Thông tin tài liệu
Tsip chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN Khoa hgc XS hoi va Nhan vm Tap 30, So (2014) 51-62 '/Ly thuyet he thong tong quat va phan hoa xa hpi: Tu Ludwig von Bertalanffy din Talcott Parsons Le Ngoc Hung* Hgc vien Chinh tri qudc gia Ho Chi Minh Hodng Qudc Viet NghTa Tdn Cdu Gidy, HdNoi Tom tat: Bai viSt dinh phan gidi thieu ly thuyet hf thfing t6ng quat cua Ludwig von Bertalanffy ma ong coi la mgt hgc thuyet khoa hgc moi ve "sir toan ven" (wholeness, sir nguyen chat, sir nguySn v?n, day du, su tron v?n, su toan the) va cac khai niem thudng bi hieu sai nhu "co the" (organism), "tuong tac" (interaction) va ve quan niem ring tinh toan thS Ion hon long so cac bO phan ciia nd, Phan gidi thieu ly thuyit he thdng xa hgi l6ng quat cua Talcott Parsons mh 6ng phat trien ly thuyet xa hgi hoc tdng quat ve sir "phan hoa cau true" ciia hf thong, "sir phan hoa ben ciia cac he thong xa h^i" Tir hai each tiep c^n khac nhau, nhung ca hai ly thuyet he thong tong quit niy dku nhan m ^ h cac thugc tinh cua he thong mo, he thong song nhir tinh tir dieu tiet, tu to churc rat can dugc phat huy de doi vdi nhihig riii ro nhu sir v6 cam, v6 trach nhifm cd the xay Uong qua trinh phan hda va biin ddi xi hdi Tu- khda: ly thuyet, hf thong, hf thong tdng quat, he thdng xa hgi, chuc nang, cau true, phan hoa xa hgi, phan hda cau true, phan hda chiic n^ng, XS hgi hgc (General System Theory) ma ong phac thao va cong b6 lan dau mpt bai viet b ^ g tieng Anh dang tren tap chi triet hpc ve khoa hpc ciia Anh so thang nam 1950 Ly t h u y e t hf t h o n g tdng q u a t 1.1 Giai thieu Nguoi cd cong khoi xuong ly thuyet la Ludwig'von Bertalanffy (1901 ~ 1972) nha sinh vat hpc ngiroi A o noi liSng tii ban De cuong [1]' Iy thuydt he th6ng tong qudt DT.: 84-904110197 Email: huna^hh a gmail com Nghien ciru 6ugc tai tre boi Qaf phat trien khoa h^c va cong ngh| quoc gia (NAFOSTCD) dfi tai mS sd 13.2-2011.17 ' Ban Be cuong dai 32 trang tap chi nhung file dang tai tren Internet chi gift Ui gin 20 trang va luge f» hon 10 trang (mgc 4-7) trinh bay mgc cac each dien d^t toan hgc ciia Ij thuj^t Di cirong ly thuyet h? thdng long lt tdng qudt xd hdi hpe [810], Theo Parsons, cac hf thdng xd hpi Id cdc hf thdng md vdi cdc qua trinh trao ddi phiic tap vdi cdc he thdng mfii trudng xung quanh [9, 1114], Cac hf thfing xung quanh tao nen mdi trudng true tiep ciia he thdng xd hgi bao gdm cac he thong van hda, nhan each, hanh vi vd cdc tiiu hf thdng khdc ciia co thi vd thdng qua co tbi Id mdi trudng vdt chit Tuong ty nhu vdy, cde hf thdng xd hdi dugc phan hoa cdu tnic thdnh nhilu tieu hf thdng ma mdi tieu he thdng la mgt hf thfing md thyc hien chuc nSng nhdt djnh qud trinh lien tuc trao ddi vdi cae tieu hf thfing xung quanh ciia mgi hf thfing Idn hem ' Phdn hda cdu true Parsons cho rang phdn hda cau tnic (structural differentiation) bao gdm sy tdi tfi chiic (reorganization, sy tfi chiic lai) thyc sy eua he thfing vd vay bao gfim sy biln dfii edu tnic ciJa cdc tiiu he thdng khae va moi quan hf eiia chiing vdi [11], Tuy nhien Parsons luu y ring sy phan hda cdu tnic chii yiu Id sy td chiic vd tai td chiic cdc phdn cau tnic eua he thdng tire la su phdn hda ben ciia hf thdng, phan bifl v6i su phan hda bfn ngodi the hifn sy tfi chiic vd tdi td chiic cdc hf thdng vd mdi quan hf ciia chiing vdi Phdn hda cdu trOc ciia hi thdng tdng qudt ve hdnh dgng Cach tiep can Iy thuyit he thdng tdng quat ve hdnh dgng cua Parsons ebo biet hf '^ Parsons coi "cau tnic" nhu Id "'hf tbdng" va djnh nghTa nd Id mgt tap hop cac hiin tugng phu thugc lan ma tap hgp dinh hinh khudn mau nhat djnh vd cd tinh dn dmh theo thoi gjan Do vdy, phan hda cau tnic xd hgi cQng la phan hda he thdng xa hgi, trir nhirng trudng hgp dugc neu ro thfing hanh ddng bi phan hda cdu tnic cdc tiiu hf thdng bao gdm hf thdng hanh vi, he thdng nhan each, hf thdng xS hgi vd he thdng van hda Nhu vpy, vcri tinh each la he thdng md, hf thdng xd hgi Uen tyc quan he, trao ddi, tuong tdc vdi mdi tnrdng tryc tiep cua nd gdm cdc he thdng hanh vi, nhdn each va vdn hd2L Parsons cho bilt: xet tren chilu canh kiem soat hay trat ty thu bpc cua cac quan he kiem sodt, hf thfing hanh dpng bj phan hda cdu triic cdc phin he thfing hay cac tieu hf thfing tuong tdc vdi theo mpt trdt ty thii bdc kilm sodt nhit dinh tu tren xufing dudi Id hf thdng vdn hda - xd hgi - nhdn cdch - hanh vi, Cy the Id he thong hdnh vi kilm sodt cac qud trinh sinh Iy - giai phdu ciia co the sinh hpe vcri mdi tnrdng vat chit Din lugt nd, he thong hdnh vi bi kilm sodt boi he thong nhdn cdch, he tbdng ndy bi kiem sodt bdri he thdng d vi tri c ^ hon Id hf thdng xd hpi va den lugt nd he thdng x3 hgi hi kiem sodt boi he thdng vdn hda, Nhu vdy trdt tu thii bpc cdc quan hf kiem sodt, hf thdng hdnh vi d vi tri thdp nhdt, tiep din id he thdng nhan each, tiep den la he thdng xd hgi vd be thdng van hda d vi tri cao nhdt Phdn hda cdu true ciia he thong xa hgi Cdch tilp cpn ly thuyit hf thfing tdng qudt ciia Parsons dp dung nghien ciru he thfing xd hgi cho biet mpt sd quy ludt nhu sau Tren chieu cpnh chiic ndng, sy phdn hda cdu trdc ciia he thdng xd hpi bi quy dinh boi cdc yeu cdu chiic ndng d^t ddi vcri cd he thdng vd vdy tuong ling vdi cac yeu ciu chiic ndng he thdng hi phdn hda ciu tnic cdc phdn ma moi thdnh phdn thuc hifn mdt chiic ndng nhat dinh Ndi cdch khac, cac yfu cau chiic nang nhit dinh ma he thdng bi phdn hda ciu tnic thdnh eac tieu he thong hay cac phan cua he thdng md moi thdnh phin thyc hien mfit chiic ndng nhit dinh va moi phin dd cd moi quan hf nhdt djnh vdi cac thdnh phan khdc LN.Himg / Tgp chiKlioo hgc DHQGHN: Khog lipc Xa hpi vd Nhdn van Tdp 30 So (2014) 51-62 Theo Parsons cd thi hinh dung sy phdn hda cau tnic cua he thdng xS hgi mgt khung hay hf tga dp hai chieu chirc ndng Tren mdt chieu chiic ndng bj phdn hda thdnh chiic nang ben trong, hudng nfii va chirc nang ben ngoai, huong ngopi Tren mgt chilu khac chiie nang bi phdn hda thdnh chiic nang phuong tien, cdng cu va chiic ndng muc tieu, muc dich Sy ket hgp hai chieu chiic ndng ndy tao nen mdt hf tpa dg gdm bdn chiic ndng hay bon yeu cdu chijc ndng dugc Parsons Idn lugt dai ten Id AGIL, cy the nhu sau [10]: 1) ehiic nang "huoTig ngoai - phuong tien" hay chirc nang thich nghi, ky hieu la A (Adaptation, thich ling); 2) chiic ndng "hudng ngoai - muc dich" hay "hudng dich" ky hieu Id G (Goalattainment, dat muc tif u); 3) chiic ndng "hudng ngi - muc dich" hay chiie ndng "dodn kit" ky hieu Id I (Integration, hgi nhap); 4) chiic ndng "hudng ndi-phuong tien" hay chirc nang tri khudn mau Idn ky hifu Id L (Latent patternmaintenance) nhu cdu, dgng eo, ddng luc thiic ddy cd hf thong hopt dgng Chirc ndng tri khuon mdu Ign (L) He thfing can phai thyc hifn ehiic nang de ddm bdo tri tinh dn dinh ciia cdc khudn mdu van hda vd xac dinh cau tnic cua he thdng Chiic ndng ndy cd hai mat: mdt la khudn mau chudn mye vd hai la trang thdi thiet chS hda Tii gdc ca nhdn vien ciia he thdng xd hdi, chiic ndng the hien d sy cam ket thai d0, dpng co ciia ca nhan hong viec chdp hdnh cac khudn mdu chudn mye nhdt dinh va dieu ndy bao gdm qua trinh nhap npi (internalization) va xd hdi boa (socialization) tiic Id hgc tap cdc khudn mau chudn mye va bien chiing mfit phan ciia cdu tnic nhan each Tii gdc cdu tnic, chiic ndng ndy bi phdn hda de tach bift khdi cae chiic ndng khdc eiia hf tiidng nhung vdn ddm bdo sy can bdng vdi cdc chiic ndng khdc, dfing thdi ddm bdo trdt ty thii bdc kiem sodt ciia ndi vdi cdc chiic ndng khdc, md tryc tiep nhat la chiic ndng hudng dich Doi vdi bdn yeu ciu chiic ndng he thdng xd h$i bi phan hda cdu tnic thdnh cdc thdnh phdn hf thdng hay bdn tiiu hf thfing chuyen mdn hda mgt cdch tuong iing doi voi tiing chiic ndng Cy thi Id hf thong xa hgi bj phdn hda 1) tieu hf thdng kinh te chuyen thyc hifn chiic ndng sdn xuat, kinh doanh hang hda df dam bdo thich irng cua hf thong, 2) tieu hf thfing chirUi tri chuyfn thuc hifn chirc nang lanh dao, qudn ly hic la quyet djnh vd tfi ehiic thyc hien quylt dinh nhdm dat duge muc tieu ciia cd hf thdng, 3) tiiu hf thdng phdp ludt chuyen thyc hien chiic ndng gdn ket dodn ket, hdi nhap cdc bd phin ciia hf thong xd hdi va gidi quylt cdc mau thudn, xung dgt nhdm dam bdo sy dn djnh trpt ty cua cd he thfing, 4) tieu hf thong vdn hda chuyen thyc hien chiic ndng tri ciing cfi cac kinh nghifm, tri thiic va kilu hdnh vi, boat dgng tich cyc, phii hgp vd tao Chuc ndng huang dich (G) Chiic ndng ndy true tiep lien quan tdi cdu tnic, co che vd qud trinh dien mdi quan hf eiia hf thdng vdi mdi tnrdng Trong qua trinh trao doi vdi mdi truong tit ylu sirdi van df mat can bdng gifia nhu edu ciia hf thfing vdi kha ndng ddp iing cua mfii trudng ddn den muc dich phai thiet Idp trpng thai can bdng, thda mdn, dap iing nhu cdu cua he thdng mdi tuong tdc, trao ddi vdi mdi tnrdng Ddi vdi he thong, nhieu van dl ndy sinh mdi tuong tac vdi mdi tnrdng v^y muc dich cua hf didng hi phdn hda thdnh nhilu muc dieh khdc theo trat ty thii bdc uu ti£n nhat djnh Dieu cd nghTa la chirc nang hudng dich cung bj phan hda cdu triic hf thdng cdc chiic ndng hudng dich cdn eir vao thir ty uu tien ciia cdc muc dich doi voi hf thdng LN.Himg Tgp chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Khoa hpc Xa hgi vd Nhdn vdn Tgp 30 Sd (2014) 51-62 Chuc ndng thich ung (.A) Chiic ndng ndy doi hdi hf thdng phai cung cap, sii dung cdc phuong tien khdc de thyc hifn muc dich ciia hf thdng Vi cac muc dich da dang, phong phii vd bj phdn hda thdnh cac thii tu im tifn nen cdc phuong tifn de dat muc tieu ciing dupc phdn hda tuong iing Chitc ndng dodn kit (I) Chiic ndng xudt hifn cdc he thfing bi phdn hda vd phan chia thdnh cac bp phpn chiic ndng ddc lap vdi va tir dd ddt van de phai ket hpp, doan ket cac bp phdn tiic la cdc tiiu he thdng mdt hf thong, ma moi bg phdn dd vdi tinh each Id mdt tieu he thdng md vira tri ranh gidi, tinb ddc lap vd vira tu diiu tilt dl thich ling voi tao thdnh mgt he thdng todn vpn Phdn hda cdu triic vd phdn hda chuc ndng Trong mgt xd hdi phan hoa d trinh cao, chire ndng tri khuon mau Idn dugc chuyen mon hda va tpp trung vdo hf thdng vdn hda vdi cae Id chiic tuong iing Chiie ndng hudng dich duge chuyen mdn boa vd tpp trung d hf thfing chinh trj voi cdc td chiic tuong iing Chiic ndng doan kit tap trung d hf thdng phdp ludt vdi cdc td ehiic, bg mdy qudn ly, tda an, phdp ly ehuyen nghif p Chirc ndng thich iing dugc ehuyen mdn hda vd tpp trung vdo hf thdng kinh te vdi cdc tfi chuc kinh te nhdt dinh Nhu vpy phdn hda cdu true eiia hf thfing bao gdm phdn hda chiic nang ciia hf thong ddn den edu tnic gom cac tiiu he thfing chirc ndng gin ket vd tucmg tae vdi tao thdnh mpt hf thong todn ven Parsons cho rdng cd the quy cae yeu cdu chiic nang song edn ddt dfii vcri bat k"\' mdt he thdng xd hgi ndo vl bdn Iopi chiic nang co ban la chiic nang Bdn chiic ndng phdn hda ciu tnic theo trpt ty thir bpc kiem soat hanh ddng cCia he thdng Ian luot Id LIGA: (1) chiie ndng tri khudn mau I$n (L: latent pattern maintenance) (2) ehiic ndng dodn kit, hgi nh|p (1: Integration), (3) chiic nang hudng dich (G: Goal - Attainment), (4) chiic ndng thich iing (A: Adaptation)'^ Sy phdn hda xd hpi khdng diing Ipi d cdp dp hf thdng todn xd hpi (societal system) ma tiep tyc dien tren cap tifu hf thdng dd mdi mgt tieu he thdng cuta xd hoi hi phdn hda ciu tnic thdnh cac bg phpn tuong iing vdi bdn yeu cau chiic ndng Vi du he thfing kinh tl dien sy phan hda cau tnic tao ting Idp giau vd ting Idp ngheo vd cdc ting ldp trung gjan viing vdi bd phdn chuyfn san xudt kinh doanh, bp phan chuyen td chiic, qudn ly; bd phdn ehuyen bdi duong, ddo tao va bg phdn chuyen ve gidi quyet cdc van de an todn, trdt ty kinh te''' Mpt so tac gid gpi Iy thuyet ciia Parsons Id Iy thuyit tien hda vl phan hda chiic ndng boi vi Xet tren chieu canh kiem sodt, quy ludt trat ty thii bdc kiem soat cua hf thfing tdng quat vi hanh dgng CO the ap dung cho he thdng x3 hgi Theo quy luat ndy, cac tieu hf thong cua hf thdng tdng quat vi hanh dgng va he thong xa hgi bi phdn hda ciu true cdc tieu he thong co vj tri nhdt djnh trat ty thir bac cua quan hf kiem soat hay quan hi quyin lyc nhu sau Hf thdng thyc hien chiJc n3ng tri khudn mau Ipn (L) chiem vj iri cao nhit trat ty thii bac kiem soat Tiip din la hf thing hgi nhap hay dodn kit (I), thii ba la hf Adng hudng dieh (G) va cudi cung, d vi tri thip nhit la he thdng diich ung (A) Mgt each ngin ggn, tiit tu thii bac quan hf kiem sodt cua he thdng xa hgi Id mgt cdu true diiu khiin tir tren xufing dudi lin lugt Id LIGA, ddi nguae vdi trat t^r thii bac chiic nang hay ciu tnic churc nSng Id AGIL " Parsons phan bift cac cip dp ciia hi thong x3 hdi, do^vdy mgt each tuong ini| c6 the thiy sy phdn hoa dien tren cdc cap dg tir cap dd vi md nhu phan hoa d hi thdng hanh vi the hien d sy phan hda ciu true cde vai xa hgi ciia cdc ca nhdn din phan hda cac vai xd hgi cua nhdm xd bgi, phan hda cdc nhdm vai td chuc, din cip df vT md la phdn hda eac he gia tri, chuan mye xd hgi hf jgia tri ehuin muc van hda, din phan hda cde he thdng xa hdi oia xa hdi hay phan hoa cau true cua he thdng toan thi xa hoi L N Hung / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Khoa ligc Xd hpi va Nhdn van Tpp 30 So (2014) 51-62 theo Parsons, xS hgi cdng tien hda thi cdng phan hda ve chiic nang cua he t h i n g theo hudng phiic tpp hda vd chuyen mon hda [15] Theo Parsons, xd hpi hifn dai dac trung bdi su phan hda d trinh dp cao dfii vdi todn xa hgi vd timg bfi phan chiic ndng ciia xd hoi cung nhu Id giua cac hf thdng ciia xa hgi'^ Tdm lai, ca B e r t a l a n ^ vd Parsons deu cd tham vgng xdy dyng ly thuyet he thdng tdng qudt vd deu ndi den su phan hda ciia hf thdng Ly thuyit Bertalanffy cho biet sy phan hda ciia the gidi ty nhien va cua hf thdng tong quat Id nen tdng ciia sy phdn hoa hf thdng xa hdi Parsons chi su phdn hda cua hf thfing xa hoi tdng quat bdt ngufin tir sy phan hda chiic nang md he thfing thuc hien moi quan he vdi mdi trucmg cua nd Parsons nhan manh hf qud ti^n hda tich cyc cua phdn hda xa hdi nhung dfing thdi phe phan sy vd td chirc cac each u n g phd ddi voi sy phan hda qud mpnh dudi tdc dgng eiia qua trinh ly hda xd hpi hien dpi Nhiing phdn tich mang tinh phe phdn vf chu de gpi nhd dSn canh bao ciia Bertalanffy vd nhat la Weber dS m u o n ldi ciia Nietzsche d l ndi v i sy ly hda gdn lien vdi sy phan hda xd hpi qud manh, qua nhanh xd hpi hien dai cd t h i dan den mdt sy vd cam may mdc, mot cude sdng ldng vdi cac chuyen gia khfing cd linh h^n va ngudi hudng lac khdng cd trai tim ma cii' tudng rdng dd Id mpt trinh dO sfing ma nhdn loai chua timg dat d i n [16] Tai li£u t h a m k h a o Cac xa hgi phat trien thong qua su hinh cac thiit che cdng ty ehii vd chuyen sau ve kinh te (ky hieu A), chinh trj (ky hifu la G), hdi nhap (ky hieu la I) vd van hda (ky hieu la L) Xd hgi cang phan hda thi cang cd nang lyc huy ddng cac ngudn lyc di ddp ling cdc y i u cdu chiic nang tdng len ddi vdi xa hgi L}? thuyet ciia Parsons cho thiy sy phdn hda dien d tit ca bdn he thdng chirc nang kinh te, chinh tri, phdp ludt, vSn hda va trin cap dg ldng qudt cua hdnh ddng giO'a cdc he thdn|; dd Noi each khdc, each tiip can ly thuyet he thdng chirc nSng nhu Parsons de xuat cho thiy phdn hda diin tren cap dp toan xa hgi, phdn hda toan xS hgi (societal differentiation) va phan hda d cdp dd cdc tiiu he thong ciia xa hdi nhdm dap iing cac yeu cau chiic nang ben ngodi vd ben cua he thong viia md vira ddng doi vdi mdi tnrdng Tuy nhien Parsons tap trung nghien ciiu nhiiu hon ve sy phan hda cau tnic ben ciia he Uidng, ma cd 16 ft chu y phan tich mdi quan hi bin ngoai ciia hf thdng vdi mdi trudng, vay yiu to ben he thing dugc chu trgng hon yiu td ben ngoai mdi trudng cua hi thdng'^ Diiu ndy lien quan din pham vi nghien cuu cua Parsons: theo each tiip c^n ly thuyet he thdng xa hgi mdi tnrdng ciia he thdng xd hdi khdng phai la mdi tnrcmg v|I ly, mfii trudng ty nhien ben ngoai ma la cac tiiu hi thong ciia hanh dgng gom cic hf thdng nhdn each, cac hi thdng hanh vi va cac van hda he thdng [I] Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1950) "An Outline of General System Theory" The British Joumal for the Philosophy of Science Vol I No (Aug 1950) Pp 134-165 12] F A Hayek (1944) Duong ve nd If Nxb Tri Thyc Ha Ndi 2009 [3] Karl Marx va Fridrich Engels (1948) "Tuyen ngon cua dang cgng san'" C, Mac va Ph, Ang-Ghen Toan tsip T|p Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia - Sy that Ha Ngi 1995 [4] Jean-Francois Lyotard (1979) Hoan canh h|iu hifn d?i Nxb Tri Thuc Ha Ngi 2007 [5] F David Peat (2005) Tu xac djnh din bat djnh: nh&ng cau chuyfn ve khoa hgc va tu tudng ciia thi ky 20 Nxb Tri Thic, Ha Ngi 2011 [6] V.L Lenin (1929) But ky triet hgc To^n tdp Tdp 29 Nxb Tien Bg - Matsx co va 1981 Tr 166, 359 [7] V.I Le- Nin (1909), "Chu nghia vat va chu nghia kinh nghiim phi phan: Biit ky phe phan mot triet hgc phan ddng" V.I Le - Nin Toan tap T^p 18, Nxb Tien bg - Matxcova 1980 Tr 151 [8] Talcott Parsons (1951) The Social System The Free Press Glencoe Illinois 1951 [9] Talcott Parsons (1959) "General Theory in Sociology" in Robert K Merton, Leonard Broom, Leonard S Cottrell, Jr, (Eds), Sociologv' Today: LSHimg Tgp chi Khoa Imc DHQGH.\: Khoa hgc Xd hgi vd.\ hdn van Tgp 30 S6 COI 4) 51-62 Problems and Prospeaives Basic Books Inc., Publishers New Yoik 1959 Pp 6-7.11 [lOJ Niklas Luhmann (1991) "System as Difference" uong Organization, Vol 13 (1) 2006 Pp 37-57 [11] Talcott Parsons (1961) "An OuUine of the Social System' in Talcon Parsons Edward A Shils, Kaspar D Naegle, and Jesse R Pitts (eds.) Theories of Socien New York: Simon & Schuster The Free Press 1961, Pp 3fr43, 44-47, 70-72 [12] Niklas Luhmann (1977) "Differentiation of societv" in Canadian Joumal of Sociologj' Vol No 1.'1977 Pp 29-53 [13] Talcott Parsons (1959) "General Theory in Sociology" in Robert K .Mertoiu Leonard BroomLeonard S Cottrell Jr (Eds) Sodo)og>' Todaj': Problems and ftospeai\es Basic Books Inc Publishers, Xew Yoik 1959 Pp 6-7 11 [14] \jc Nggc Hiing- "L> thuyet hi thing oia Niklas Luhmann v i sy p l ^ hda cua xa bgi" Tap chi Nghiin cuu ngudi Sd (71) 2014 Ti 11-23 [15] Duane Champagne "Culture Differeniiaiion and Environment: Social Change in Tlingh Societv" in Jeffrey C Alexander and Paul Colomy (Editors) Differentiation Theory and Social Change: Comparative and historical perspeciiv es Columbia Uruversity Press New York 1990 Pp 55-56 [16] Max Weber Nen d^o diic Tin lanh va tinh than ciia chu n ^ a tu ban Nxb Tri thiic Ha Ngi 2008 Tr 329 Theory of General System and Social Differentiation: from Ludwig von Bertalanffy to Talcott Parsons Le Ngoc Hung Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Adminiiration Hodng Qudc Viet, NghTa Tdn Cdu Gidy, Hd Ngi Abstract: Part of this paper presents the theory of general system of Ludwig von Bertalanffy as a new theory of ""vvholeness" and other concepts which are usually misunderstood such as organism, interaction and of tbe concept that tbe wholeness is greater than the sum of its parts Part introduces the theory of general social system which was developed by Talcott Parsons into the theory of general sociology of "structural differentiation" of a system, "internal differentiation of social s\ stems" From two different ways of getting access, both general system theories lay stress on the properties of an open system, the living s>'stem such as self-regulation, self-organization which needs to be promoted in response to the risks such as impassiveness and irresponsibility tiiat could happen in the process of social differentiation and change Keywords: theoiy system, general system, social system, ftmction, structure, social differentiation, structural differentiation, fimetional differentiation Sociology ... nhien mong mudn Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1950) "An Outline of General System Theory" The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science Vol I, No (Aug., 1950) Page 138 '' Cd le vi v3y ma Bertalanffy. .. thiic Ha Ngi 2008 Tr 329 Theory of General System and Social Differentiation: from Ludwig von Bertalanffy to Talcott Parsons Le Ngoc Hung Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Adminiiration... ciia hanh dgng gom cic hf thdng nhdn each, cac hi thdng hanh vi va cac van hda he thdng [I] Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1950) "An Outline of General System Theory" The British Joumal for the Philosophy
Ngày đăng: 08/11/2022, 10:20
Xem thêm:
