking) tap (LMCS), vf du Zoomla Drupal - Cac cdng hpc tap (Learning Portal) - Cac cong cu xuat ban (Blog), - Cac cong cu quang ba (Podcasting), - Cac cong cu lao bai giang - Cac dien dan (Forum) Tu dudi len tren Tif tren xuong, mol chieu phan he, • Do ngiffii hoc dan dat cong lac Hoc tap binh dang Lau Nhanh chong 15-60 phiit -.S phijt Mot lan/ nhieu lan Khl nao co nhu clu Thong qua he LMS, LMCS hoac c6ng hoc tap, Email, Intranet, Cong cu tim kiem, cong cii thu thap (RSS feeder) Ngudi sif dung, ngubi hoc, chuyen gia, Chuyen gia, tci chile Learning Ecosystem ~ he sinh thdi hoc tap nhin lit li thuyel hgc tap kit ndi 2.3.4 he thong ngG canh hoc tap (learning context) Hgc tap li thuyet, hpc tap khai niem, hgc tap ky nang, thUc hanh, bai tap tinh hudng thuc te, bai tap nhdm, se-mi-na, trinh diln, lieu Iuan, phan bien, nhan xel, tra cflu tai Heu, , Ngfl canh hoc lap cd Ihe hieu la tSp hdp cac hoan canh, irudng hdp, tinh hudng lien quan tdi viec hgc tap gSn vdi nhu cau [4, 128] Ngfl canh quan he vdi ngi dung va ngudi hgc chat che Khai niem ngfl canh cd the hieu rdng hOn chinh la cac tUdng tac [4; 128] hoac nhu la kha nang tUdng lac/hen ket cac sU kien va dieu kien khac t3di vdi ddi tUdng hoc lap [2] Viec thigt ke ngfl canh hpc lap cd ibe IhiTc hien theo cac md hinh li thuySl khac nhau, nhfl li thuyel mang lac nhan (actor network) [5], hoac Iheo ngdn ngfl mlu tinh hudng (pattern language) (Alexander, 1977) Cac he thdng ndi tren se dudc ket ndi vdi mol each phflc hdp he Ihdng ldn hdn, vi du he thdng bp mdn se gdm: cac nhdm giao vien - cac nhom hoc sinh - cac bai giang bp mdn - cac npi dung hpc sinh tao thdng qua tieu luan, bai lap nhdm - he e-tearning 1.0 va 2,0 cua bd mdn - tri thflc md tren Internet Cac he Ihdng cung cd the ket ndi theo mang ludi vdi tinh tfl do, linh hoat va binh dang 2.4 Thiet ke he sinh thai hoc tap Theo md hinh cua he sinh thai trinh bay d cac phkn tren, vdi cac nguyen li ctia li thuyet he thdng, thiel ke cfla he sinh thai hoc tap dUdc chia eac phan sau: 2.4.1 Thiet kk chu the Mdt ehu the d day, rd rang la ngudi hgc Triel Ii lay ngUdi hoc la trung tam cfla he thdng giao due mdi trd nen rd net thdi gian gkn day, nhat la d Viet Nam su dich chuyen mdi chi dang d dang md hinh Ii thuyet va thfl nghiem Mdt he sinh thai hpe tap gSn vdi ca nhan ngfldi hgc dudc the hien khai niem he sinh Ihai hoc tap ca nhan (tUdng tu nhu khai niem mdi trfldng hoc tap ca nhan - PLE - Personal Learning Environment (Downes, 2012 [3]) Sau day la mdt sd liet ke cho thiet ke chti the ngudi hoe theo md hinh he thdng, input - process - output - feedback Bang Tien chi thiet ke chii the theo li thuyet he thong MiJc ngKd hoc Dau vao Qua trinh xijf li Dau Nhirng yeu td anh hudng tdi - Chuong trinh hpc tap cap hay ca nhan, co sci hay nang cao, chung hay chuyen - Ket qua, kie'm tra, Ihl, an - XuSt ban tri thu'c: luan van tieu luan cong trinii nghien Cliu nhan xet, y ki8n - Sii thoa man ca nhan - Sir khich le tinh thSn, thu'c, nhu cSu ca nhan, muc dich, muc Ueu hoc tap khoa, ngoai khoa, thi/c hanh - Hoat dong hoc tap: nghe giang, thao luan, tieu luan, thuc hanh, kiem Ira, thi, ting dung, nghien ciJu, W hpc Phan hoi va kiem soat - Su phat trie'n ve sif nghiep - Si( cong nhan, uy tin xa hoi - Mlic thoa man ca nhan Nguyin Manh Himg Mflc nhom nhom to chiic ngiid nhom, hen kel hoc noi bo - Mo hinh hoc tap: chinh khoa, ngoai khoa ihiic himh, dd an, phi chinh Ihiic - lioal dfing hoc ifip, lieu luan, thilc hiinh iJng dung, nghien cdu - Kk qua, b.u lap, dd an nhom - Xuc^t ban tri thtic: lieu luan, cong trinh dd an nghien ciJu - Phat trie'n nhdm - Cac kSt qua thiinh vien - Su cong nhan uy tin xa hoi - Li€n kil ben viing noi bo nhom - Anh hifdng tdi vien nhom Lien kcl Mlic mang, pham mang vi hen kel, ngub dong lUc lien hoc kei - Hoat dong: trao doi, chia se, cong bo iri thiic - Phal trien mang - Cac kCt qua cua mang, vien, mang - Sii cong nhan, uf tin xa hoi - Anh hifdng tdi thiinh vien mang Chung ta cung co Ihe thiel kc chu the Iheo li Ihuyet mang tac nhan vdi sU tham chieu ldi he thdng cdng nghe, hoac Iheo cac mo hinh ngfl canh 2.4.2 Thiet ke tri thuTc/noi dung hpc tap Bai viet khdng de cap vk mat ndi dung, cac phudng phap sU pham lien quan tdi Ihiet ke npi dung hpc lap, chi dUa mgl sd tieu chi Ihiet ke Iri ihflc hoc lap theo li Ihuyet he thdng: Bdng - Thiet ke tri Ihi'fc hpc tap theo li thuyet he thong Dau vao Qua trinh xiir If Dau Phan hoi va kiem soat - Md hinh hoc tap' chinh khoa, thuc hanh - Hoai dong hoc tap; nghe giang, thao luan, tieu luan, thiic hanh, kiem tra, ihi - Ket qua kiem Ira thi, d d a n luan van - Xuit ban tri thflc; luan van, tieu luan - Tn thiic cd sd nen tang - Sii phat trien ve hoc tap cd ban - Kha nang van dung cupc sfing Phuc vu nhu cau hoc tap chinh thtic Nhu c5u hoc lap nang cao tri Ihiic ban than - Md hinh hoc lap, tii hoc theo nhu c3u, hoc lap cdng dfing, hen ket nhdm, lien ket mang - Horn dong hoc lap; nghien iciiu; dien dan hoc lap, nghien ciJu -Xu5t ban tn ihiic; cfing trinh, nghien Cliu phal bieu nhan xet Sang tao fri thtic Kel nfii mang llidi hoc tap - Hoai.dong' Irao doi, chia se, cdng bo tri thiic Tn ihiic chinh ihiic: sach giao khoa, giao trinh, bai giang, chuong trinh cap hoc, chUdng irinh hoc lap bat buoc Nhu cau dao lao cd ban, nen tang Tn thiJc khong chinh thiic Tri ihiic kh nfii - T n thiic chuyen sau, tn ihiic theo nhu c^u - Phat trien mang hoc lap - Kel qua nghien Cliu hoc tap - Sii cong nhan, uy tin xa hfii, - Kha nang van dung thuc te - SiJ cong nhan, uy tin xa hoi - Phat trien ui thfic chung Chiing ta cung co the thift ke tri thiJc hoc tap theo cac each tiep can, phuong phap 40 Learning Ecosystem - he sinh tluii hgc tap niim tii ti llmyet hgc tap kel not li thuyel khac nhu li thuyel hanh vi, li thuydt kidn tao, li thuydt kfit ndi, li thuyel ngfl canh, 2.4.3 Thict Ite ngu* canh hoc tap Thidl ke ngfl canh hoc tap la Iinh vUc dUpc cac nha nghien cflu chu y va thflc hien cac nghien cflu tfl nhflng nam cudi Ihc ki XX Dau lien la cac nghien cflu xung quanh vSn de thidt kd bai giang va phfldng phap truydn lai ngi dung (instruction design) Cac phUdng phap day hoc dtia ircn thiel ke bai giang sau dUOc nghien cflu theo Irfldng phai kien lao dfla vao cae ngfl canh vc nhu eSu phat trie'n va khich le ca nhan va mdt trfldng xa hdi, van hda (Vygolsky, 1978, Alexci Lcont'cv, Alexander Luria), cae linh hudng ngfl canh xa hpi va td chflc (Brown & Duguid, 1991; Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wcnger, 1998) Cac xu hfldng thidt kd ngfl canh sau dfldc phal tnen Ifl Ii thuyel mang lac nhan (actor network) Mang tac nhan la mang Ifldi da dang ciia cac mdi quan lam kdl noi cac lac nhan (con ngfldi hoac khdng phai eon ngudi) Trong Ii thuyet nay, tac nhan la phan ifl ngfldi hoac khdng - ngUdi (phUdng lien ky ihuat, cdng nghe), tham gia vao mol mang lUdi, tao cac mdi quan he phu thudc lan \a bien dich cac mdi quan lam va mong mudn ngdn ngfl phu hdp [6;20j, Mdt hudng ibiet kd ngfl canh nfla dfldc phat tnen tfl ngon ngfl tinh hudng mau (pattern language) C Alexander (1977) sang lao, Tmh hudng mau (pattern) dfldc xay dflng Iren cd sd ctia khai niem ngdn ngfl tinh hudng mdu (pattern language) nham giai quydt cac linh hudng miu xay dflng va kidn triic Sau dUdc ap dung rdng rai cac Iinh vUc khac ddi hdi sfl giai quyel cac van dc lap Iai mot each khudn mau Pattern md la mdt giai phap chung ddi vdi mot van dd nao dd thiet ke thudng dfldc "lap Iai" tnen khai Vice ap dung ngon ngfl mSu linh hudng viec thidt kd ngfl canh hpc lap dfla tren phan lich cac phan yeu td lien quan tdi mau linh hudng: cac mue tieu, didu kien moi Irfldng, cac hoat ddng, kho khan, trd ngai c k giai quydt, kdt ndi gifla eac chii the ngudi hoc, ngfldi day Ngfl eanh dfldc xay dflng cho tflng hoat ddng cii the nhfl giang bai Idp hoc truyen thdng, hoc tap tren mang, se-mi-na, thuc hanh, bai tap nhdm, , Dudi day la cac phin lien quan ldi xay dung ngfl eanh hgc lap, ma bai viet dUa nhfl la mdt sd tieu chi dinh hudng viec thiet ke ngfl canh: - Du kidn miic lieu kel qua hoc lap - Thidt lap ban chat cua cac nhiem vu hoc lap - Ddi sanh cac nhiem vu vdi cac phUdng tien hoc lap phu hdp - Xem xet nhu ciu, hd sd hoc tap ciia ngfldi hoc - Xac dinh khung hpc tap chung - Lfla chpn cae edng cu, khdng gian, he sinh thai hoe tap Van dd thidt kd ngfl canh cu the, khuon khd cfla bai viet se khong dfldc trinh bay d day Nguyen Manh Hung 2.4.4 Thiel kc cong nghe hoc tap lie llicmg cong nghe vfli moi trildng internet la yiu 16 chinh thiic day sU chuyen dich, md rflng khflng gian vii cJii Iriic ciia he sinh thai hpc tap, dflng thfli la phUflng tien cho thict ke he sinh thai hpc lap noi chung Chiing la CO Ihe lay e-learning 1.0/2.0 vfli nen lang web 2.0 va mot s6 phin ciia wch liim nCn tang cho he Ihflng cflng nghe hpc tap noi chung Bang dudi day mo la cue phfui ciia he thflng chung (img cii/thanh phan he cimg nghe hoc tap Mo tii M a t toi, tot cho Han che, He quan tri (noi dung} hoc lap Ban mo hinh hoc tap truySn thdng tren mang Hoc tap true tuydn, ldp hoc ao He thong tap trung, tao lap mot Jan Kha nang cap nhai, hen kit kem Tai hC'u hoc tap md dong g(Ji Iren web (sach Thli vien so hoa bin dien IU, tai lieu so) giang, lai lieu hoac theo chuan hoc lap Tai nguyen giao due nhif SCORM Cac ihanh mcl (OhRl phdn ciia OER co the tham khao [2], Hoc tap chinh thiic theo chiiOng trinh/khoa hoc Hi hoc theo cac chiidng trinh co san Ket hdp vdi cacheLMS/I.MCS He ih6ng lap Irung Khong lien ket va cap nhat He In ihiic ca n h a n / t a p Ihe blog Blog, web - blog - nhat k> ca nhan, cho phep dang lai cac bin viet theo chuyen nganh hoc lap iheo thdl gian co sU lien ket 1(^1 cac nguon in thiic lien quan, cho phep chia se, dong gop y kien Hoc tap phi chinh thiic nghien ciiu, cong bo in thiic, kel noi tri ihiic TrtJ giup bai giang chinh thilcHoc tiip chuyen siiu, niing cao Tinh he ihong khong cao Rui ro sil ti'ch ciic Iham gia tii phia ngiidi hoc He in ihiic chuyen nganh md wiki He tn thdc chuyen nganh dang bach khoa loan ihu ngiidi dung tao ra, theo dinh dang wiki, cho phep khoi lao, chinh siia, iru\ c;ip lim kiem lien ket cac nui dung TrO giup hoc lap theo tiing chuyen nganh Hoc tap lich cue iheo cach thiic phat men in thiic chuyen nganh Xii phia ngudi hoc Tim kiem t n ihiic Kha nang phat tnen cong ddng la rui ro cho loai hinh wiki na\ Dicn dim chuyen nganh l-orum Dicn dim la Irang quan In noi dung theo tiing chii de, nfii dung ngiidi dung khdi tao, cho phep nhan xel Iheo liing muc TrO giup hoc tap theo tiJng chuyen ngiinh, tUclng tac cao Tini kiem thong tin / irO giiip chuyen nganh Phu thuoc vao cac nha quan in (min - mod), su tham gia ciia ngiicli hoc Ten cdnj; cu llcLM.S/l.MCS Learning Ecosystem - he sinh thdi hgc tap nhin tif li thuyet line tap kil ndt Mang xa hoi Thdng tin theo tilng ca nhan, nhdm, mang Kit n6i vdi nhau, chia se diong tin ciic nhSn xet Lien ket xa hoi, quang ba thong tin, tao lap hinh anh ca nhiin Thong lin khong tap trung Phi chinh thiJc, khdng dUdc kiem chiing He quang ba tri thiic podcasting- Dang cdc tri thdc ca nhSn vdi muc dich quang ba Quang ba tn ihiic Cong bd nhanh chdng cac cong trinh y tiidng Mdt chiCu Cong cu van phong, to chiic, chia se, luu iriJ tren dam may, lim ki6m, vi du Google Drives, Mediashares, Slideshare,, Sii dung cac iing dung van phong, chia se ciic dang flic khac pdf, anh, nhac ppl, video, luu Irii tren mang Moi tnidng hoc tap, liim viec ca nhan Mdi trudng cong nghe cho cac he sinh thai hoc tap ndi chung Phu thuoc tdng CNTI'' mang, truydn thdng He trinh dien tri thiic chuyen nganh md Cac mang ngii nghia, web ngij nghia chuyen nganh, ngiidi SLT dung lao ra, phat irien theo khuon dang dinh san Hoc tap chuyen nganh, chuyen sau Nghien cu'u Phu thudc VEio sii tham gia ciia ngUdi sii dung Cac phdn mem Ihi nghiem/lhUc hiinh ao, He Ihong hoc tap diia 3D Cac cong cu hoc lap tren ihuc tai ao, tro ao nhiing hoan loan Hoc chdi, mo phong tap diia tren mo hinh tro chOi, mo phong Hoc lap thifc hiinh, ky nang Xay dung tdn kem ve chi phi va Ihdi gian Cac cong cu tao bai giang, xay dUng ban dd tu duy, khung tii Hoc chinh khoa Phu Ihudc vao sU tham gia tif phia ngiidi day Mdi chieu TrO guip ngifdi day, ngUdi hoc s6 hoa Iri ihiic dang bai giang Cae he thdng cdng nghe hoe tap dUde thidt kd phu thupc vao he thdng chfl the ngfldi hpc - ngfldi day; vao ngfl canh cu the cfla he sinh thai hoc tap, eung nhu vao he Ihdng tri thflc / npi dung lien quan He thdng nho nhat ddi vdi ca nhan ngudi hoc, dtfdc gpi la mdi trUdng ca nhan hpc lap (Personal Learning Environment) Ket luan Trong khudn khd ciJa bai bao, ngfldi viel da trinh bay mol sd y tfldng vd mdi trudng sinh thai hpc tap theo Ii tbuydl ket ndi, he sinh thai hoc tap theo each liep can kdt ndi va li thuydt he thdng Bai vidt da md la chi tiet vd phSn ctia he sinh thai hoe tap va cac nguyen tac chung thidt kd he sinh thai hpc tap Mpt sd cac gdi md cho cae nghien cflu tidp theo nhfl di sau hdn vin dd md hinh hda va thidt ke cac phan cua he sinh thai hoc tap, dac biet la ngfl canh hpc tap va he edng nghe hpc tap; cflng nhu viec phat trien y tfldng moi trfldng hpe tap ca nhan 43 Nguyen Manh Himg TAI U E U TIIAM KHAO llj Berlhelemy Mark, 2010 Dejiiiilion uf a learning ecosystem lcarningconversalions.co.uk/main/indcx,php/20IO/01/IO/the-characterislics-of |2] Downe.sS., 2004 What is a Learning Context'', www.downes.ca/post/18 [3] Downes S., 2012 Conneelivism and Connective Knowledge (ver 1.0May 19, 2012) lissays on meaning and learning networks From -a-lcarnmg-ecosystem? hllp://www downes.ca/1 ilcs/Conneclivc_Knowlcdge-19May2012.pdf |41 l-igueiicdi) A D., 2005 Learning Coniext.\ a Blueprinl for Re.search Interactive F.ducalional Multimedia, Number 11 (October 2005), pp 127-139 |5J l-igueiredo A D , Alfonso A.R, 2006 Cuniexl and Learning: A Pbilo.wpliical Framework Idea Group Ine |6) Lalour P., 2005 Reassembling ihe Social - An Iniruducliun lo At tur-Nem'ork-Theurv Oxford University Press Inc., New York [7| Nguydn Manh Hung, 2012 Tif li thuyit buc tdp kel ndi got md i bi> viec ifng dung cdng nghe Irong hoc idp Tap chi Khoa hpc, Trfldng Dai hpe Su pham Ha Ndi, Vol [8] Siemens Ci., 2006 Knowing Knowledge http://www.eIearnspace.org/Knowuig Knowledge_LowRes pdf Siemens G., 2008 New structures and spaies of learning: The sysieiiih impact oj connective knowledge, cunnectivisni and networked learning 57, No, 9, ir, 68-77 [9j http;//eIcarnspace,org/Arlicles/systemic_impact.htm [10] Schocch D., 2004 Concept Paper Systems Theory, http://wwcb.ula.edu/faculty /schoech/eussn/courses/5306/coursepack/lheory_syslems.pdf ABSTRACT Lciirning ecosystem: Ihe view from connectivism and syslem theory Connectivism is opening up a new view on emerging learning, which is based on connecting concepts, movements and facts rathci than irudilional content-based learning The concept of learning ecology is expanding the traditional enviromtient of classrooms into a new and spacious area, and there are emerging new sets of theories, approaches, and ways to implement the learning process by connecting lo the Internet The paper develops this model and suggests a model of learning about the ecosystem as a network of systems that involve learning actors, learning facts, learning about technology and learning context 44 ... the learning process by connecting lo the Internet The paper develops this model and suggests a model of learning about the ecosystem as a network of systems that involve learning actors, learning. .. Iri thflc sinh hpc tao tri Ihflc tin -sinh 2.3.3 Cac he thong cong nghe hoc tap Kfit nfli Iheo nhdm cdng cu/he thong hoac theo mang: mang Internet, he thflng e -learning 1.0, he thflng e -learning. .. thiic cung cap noi dung Truy cap noi dung hoc tap Tiic gia noi dung Bdng E ''learning LO va E -learning 2.0 E -Learning 2.0 E -Learning 1.0 - Cac he tn thiJc md Wiki, vi du Wikipedia, Wikiuniversiiy