lý thuyết hệ thống của niklas

oq zV-ri LY THUYET HE THONG CUA NIKLAS LUHMANN VE Sii PHAN HOA CUA XA HOI' LE NGOC HUNG' Gioi thieu Phien bin bing tieng Anh co le thugc loai som nhit cfla ly thuylt dugc nhi xa hpi hpc ngucri Dfle ten li Niklas Luhmann^ gfli dang tren Tap chi Xd hoi hoc Canada nim 1977 Do Ii mpt bii viet co sue nang nhu mpt "cupc each mang khoa hpc"^ Iy thuyet he thong ve xa hpi voi nhan de "Sy phan boa cua xa hpi" (Differentiation of society: khic biet hoa xa hgi, phan hoa xa hgi)'' Bai viet dai 25 trang voi 32 mue giai thich a cu6i moi trang vi danh muc hon 70 tai lieu tham khao, co tai lieu efla ong, tii lieu cua tie gia n6i tieng la TalcoU Parsons, nhung kh6ng thiy tii Heu nao cua nhung nha xa hpi hpc kinh dien nhu Kari Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, cung kh6ng thay ten Ludwig von Bertalanffy, tac gia noi liing eua Iy thuylt he Ih6ngt6ng quit (1950) Phan hoa h^ thong Can ghi nhin cong lao to Ion cfla Luhmann cong cupc bien doi co tfnh chat cich mgng he khai niem (paradigm) cua iy thuyet he th6ng qua viec ong thay thl quan niem cu, coi he thong li mpt tip hgp g6m eac bg phan va m6i quan he cfla chflng bang quan niem mai coi he th6ng nhu la sy khac biet giua he th6ng va moi truang ' GS.TS j Vi?n Xa hpi hpc Hpc vien Chinh tri Ou6c gia H6 Chi Minh ' "Nghien ciiu n^y dupc t i i trpr bai Quy phat trien khoa hpc va cong nghe Qu6c gia { NAFOSTED) dltiimas6J3.2-201l.l7" ^ Niklas Luhmann (1927-1998) hpc luat cr Dai hpc Freiburg nam 1946 - 1949 Nam 1961, ong dan dir kh6a hpc nhli xS hpi hpc Talcott Parsons la ngiroi huang dan khoa hpc tai Dai hpc Harvard Tii nam 1963 d^n nam 1975, ong da cho xu3t ban han 15 cong trinh khoa hpc cua minh,trong co cu6n sach dirpc chap nhgn nhu la luan an tien sT va tac gia duac coi la co du tir each nhan churc danh giao su tai Dai hpc MUnster nSm 1966 Nam 1965-1966 ong tham dir mot hpc ky ve \a hpi hpc tai Dai hpc Mijnster, nam 1968-1969 ong l^m giang vien Dsii hpc Frankfurt, sau duoc bo nhiem giao su tai Dai hpc Bielefeld (Diic) va lam vi?c o dp cho den nam 1993 Trong thai gian nghi huu ong van tiep tuc nghien ciru va cho xuit ban hom chyc cong trinh khoa hpc, co tac pham chinh ten tiSng Dire la Die Geseilschafi der Gesellschafi d'\ch nguyen vfln sang tieng Anh la "The Society of Society" (Xa hpi ciia xa hpi) xull ban nam 1997 ' Thu§t ng& cua Thpmas Kuhn (1962) dua de ban ve duong phat tri^n bit thutrng cua khoa hpc khac han dirdng "chinh thu6ng" "binh thuong" kieu tich luy cac bang chirng, tri thirc khoa hoc' (Thomas Kuhn (1962) Cdu Iruc cdc cudc cdch mang, Nxb Tri thuc Ha Npi, 2008) ••' Bai niy gidi thi?u iheo kieu "phan hoa he thong", nguyen van bai vigt tiSng Anh ciia Niklas Luhmann (1977), "DifFerentialionofsocieiy" Ca/jtf£/(anJoj/r/7o/o/.Soao/ogi' Vol No 1977, pp 29-53 NghlSn edu Con nguM s6 2(71) 2014 Ly thuydt he thdng Luhmann phe phan cich tiep can Iy thuyet kinh diln it nhit o hai diem: mgt la qui tap trung vio he th6ng mi quen moi truang, hai la ci co noi den m6i quan he gifla cac he th6ng thi cung chi tap trung a ben he thong, xem xet cac he thong sinh thai (ecosystems) vi m6i truong thi vin coi chflng nhu Ii mgt he th6ng bao chfla mi xem nhe moi quan he vai m6i truang vi cic gioi han cung cac yeu to can thiep ben ngoai he thong Trong boi canh bien d6i he khai niem nhu vay, Luhmann da dat nhiem vu Ii su dung su khac biet he lh6ng vi moi truang de dua ly thuyet ve phan h6a he thong nham lam ro he th6ng xa hgi cua xa hgi^ Luhmann ke thua quan niem efla Talcott Parsons ve Ihofi gian theo mgt he thong phflc lap kh6ng the dua vao m6i quan he "mgt - mgf giua cac bien ben ngoai va cac bien ben mi yeu cau phii co thai gian de xu ly thong tin va lira chgn cic phan trng dieu doi hoi phai co nhung cau true hay nhung bg phan khac thue hien nhflng phan ung do*" Cac sy kien ben ngoai doi hoi phai bien doi mgi thfl ben Irong cung mot lue eo the se lam pha hfly loan bp he th6ng^, vay sir phan hoa he th6ng la mgt bien phap kT thuat cau true de giai quyet nhung van de nhu vay cua cac he th6ng phflc tap cac moi truang phflc tap Nhung Luhmann cung luu y la ly thuyel cua Parsons mac du co phan biet m6i truong ben ngoai va moi truang ben nhung van chu yeu noi den cae moi quan he lien he th6ng (intersystem) Luhmann cho rang moi truang khong don gian chi bao gom cac he th6ng khac vai m6i truong ben gom cac bp phan cua he thong vai tinh each la mgt toan the, mpt sieu he thong (supersystem) ma chua dung ea cac co hpi lya chpn, bien d6i hoae lang tranh cac quan he vai cac he th6ng khac Xuat phat tfl nhung quan niem Luhmann djnh nghTa : sy phan hoa he th6ng (system differentiation: khac biet hoa he thong) nhu la sy tai lap lai su khie biet giua he th6ng va m6i truong ben cac he th6ng vi la hinh thuc phan chieu qua trinh xay dyng he thong Khac han each tiep can Iy thuyet he thong nhu la toan the va bg phan each tilp can moi cua Luhmann phan biet hai loai m6i trucmg cac he th6ng dugc phan hoa: mgt la moi truong ben ngoai chung cho tat ca cac lieu he thong va hai la m6i truang ben rieng cho tflng tieu he thong Theo each hieu moi mgt tieu he th6ng kiln tao lai toan bg he thong va lai la toan bp he th6ng duoi mgt hinh thflc dac biet cfla su khae biet giua he lliong vi moi trucmg Phan hoa he th6ng thye hien qua Irinh tai san xuii he thong chinh no bang each phan chia no cac he th6ng ben vi cic m6i truang, nhung kh6ng phai la su phan huy cac bg phan nho hon ma la qui trinh Can ghi nhan cong lao ciia Luhmann viec phan biet xa hpi (society) voi he thfing toan xa h ^ (societal system: he th6ng toan th4 xa hpi) he th6ng xa hpi (social system), he th6ng bao chira (encompassing system) bm vi nhi^u nguai nghien ciru ly thuydt va nguoi Ihyc hanh Ihuang lan Ipn cac thuat ngu *• Niklas Luhmann (1977) .SJi/.Ir 30 ' Oieu co le tuong tu nhu sir kien neu tai ca cac khach hang co ti^n gui a ngan hang deu ciing mpt llic doi riit li^n cua hp khoi ngan hang thi loan bo he thong ngan hang co Ih^ bi sup d6 phd san ' Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 31 12 NghlSn ciiu Con ngt/df s6 2(71) 2014 Le NgQC Hiing ting truong bing cich tach roi ben vi viy lam phflc tap len gap bpi cic quan h? cic tic dgng vi y nghia cfla nhiing gi xiy he th6ng va m6i iruang Luhmann Iiy vi du': giao due cap bit bupc vi giio due dgi chung li van de m6i truong khic biet doi vai he th6ng chinh tri, he th6ng kinh tl he th6ng ton giio, he th6ng y le, Luhmann chi mpt chflc ning cua phan h6a he th6ng la tang cuong tinh chgn lgc cfla he th6ng mpt the gioi v6 ban diy biln dpng va bit ngo'" Con ehflc nang chu yeu cfla he thong xa hpi Ii vfla mo rpng va vfla giim bot linh phflc tap cfla cac m6i truang ben ngoii vi ben cho cic he th6ng khac lim dugc cau Irflc dfl de ho trg cho cae ranh gioi va cae cau true chgn Ige cao ban Dieu c6 nghTa la sy phan hoa he thong dien a cap he thong vi liep tuc xay a cap cac tieu he thong, a cap dp 16 chflc va cic tuong tic cu the vai mflc dp phfle tap dii de hanh dgng lya chgn ly phii dinh cho cho cac bat ngof va cac co hgi chgn Ipc kilu nhu ehpn Ipc ty nhien ngoii tam kiem soit cfla nguoi hinh dpng" /./ Cdc hinh thucph&n Itoa he thong: phan mang, phdn tdng va phan hda chm: nang Luhmann cho rang, thuyet tien hoa chi dflng mgt phan cho rang su lien boa Ii qui trinh tang Ien cua sy phan boa he thong Tuy nhien cac xa hgi rat khic vi viy kho co the chi dya vio mflc phan hoa hay phflc tap hoa de danh gia trinh tien hoa cfla eae xa hpi Luhmann da chi ve mat ly thuyet va ljeh su, tien hoa ehi co the xuat hien mpt s6 hinh thue phan hoa he thong vi la nhung hinh Ihflc ket hgp cfla hai sy Iu5ng phan kh6ng d6i ximg la luong phan he thong - moi truong va Xuong phan binh ding - bat binh dang Dua vao nguyen ly cua Alexander Goldenweiser (1937) ve ' cac kha nang co han ve so lugng cac giai phap d6i vai cac van de ciu true, Luhmann chi ba hinh thflc phan hoa he th6ng ciia cac xa hgi la phan mang phan ting, phan hoa chflc nang va cho rang ba hinh thflc li dii de phat trien cac xa hpi rat phflc tap'^ "Niklas Luhmann(1977) St/t/ tr 31 '"Niklas Luhmann {\911\S(3d, tr 31 " Luhmann kh6ng trich dan tai lieu nao cua Max Weber nhung co nhac den ten Weber a day luu y rang ly thuyet h? thong ciia ong khong dya vao khai niem cua Weber ve hanh dpng co y nghTa Niklas Luhmann (1977) .Wo', tr 32 Ly thuyet ciia Luhmann khong phii nhan hanh dpng va nguoi hanh dpng nhung h? thong cita ong khong true tiep bao gom hanh dong (action) cung khong bao gom nguoi hanh dpng (actors) nhu quan ni?m cua Weber, Parsons va mpt so tac gia khac ma bao gom cac luang tac (interactions) va giao tiep (communication) Nhung ro rang la Luhmann se rSt kho co the xem xet cac tirong lac va giao tiep ma khong noi den nhung nguai thyc hien nhung hanh vi hanh dpng tao nen hai qua trinh '' Niklas Luhmann (1977) .Wt/ tr 33 Trong phien ban tieng Anh cua Luhmann (1977) chu "phan hoa" (differentiation: khac biet hoa) dupc tai su dyng moi lan ba hinh thirc phan hoa he th6ng Trong phien ban tieng Anh sau cua Luhmann (1990) xuii hien them mpt hinh thirc phan hoa nOa la phan h6a trung lam - ngo^ii vi ciia cac xa hoi va chiJ "phan hoa" dupc tai su dung bon I5n tuong im" vai b6n hinh thuc la segmentary differentiation, differentiation of center and periphery, stratificatory differentiation, functional differentiation Xem' Niklas Luhmann (1990) 'The Paradox of System Differentiation and the Evolution of Society" in trong: Jeffrey C Alexander and Paul Colomy (Eds.), Different iai ion Theory and Social Change Comparalive and Historical Perspectives Columbia University Press New York 1990, tr 409 - 440 Ir 423 NghlSn cuu Con ngutf sd 2(71) 2014 |^ Ly thuyit he thong Phdn mdng (segmentation, phan khuc phan dogn) Theo Luhmann, hinh thflc niy xa hgi bj phan hoa cic lieu he thong binh ding nhau, ma a day binh ding dugc hieu la nguyen Iy xay dung he thong tu chpn loc Trong cic xi hgi c6 xua la sy thfla ke hoac thoa thugn hoac ket hgp ci hai Bat binh ding dugc hilu la kit qua cua sy khic biet cac dieu kien moi trucmg, vay bat binh ding khong co chflc nang he thong nhung van co inh huong quyet djnh doi voi sy khic biet CO tinh chat tien hoa cfla cac he th6ng xa hpi khae Phdn tdng (stratification) Theo Luhmann, day la hinh thflc phan hoa xa hpi thinh cac tieu he thong bat binh ding Dilu xiy su trflng hgp ngau nhien cua cac cap bat doi xiing la he thong/ moi truong vi binh dang/ bat binh dang vai nghTa binh dang tra chuan myc doi voi giao tiep ben va bat binh dang la chuan myc doi voi giao tiep vdi moi truong Trong xa hgi phan tang, binh dang xiy giua eac eong dan cung mgt lang lap cfla xa hgi va bat binh ding xiy giua cic tang lop cfla xi hpi Mac du khong vien dan Weber nhung Luhmann cung cho rang sy phan ting doi hoi sy phan phoi khong deu cua cii vi quyen lyc noi rieng, vi sy phan ph6i bit binh ding cic kha nang giao tiep noi chung theo each cfla Luhmann Luhmann cho ring kh6ng nen qua chu trgng khia canh bat binh dang eua phan tang theo nghTa th6ng trj va boc lot nhu xa hpi hpc mac xit vi ei xa hpi hpc tu sin van thuong nhan manh Boi vi ong cho ring binh dang cung quan trpng, tham chi quan trgng hon voi tinh each Ii mpt nguyen Iy xae djnh ban sic cfla cae tieu he th6ng Theo Luhmann, van de dao dfle cua binh dang vi bat binh dang Ii van de von co cfla cac xa hpi phin tang, duge dien dai theo ly thuyet ve c6ng bang nhung khong thl "giii quyet" theo nghTa nay'^ Dao dfle hoa chi co chflc nang thfl hai, tfle la cic chflc nang he tu tucmg Van de ciu true cua cac xa hgi phan tang li viec nhan dang cic tilu he th6ng doi hoi viec xac djnh m6i truong cfla chung theo trat tu cip bac hoac sy luang phan binh ding/ bit binh dang Theo nghia nay, tang lop tren thucmg dugc nhan dien la loan the xa hpi va li muc tieu xic dinh cic vi tri cua cic ting lop khac ben duoi vcri tinh cich nhu li cic bp phan va nhu la phuang tien Vin dl ciu true cua phan hoa duoi hinh Ihflc phan ting li chS no kiem che tinh phflc tap cfla he lh6ng toin xa hgi vi no co thl dugc thiet che hoa ehi nio khong the dat dugc mpt mflc dp phflc tap cao hon, vay, Luhmann d6ng y voi Tocqueville ring su gia tang cfla cai co xu huong cich mgng hoa cac he th6ng phan ting''' Luhmann noi din vin dl giao tilp cua cic ting lop ben Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 34 Nhirng Luhmann ghi chii truang hpp ngoai I?, tham chi trai ngirac la nudc Trung Qutc c6 dai: ngirai Trung Quoc da xk cong trpng viec sir dyng tilu he th6ng chuc nang giao dye d l thirc hiin chirc^nang k^p la thu hut nguai giau vao h? thing vi th^ hien hanh iiic bay gio va h6a giai tinh phi^c tap xa hpi bang cac chii de kinh diSn ciia giao due Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr 34 Nh?in x^t linh t l xihy cua Luhmann co the gpi giai phap d6i vai nhirng vin dl mau thuan xung dot co thl xay tir phan hoa xa hpi noi chung va phan hoa giau ngh6o n6i rieng o Viet Nam hien NghlSn cijiu Con ngutH s6 2(71) 2014 Le NgQC Hiing duoi xa hpi phan ting: dl giy chfl y vi dl tro chfl de cfla cic giao tiep quan trpng cac ting lap duoi co the phii sfl dung cic phuong tien nhit la mau thuan, xung dgt duoi hinh thflc cac phong trio xa hpi, cie cugc phin khang, phin flng hay khoi nghia" Cich gay chfl y co thl din din cie he qui la thuc diy xa hpi phil trien nhung Luhmann cung cho biet Ii rit hilm xa hpi biln d6i bing giao tiep Tuy nhien, Luhmann cung chi rang xa hgi hien dai, eie phuong tien, kT thuat giao tiep da thay doi nhanh chong va dieu niy lim tang co hgi giao liep giija cac ting lop xa hpi vi cich thflc gay chfl y duoi hinh thfle phan ijng, phin khang cfla ting lop duoi eo ve giim di Luhmann cung luu y rang, xa hgi cac vien cfla ling lop tren trof nhflng nguoi duge thortg tin'^, nhung "nguoi cfla cong chflng" va hg phii biet nhung gi xiy sau nhung thong tin vl hp dugc cong bo Trong mpi truong hgp, can tim hieu va trien khai y tuong eua Luhmann Irong viee du phong vi giii quyet cic mau thuan, xung dot xa hpi c6 the xay sy phan hoa xa hgi mi cu the cr day li sy lac giao tiep giua cac tang ldp gay Giai phap chung mi ta eo the rflt tu Iy thuyet cua Luhmann d day la can phai xem xet va eai lien each thflc vi phuong tien, kT thuit giao liep giua cac tang ldp Irong xa hgi cho giao tiep dugc thong suot va th6ng lin dugc minh bach, tuc la tang cudng dan chu hoa' Phdn hoa chuc ndng (functional differentiation) Theo Luhmann, vi tit ca cac chuc nang can thiet cua xa hpi deu phai dugc thyc hien vi deu phu thugc lan nen xa hgi ty no kho co the quyet dinh uu lien chflc nang nio Lfle xa hgi phai sfl dung cap thfl hai cua viec xay dung tieu he Ihong de thiet che hoa thu ly uu lien cfla eac chfle nang doi vdi mot tap hgp die biet cac moi quan he giua h? thong va moi trudng Tren cap dp phan hoa xa hgi bat diii tfl phin hoa eie vai, d mflc dp it nhit vi cu the nhat la phan biet hai vai, co the gpi la ludng phan vai, tgo nen cac ky vpng b6 sung xung quanh mpt chflc nang: vi dii, phan hoa vai ngudi dgy vi ngudi hpc xung quanh chflc ning giao due Phan hoa chflc ning lim thay doi sy phan bo binh dang va bat binh dang xa hpi vi dilu niy the hien d cho eae tieu he th6ng chflc nang khong binh dang nhung eie m6i trudng tuong ting cua chung lai binh dang Do vay, nhu la mgt nghich ly '* Theo xa h0i hpc mac xit, cac phan img khong chi de gay chit y ma co ig chii ylu la d l giai quylt nhOng vin d l Igi ich kinh t l "' Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr 35, Ly thuyet he thong ciia Luhmann coi trpng giao tilp co le la dp phat hi^n thiy xa hpi c6 thl ty biln d6i ly phat triln bang each ty lam phuc tap hoa, ty tai san xu^l tire la (ty) phan h6a h? thong Neu coi giao tiep nhu la doi ihoai, thi cac xS hpi dang co xu hucmg d l cao giai quyel cac van de iranh chap va ca van de cua phat trien bang doi ihoai lire la giao tilp '^ Dieu c6 ve nhu ly thuyet phan hoa xS hpi lir mau ihuan voi chinh no ly thuylt cung cho rang xa hpi khb c6 the bien doi bang giao tiep, Niklas Luhmann (1977), S(?c/, tr 35 '* C6 thl coi ly thuylt phSn h6a xa hpi ciia Luhmann not chung va khai ni?m v l giao tilp cua ong noi rifing la CO so ty luSn ciia dan chu hoa xa hpi vai cac try cpt la thong tin cong khai, minh bach, trich nhi^m giar trinh NghlSn cUU Con nguH s6 2(71) 2014 |5 Ly thuyit he thong Luhmann cho rang mgt xa hgi phan hda ehflc nang se trd hoac phai to li mpt xa hpi binh dang vdi tinh each la mot tap hgp toin bg cac moi trudng binh dang cua cac tieu he thong chuc nang bat binh dang Ljch sfl cfla xa hpi cho thay sy phan hoa chflc nang tang len bao gom su phan hoa kinh te giao due, khoa hgc da lim thay doi mo hinh Iy tudng quy chuan ve sy binh dang d the ky XVIll Luhmann cho rang bang each phan hoa chuc nang xa hgi co the lim tang gip bpi cic die trung cfla cac quan he chflc nang vi d6ng thdi Iam tang tinh md cua cic moi Irudng ben ma vdi chflng, cac tieu he thong thuc hien eic chflc nang cua minh'" Xi hpi Iam tang sy phu thupc ben bang each phan djnh vi Ihiet che hda cac chflc nang, d6ng thdi lam giam sy phu thupc Ian d ben bang each ndi Idng moi luong quan bfl trfl cua he th6ng va m6i trudng Tom lai Luhmann da ap dung ly Ihuyel phan hoa he thong phan tich cic xa hpi va cho thay mgt sy khac biet quan trpng gifla each tiep can ly thuyet mdi vi cu nhu sau: Quan he cua tung tieu he th6ng chflc nang rieng biet vdi xa hpi la khong dong nhit vdi quan he cua tflng tieu he th6ng vdi moi trudng xa hpi cfla nd Moi quan he cfla iflng tieu he thong vdi moi Irudng ben cung khong don gian la mgt tap hgp eac quan he lien he thong (inter-system) gifla cac he thong L2 Cdc fie quy chieu lie tiiong: chuc ndng, bieu dien, phan chieu Theo Luhmann, m6i mgt lieu he thong djnh hudng cac thao tic ehpn Igc cfla no vao ba he quy chieu he thong khac nhu sau ': i) dinh hudng vio he thong cfla xa hpi vdi nghTa la Ihuc hien chflc nang cua no doi vdi xa hpi; ii) djnh hudng vao cac lieu he th6ng khac m6i trudng ben cua xa hgi vdi nghTa la cac bieu diln dau vao va dau ra; iii) djnh hudng vao ban than vdi nghia la phan chieu Cac he quy chieu he thong cung nhu cac tieu chuan chgn lgc ddi vdi ehflc nang, bieu dien va phan chieu la khong d6ng nhat Do vay, theo Luhmann, cic xa hgi phan hoa ehfle nang kho co the chi huy dugc bdi nhflng bg phan dan dau Vi du, cic nhom tinh hoa (elites) gi6ng nhu d cac xa hgi phan tang va cung kh6ng hgp ly hoa duge bdi cac chuoi quan he gom phuang lien va muc dich De nam bat duge linh phuc tap cau true cua cae xa hgi phan hoa chflc nang can phai d6ng thdi tinh den mpt sd he quy chieu he lh6ng va moi trudng nhu vua neu Luhmann cho rang, sy phan hoa chuc nang doi hoi cac tieu he th6ng phii ed nang luc phan hoa va tai ket hgp chuc nang, bieu dien va phan chieu"^ Day la each nhii mi cae tieu he th6ng co the dat dugc su ly ehu thao tic nhu la eac he lh6ng - - moi trudng - eua chung ma he qua quan trpng dugc ky vgng d day la cac ciu true thdi gian '"Niklas Luhmann {\911),SM tr 36 -"Niklas Luhmann (\911).SM, tr 36 ^' Niklas Luhmann (1977), Sd'f/, tr 36 NiklasLuhmann(1977),Sd't:/, tr 37 16 NghlSn cuu Con ngudt s6 2(71) 2014 Le NgQC Hiing ciia xi hgi Trong dinh hudng bilu dien chfl ylu nham vio thdi tuong Iai djnh hudng phin chieu nham vio thdi qua khfl va djnh hudng ehflc nang nham vio thdi hien tai Luhmann lay vi du ve he thong giao duc^'*: chflc nang cfla giao due li xa hgi hoa cac ci nhin cho phu hgp vdi moi trudng cfla cic he th6ng xa hgi tuong lai su bieu dien cfla no li chuin bj nghe nghiep cho mgi ngudi d thdi hien tai vi giao due nhan van Ii sy phin chieu ban sac da duge hinh thinh Ijch sfl tfle Ii thdi qui khu Theo thuyet chflc nang co dien vi quy chuin, xa hgi luon co mpt tap hgp nhat dinh cic vin de "ton tgi" d cap dp loan xa hgi vi cac vin de nhu la eac yeu cau chflc ning doi hoi "phii dugc giii quyet" dl xa hgi tilp tuc s6ng sot^'' Tuy nhien Luhmann cho rang sy phin hda chflc nang co kha nang thay the cae vin de d cip toan xa hpi bang cic vin de d cap cac tieu he thong, nhung khong don gian bang eachflyquyen hay phi lap trung hoa cac trich nhiem mi bang each phan hda eic he quy chieu ehflc nang, bieu dien vi phan chieu cfla cic tieu he th6ng Ong phat hien thay cac tieu he thong rii khac ve nang lyc phin hoa va vay c6 kha nang lya chgn hoae thay the cac chfle nang, bieu dien va phan chieu mgt each rat khac vi du: tieu he thong nghe thual eo the sfl dung sy phan chieu thay cho chflc nang va bieu dien^^ Tu nhung phan lich niy, Luhmann ket luan: phan hoa chflc nang co tic dpng chpn Igc doi vdi cac ehflc nang vol nghTa Ii thuc day phat trien chfle nang va kiem che cac chuc nang khac, vay anh hudng din su lien hoa eua cac xa hpi Cic quan diem tien hda Luhmann ip dung quan diem tien hoa phan biet va phan tich ba hinh thuc phan hoa cin efl vao cac luong phan he th6ng va m6i trudng, binh dang va bai binh dang de chi rang cac xa hpi khac khong don gian la sy khac biet ve hinh thfle phan hoa Iheo kieu ludng phan ** Bdi vi cac hinh thuc phan hoa gom phan mang, phan tang va phan hoa chflc nang khong loai tru ma bao ham theo kieu lien hoa nhung vdi nhflng ban ehe nhat djnh Vi du eac xa hpi phan ming co the phit triln su phin tang nhung chi dudi hinh thflc "to chfle kieu kim ty thap" cac xa hgi phan hoa cac linh hu6ng vi cic vai gia dinh lien quan tdi chfle nang nhung kh6ng co kha nang phil trien cac he Ihong xa hpi ben vung xung quanh cac chuc nang cu the Trong cic xa hgi phan tang phai sfl dung sy phan mang bdi vi eae lang Idp duge tao bdi eac -' Niklas Luhmann {1977) SM tr 39 " Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr 39 Luhmann khong neu ro ten tac gia ciia thuyet chirc nang nhung c6 t h l quy chtlu den Talcott Parsons lac gia cua ly thuylt ve he thdng xa hpi phan hoa cac tieu h^ Ihdng AGIL cAc yeu cau chirc nSng (functional imperatives) tuong ung la thich nohi (Adapiatton), huang dich (Goal-anainmeni) hoi nhap (Integration) va tri khuon mau lan (Latentpattern maintanance) TalcotI Parsons (1951) The Social System, Glencoe Illinois* Free Press Xem them LfiNgpc Himg (2013) Ly ihiiyei xa hgt hoc hien MiM\h Dai hoc Qiidc gia Ha Npi, tr 131-158 •' Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 39 -"Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 40 NghlSn cdu Con ngui* sS 2(71} 2014 | j Ly thuydt he thong gia dinh va cac ca nhan Su phan tang phu thugc vio su phan mang nhung no chi su dimg su phan mang d cap thfl hai cfla su phan hda xic djnh sy binh dang cua cac tieu he thdng va m6i trudng ben cfla cac nhdm vi thl Su phan tang cung tuong thich vdi sy phan hoa chuc nang d cap cic vai cu the va d cip dp cac he thdng vai, vi du cac to chflc lao dgng, ton giio hay hanh chinh Luhmann chi rang, sy phan hoa chflc nang phu thugc vao sy phan mang ben cie tieu he thong chflc nang Ong neu mgt vi du ro nhat d day la he thong chinh trj: ea he thong toan cau cua xa hgi the gidi cung khong thay doi dugc mpi thyc te la chflc nang chinh Irj can phai cd nen tang lanh thd de cac quyet djnh Cling nhu de thyc thi cac quy tac ddng thuan va dan chu Do vay, he thdng chi'nh trj bi phan hoa theo lanh th6 tuc la phan mang cac nha nudc chinh trj khdng phai vdi tinh each la "tin du" cua Ijch su ma ro rang vdi tinh each la dieu kien tien quyel de thuc hien cac chflc nang cu the cua nd Sy phan tang ciing phai thay doi hinh thuc va ngi dung cua no de thich nghi vdi xa hpi phan hoa chuc nang cung nhu de tiep thu su phe phan cua cac nha xa hpi hpc mac xi't vi cac nha xa hpi hpc tu san" Luhmann cho biet: phan tang kh6ng cdn la hinh thflc hang dau cfla su phan hda xa hgi va khong dong khung d he thong phan chia dang cap ma bien doi sang he th6ng phan tang giai cap md, lien tuc dugc tai san xuat dudi tic dpng efla phan hoa chflc nang ma sy khac giua xa hgi "tu ban chu nghia" va "xa hpi chfl nghia" chu yeu la d mflc can thiep eua bp may to chflc hanh ehinh Luhmann rut ket luan ve sy tang dan mfle dp phue tap cac moi trudng cua cac tieu he th6ng va mflc dp tuong Ihich cua hinh thfle phan hoa qua trinh phit trien tfl xa hpi phan mang sang xa hpi phan tang va sang xa hpi phan hoa chflc nang, dd mfle dp luong thich phu thupc vao muc phuc tap cfla cac moi trudng ben cua cac lieu he thong Do vay, theo quan diem tien hoa, phan hoa he th6ng la yeu l6 tao sy bien d6i, chgn Ipc, on djnh cac ket qua tien hoa va vay xac dinh cac dieu kien cho sy lien hoa tiep theo Cac dieu kien va cac tac dong phu cua su phan hoa he thong Theo Luhmann, cac hinh thuc phan hoa phu thugc vao cac dieu kien cau true khae va vay co the tao cac tac dpng phu khac the hien d^': Ranh gidi he th6ng; quy mo; cau trfle thdi gian; va cap dp ky vgng -' Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr, 41 Day la lan thir hai bai viet Luhmann vira phan btet, vira k i t hop xa hpi hpc mdc xit vdi xa hpi hpc tu san ban ve sy phan tang Luhmann khong giai thich ro han, nhung co the hieu ring a xa hpi xa hpi chii nghTa, sy can thiep theo kieu phan phoi lai bai ban tay hitu hinh ciia co quan quan ly hanh chinh nha nuac co ve manh va Iheo kieu binh quan chu nghTa vcri mire rQ rang hon la a xa hpi tu ban chii nghTa ^"Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 42 " Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM, tr 42 18 NghlSn ciiu Con ngu6f s62(71) 2014 Le Ngoc Hiing Ve cdc ranh giai he thdng, bit ky mgt hinh thflc phin hoa nio cung bao ham cic ranh gidi cfla he thong bi phin hoa Cac ranh gidi phan dinh moi trudng ben vi thiet lap cac quan he chgn Igc gifla cae moi trudng ben vi ben ngoii Cae ranh gidi khong ngin chin mi xflc tiln sy hgp tic vi mau thuan xuyen qua ranh gidi Luhmann neu vi du: quan niem c6 dien cfla Trung Quoc phin biet van minh vdi da man ngogi lai vi to uu lien cho van hoa vi quin sy, irong quan niem chiu Au ve bien gidi phan biet cic he thdng phap luit va chinh trj lai cd xu hudng chinh Irj hoa cic quan he ben ngoai Ve quy mo he thong Luhmann cho rang khai niem noi den so lugng eae yeu to cua he thong mi cic moi quan he giua chung tao he thong Do vay, sy md rgng eie ranh gidi he th6ng la each lam tang quy mo cua he thong, nhung kh6ng phii li eieh nhat LTU the cfla quy m6 khong nam d nang lyc hien thyc hoa tat ca cac quan he CO the co gifla cic yeu to ma d co hpi chpn lgc nhiing quan he quan trpng nhat Do viy, ling quy m6 co nghTa la tang tinh ehpn lgc Cung vdi mflc phan hoa tang dan, quy mo cfla he th6ng va tinh chpn Ipc cua he th6ng cung lang len Cac ly thuyet xa hpi hpc khic co xu hudng lua chpn khac cae bien dan so va giao tiep giai quyet van de tang quy mo eua he thong ma theo Luhmann la can phai ket hgp ca hai loai bien Cae bien dan so noi den mflc lang trudng cua dan so va la cac bien ben ngoai bdi vi cac ea nhan la eic he thong hflu ca - tam ly thupc ve moi trudng cua he lh6ng giao tiep xa hpi Chi co cac bien giao tiep mdi lien quan den cac qua trinh ben cua cie he Ihong xa hpi Do vay mgt eong dong eo mat dp dan so thap van co the co mat giao tiep cao, tuc la van c6 quy mo ldn va ngugc lai Theo Luhmann giao tiep vdi mat dp cao^^ dugc phat trien theo ba budc, tu giao lilp CO the sang giao tiep Idi noi, sang giao tiep viet va giao tiep dai chiing Giao lilp dai chflng khong don gian la each l6l nhat de giai quyet cac van de giao liep ma no co anh hudng chgn Igc d6i vdi hiu nhu tat ca cac tieu he th6ng va toan bp he thong bdi vi mpt Ihong lin duge eong bo dai ehflng thi lap tuc hinh tri thuc chung, co sin, gin eho ma hinh dpng phai dya vao bat chap cac y kien eo thyc su thay d6i hay khong Giao liep dai ehflng anh hudng den eau trfle ihdi gian, den cac khung thdi gian cua su trii nghiem vi hinh dpng su phan chieu xa hpi cua viec phai tinh den nhiing gi ma ngudi khie biet Luhmann phat hien van de eua giao tiep dai ehflng khong phai li vin de th6ng nhit eic y kien mi li van de co lai eua Ihdi gian lam giim cae co hpi d cae '^ Dilu gpi nh6 quan ni?m ciia Emile Durkheim ve mat dp dao dirc "morai density", hay mat dp nSng dpng "dynamic density" bieu ihj cac moi quan h? xa hoi day dSc, cac trao doi tich cyc va m6i tuong quan cua n6 vdi m§t dp dan so, sy phan cong lao dpng va dpan kit \& hpi Xem Emile Durkheim (1893) The divi.iion of lahoiir in society London' Macmillan Press, 1984 ir 201 NghlSn cUU Con ngudi s6 2(71) 2014 Ly thuyit he thong tieu he th6ng chuc nang khac, vay )eu cau kiem soit chinh trj doi vdi giao tiep dgi chflng khong chi la yeu cau vi sy dong thuan nhieu hon ma li yeu cau phai gifl cho dugc mgt tuong Iai md day khuyen khich Ve cdc cdu true thai gian, phan h6a chflc nang Iam thay d6i hien thyc cua thdi hien tai bang thdi ndi tiep eua cac sy kien va cac hanh dgng khac va nhu the li thdi gian hda tinh phue tap cua he thong noi ehung va moi trudng ben noi rieng Theo Luhmann, cac quan niem ve thdi gian va pham vi thdi gian da thay d6i nhu sau: vao dau the ky XVII bat dau dien sy thay d6i quan niem ve thdi hien tai theo hudng quy gian no vao thdi tuc khac ma thieu sy lien tyc vdn cd va phu Ihudc vao cae nguyen nhan thfl cap cung sy no luc cua ngudi viec bao t6n, Iri n6 Den nfla sau the ky XVlll mdi co cac thfl nghiem thay d6i pham vi cua thdi qua khfl va thdi tuong Iai, d6ng thdi kien tao Iai thdi hien tai diem xuat phat tham chi la thdi diem quyet dinh giua cac thdi qua khfl va cac thdi tuong Iai rat khac Cung hai the ky da dien sy chuyen hoa xa hgi chau Au tu xa hgi phan tang sang xa hgi phan hoa chflc nang M6i tuong quan cua cac cau true thdi gian va cae hinh thflc phan hoa efla xa hpi dugc Iy thuyel phan hoa cua Luhmann giai thich bang each chi tinh phflc lap tang len cua cac moi trudng ben vi cac he qua cua sy hgi nhap va giao tiep lien he thong Noi each khac, sy phan hoa chuc nang dan den su tach biet viec tao van de khoi viec giai quyet van de vdi nghTa la van de khong dugc giai quyet bdi mgt he thong tao no nua ma phai dugc chuyen cho mpt he thong khac dugc trang bj va ehuyen m6n hoa de giai quyet Dieu cung co nghTa la sy phu thugc lin dugc gian tiep hoa thong qua thdi gian va ip lyc thdi gian tang len cac xa hgi phan hoa chuc nang can nhieu thdi gian hon nhung lai co it thdi gian hon, qua khfl va tuong Iai phflc lap hon, gan ket vdi hon nhung pham vi thdi gian lai thu hep hon so vdi cac xa hpi phan tang va xa hgi phan mang"^"^ Ve cdc cdp ky vong, Luhmann eho rang eac ap luc thdi gian gay anh hudng die biet den cau true the hien d ch6 lam tang toe bien doi cau true va ban nua lam Ihay doi cac ky vpng ve eae cau true cua cupc song hang Rat khd phan biet mgt ky vgng vdi mgt ky vgng khac bdi vi cac ky vgng xuat hien nhung tinh hu6ng cu the va thudng gan vdi tflng nhom Do vay, Ihudng la cac ca nhan phai biet gii phii tra cua mgt ky vpng trudc co the quyet dinh nim gifl hay tu bo mpt ky vpng Theo Luhmann cac ky vgng eua hanh vi ngudi co the dugc xac djnh bdi cac he Luhmann dua mot nhan xet dang chii y la ket qua cua sy bien doi cau triic thdi gian sir phan h6a chiic nSng gay la ddi song hang ngay, ap lyc thdi gian tang len va cac cupc hen gap dupc uu tien hon cac gia trj (khac), Nikias Luhmann (1977), SM tr 45-46 •^" NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s6 2(71) 2014 Le NgQC Hiing gia tn bdi eac chuang trinh hay chuin mye hoic muc lieu, bdi eic vai hoac bdi nhung ngudi dugc quy chieu" Diy Ii cac cip ky vgng theo trat tu tfl trflu lugng den cu the va dugc hinh thinh, su dung cic tinh hu6ng cu thl Luhmann neu vi du: viec chio hoi Ian hoac mgt cugc tro chuyen nho gifla cic ban be co the dugc ky vgng nhu li mpt gii tri, nhu mpt dieu kien cfla quy tie, chuin myc hoac nhu mpt phin cfla vai ngudi ban, hoac don giin nhu hinh vi cfla mpi ngudi dugc bill ten Khi lam dieu niy ehting ta khong cin phii xic djnh xem mflc nio la phu hgp nhung ky vgng bj buoc phai thay doi Ihi luc dd se phii tim hieu xem mfle doi lap nao la phfl hgp Do vay sy phan hoa ve cac gii trj, chuong irinh, vai va cae ban sic ca nhan se tang len sy phan boa chflc nang cua he th6ng toin xa hgi lang toe qua trinh thay d6i va phu nhin Trong xa hgi ngiy tinh phfle tap ciu true cfla no ehu yeu dugc the hien d cap cac chucmg trinh v i cae vai rat da dang he gia trj trd he lu tudng va ngudi trd thinh eac ca nhan^^ Theo Luhmann, xa hgi phan tang tao quan niem ve "cugc song lot dep" iheo cich cim hiing va hien ihuc hoa cfla tang ldp tren Nhung xa hpi phan h6a chuc nang Iai tao nhung ky vgng rat khac ve cuge song va dieu tfly thupc vio linh hu6ng cu the, thdi gian cu the ke c i nhung quyet djnh "phai thay doi ma khong ro ehuyen gi liep theo" Tinh huong dugc Luhmann coi nhu la sy phan ly cua sy hpi nhap xa hgi va hpi nhap he thong va ehi co the dugc giai thich nhu la mpt van de thda hiep cua phin hoa ehfle nang xa hpi hien dai""' Ket luan Trong muc cu6i bii viel cua minh Luhmann nhin manh lai rang, each tiep can cu ve ly thuyet he thong su dung he khai niem toin the va bp phan da bd qua moi tuong Ihich eiu true eua cac m6i trudng doi vdi cac he th6ng va cung bd qua eae quan diem phai trien Cac han ehe ly luin dan den he qua la tach rdi l> ihuyel ve Irat tu khoi ly thuyel ve phat Irien taeh rdi ITnh hoc khdi dpng hgc cau true khdi qua trinh ma eac moi tuong quan niy v6n la trpng tam hang dau cua ly thuyel xa hpi hgc Tuy nhien, Luhmann cho rang each tiep can ly thuyet phan hoa khong nham giai quylt nhung vin de dil nhu vay m i lam tang tinh phuc tap eua ea hai each tiep can ly ihuyet niy dl tgo cic co hgi tot hon cho su ket hgp ciia chung Ve nhiem vu thfl nhat lam tang tinh phirc tap cua ca hai ly ihuyet lien hoa va ly ihuyet he thong, co the thay Luhmann da hoan mgt each tot nhai mgt bii viel 25 trang eua ong \ e sy phan hoa cua xa hpi Ly thuyet phan hoa ve xa hgi eua Luhmann da dugc ciu true mgt each rat phirc tap theo kieu phin hda he thong vdi nghTa Ii tai lap lai sy khac giua he thong va moi trudng eae he thing, cu thl d bai " Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM ir 46 " Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM, Ir 47 '* Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM, tr 47 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi sd 2(71} 2014 Ly thuyet he thdng viet cua ong Ii sy tai lap lai mpt each khac quan niem phan hda ve xa hgi ei sau muc Idn cung vdi nhieu thuat ngu khai niem quan niem mdi phflc lap Bang cich Iam tang tinh phflc tap ly luan nhu vay Luhmann da co the tao nhieu hem cac nang cho sy ket hgp hai ly thuylt tiln hda vi Iy thuyet he thong, tuc la bat dau hoin thinh nhiem vu thfl hai cfla minh Tuy nhien, de xay dung mgt Iy thuyet tong quit, Iy thuylt vT dai (grand theory)^^, khdng ehi can nhieu hon tinh phflc tgp cfla hai Iy thuyet niy mi ci nhung Iy thuyet khac nua dong thdi eung can nhieu horn cac bang chflng Ijch sfl va cac bang chirng nghien ciiu kinh nghiem nhu chinh Luhmann ty nhan ro d cuoi bii viet cfla minh Rat khd cd the rut dugc mgt ket luan cu the nio lfl mpi me cung ly thuyet nhu Luhmann da xay dyng va vay co le cich t6t nhat li neu lai nhung theo mpt cich khac nhting tom tat cua chinh Luhmann nhu sau: Phien ban tieng Anh co the noi Ii dau tien ve cua Iy thuyet phan hoa cua Luhmann (1977) ban ve sy bien d6i co tinh each mang he khai niem, mac du ong chua sfl dung thual ngu "each mang" cfla ly thuyel he th6ng, theo he th6ng nhu mgi toan the vi cic bg phan cfla no dugc ong thay the bang mot he th6ng nhu sy phan hda he thong vi moi Irudng'' Cich liep can Iy thuyet mdi niy dugc Luhmann sfl dung de: a) phan lieh ba hinh Ihflc phan hda cua xa hgi la phan mang, phan tang va phan hoa chflc nang; b) xem xel cae van de ben Irong cua cac xa hgi phan hda pham vi cac he quy chieu chfle nang, bieu dien, phan chieu; va c) dai nhiem vu nghien cuu tiep theo la phan hda va ket hgp Iy Ihuyel he thong va ly thuyet tien hoa nham xay dyng ly thuyet he ihong tong quit, "ly thuy6t vT dai" ma mai sau 6ng mdi cd the hoan Tom lai, can ghi nhan cdng lao cua Luhmann khong chi d viec ong tien hanh mgt "cugc each mgng khoa hgc" he khii niem cua Iy thuyet he thong ve xa hgi theo each liep can phan hda, ma d nhflng nhan dinh rat quan Irgng va can thiei ma dng da ggi cho cic nghien cflu tiep Iheo ve cic giai phap thye tien doi vdi nhung van de dai d cap he thdng toin xi hgi va nhirng van de cua cac tieu he thong cua xa hgi, nhit li Irong xa hpi dang doi mdi hien '^ Nam 1959, Wrigh Mills d2 danh ca mpt chuang sach dl ban vl ly thuylt vT dai (Grand theory), ong coi ly thuylt he thing xg hpi cua Parsons la loai "!y thuylt vT dai" Can danh gia tham vpng vi no lire ciia Luhmann xay dyng ly thuylt vT dai, nhat la bdi canh ca Mills va Merton diu da tirng phe phan "ly thuyet vT dai" ciia Parsons va cho rang xa hpi hpc chua dii trudng d l xay dyng ly thuyet Ipai va vay chi nen tap trung lam ly thuylt trung gian Xem Wright Mills (1959), The Sociological Imaginatio New York: Oxford University Press: Robert K Merton (1967), On Theoretical Sociolo^: Five essays, old and new New York: The Free Press Co the thay: ly thuyet phan hoa lam ro sy khac gitfa he thong va mdi trudng va vay cung gdp phan lam sang td mdi quan he giira ngudi va xa hot vdi tinh each la ddi tupng cua xS hpi hpc Le Ngpc Hung (2013), Ly ihiiySi xd hot hoc hien M Nxb Dai hpe Qudc gia Ha Npi 22 NghlSn ctiU Con ngudi s6 2(71} 2014 Le NgQC Hiing Tai li^u tham khao Emile Durkheim (1893), The divi.siun of labour in society London: Macmillan Press, 1984 LeNgpc Hiing (2Q\2) Ly thuyil xa hoi hoc hien dgi Nxb Ba\ hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi Thomas Kuhn (1962), Cdu triic cdc cuoc cdch mgng Nxb Tri thflc Ha Npi 2008 Niklas Luhmann (1977), "Differentiation of society"', in Canadian Journal of Sociology Vol No 1, 1977 Pp 29-53 Niklas Luhmann (1990), "The Paradox of System Differentiation and the Evolution of Society" in Jeffrey C Alexander and Paul Colomy (Eds.) (1990), Differentiation Theory and Social Change- Comparative and Historical Perspectives Columbia University Press, New York, tr 409-440 Robert K Merton (1967), On Theoretical Sociology Five e.ssays old and new New York: The Free Press Wright Mills(l959) The Sociological Imaginatio New York Oxford University Press Talcott Parsons, The Social System (1951), Glencoe Illinois: Free Press NghlSn cdu Con ngUdI s6 2(71) 2014 23 ... dugc ky vgng d day la cac ciu true thdi gian '' "Niklas Luhmann {\911),SM tr 36 - "Niklas Luhmann (\911).SM, tr 36 ^'' Niklas Luhmann (1977), Sd''f/, tr 36 NiklasLuhmann(1977),Sd''t:/, tr 37 16 NghlSn... khac giua he thong va moi trudng eae he thing, cu thl d bai " Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM ir 46 " Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM, Ir 47 ''* Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM, tr 47 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi sd 2(71}... hgi phan tang phai sfl dung sy phan mang bdi vi eae lang Idp duge tao bdi eac -'' Niklas Luhmann {1977) SM tr 39 " Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr 39 Luhmann khong neu ro ten tac gia ciia thuyet chirc