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QUAN LYVA QUAN TRI XA HOI TaG0CD0LYTHUYETHETH6NG • GS, TS LE NGQC HtiNG Vi^n Xd hpi hoc, HQC vien Chinh trf quoc gia Hd ChiMinh • Tom tdt: Qudn If vd qudn tri xd hdi cdn co cdch tiep can If thuyit hi thing Theo cdch tiip cdn ndy, qudn If vd qudn tri xd hdi Id mdt Heu he thong thiic hiin chdc ndng dinh hudngphdt triin bin viXng cho cd xa hdi DSng thdi, qudn If vd qudn tri xa hgi ludn hogt ddng theo nguyin If md, hdSng dieh, hop tr&i, da chiiu cgnh vd phdn trUc cdm md trudng ludn hiin dii Cdn ldm ro nhUng vdn di ndy di trdnh nhiing Ihi hi thong n^iin cUu, ddo tgo vd thiic hdnh qudn If vd qudn tri xd hdi hii cdnh mdi hiin • THkhda: qudn If, qudn tri xa hgi, hi thing Quan ly va quan tri xa h$i qudn iy" Dilu khdng sai, nhin^ dang ldm Quinlf eho khoa hpe vl quan ly ehi la tap hpp cdc kinh Henri Fayol (1841-1925) cho rdng: "qudniy nghifm thyetilnldnh dgo, quan ly va ddi tupng tic Id ldp kl hoach, td chic, chi huy, phdi hpp vd dupe ddo tgo chi ddnh eho "cdn bd lanh dgo, kilm tra" (Gerer, cest planifier, diriger, coordon- qudn ly" ma quln mdt mgt eia vdn dl la cdn ner et conttdler)'" "Qudn ly child bifn phdp vd phdi ddo tgo mdt each khoa hpc vl lanh dgo, cdng cu eia td ehiie xa hOi.- Chue nang qudn ly qudn ly eho ed dpi ngu nhdn viin ehi tdc ddng din eon ngudi"'^' Nhung ehiie nang Quitttri dd khdng triing khdp vdi ehiic ndng "ldnh dgo" Quan trj (govemance) cd ngudn gde ttong nhu nhilu ngudi tung quan niem tilhg Latinh Id "gubemare", cd n ^ a Id lai, dilu Tuy nhiln,ttongthye tl hiln nay, khai nif m khiln, ddn hudng Qudn tri la hudng ddn, chi dgo, "ngudi ldnh dgo", "ngudi qudn ly" dang bj hiiu kilm sodt mOt nhdm ngudi, mOt td ehiic hay mOt Id mdt, ddn dinttoi^nOi dung chuong trinh dao qudc gia nhdm ddp lir^ nhu cdu eia hp Qudn tri tgo ve khoa hpe quan ly ehi yeu ehi nlu nhung dupe djnh nghia la vife thyetiiiquyln lyc hay kinh nghiem, ky ndng, biln phdp nhdm biln quyln hanh bdi ngudi ldnh dgo nhdm bao ddm "ngudi Idnh dgo", "nguoi qudn ly" thdnh tac phic loi eia cdc thdnh viinttongtd diuc hay nhan, r^;udi phai lam thi thi ndy, phdi ing xi eOng ddng Theo nghia lOng hon, qudnttjId vife thi ddi vdi "ngudi bj lanh dgo", "ngudi bj huy dOi^ va thye thi quyln lye nhdm mye tieu Lf LUAN CHiNH TRI - Sd9/2017 lEI NGHIEN cCru - PH AT TRIEN Lf LUAN phdt triln hf thdng xd hOi Nhu vdy, quan ttj xd hdi Id sy huy dOng vd thue tiii quyln lyc xd hOi nhdm myc tieu phdt triln xa hpi, phdt triln nguoi Dinh nglua khdng tiye tilp ndi din "quan lyxahOi" nhung bao hdm ed quan lyxdhOi Do vgy, edn lam id nOi ham Widi nifm quan trj xd hOi vdi nghfe bao hdm cd quan ly na hOi Trude Ida, qudn tri thudng g ^ vdi chinh p h i {government), chinh quyen vd c h i ylu ndi vl quyen lye nha nude, qudn tri nhd nude Nhung tinhOngndm 1980 din nay, nOi ham khdi nilm quan trj dupe md rdng bao gdm: (i) qudn tri nhd nude vdi ede chi th€ Id ede td chie va thi chl eia nhd nude, (ii) quan tri xa hOi dan sy vdi cde td chic phi chinh p h i vd hO gia ffinh (ui) qudn di thi trudng, khu vyc tu nhdn vdi cdc td chic doanh nghifp'^' Tuy nhiln, su phan biet ba logi quan tri ehi mang tinh ehat tuong ddi bdi quan tri nhd nude bao qudt tdt ca cdc khu vuc cdng vd khu vue tu, cdc Unh vyc eia ddi sdng eon r^udi, td chic, cOng ddng, giafflnhvd ea nhdn Can cu edp dd, phgm vi hogt ddng, cd thi phdn bift qudn tri dja phuong, quan tri qudc gia, qudn tri khu vyc vd quan trj toan cdu Can eu Unh vyc ddi song xa hOi, ed thi phan bift quan tri kinh tl, quan tri gido dye, qudn tri khoa hpc, qudn tri xd hOi vd cde logi qudn tri khde Xa hOi hifn tai cd nhilu biln ddi nin khdng chi chiie nang ma quan trj vdi tinh each la mdt tiiu hf thdng xa hOi cung biln ddi Trude kia, quan tri ehu ylu Id qud trinh tap trung vk thuc thi quyln lyc, quyen hanh vd quyen uy dl chi huy, thdng tri vd kiem sodt Nhung nay, qudn tii bao gdm ca qud trinh phi tgp tnmg, qudn ly quan h i va tgo su ddng thugn bii bdt liy mOt hogt ddng chi huy vd kilm sodt nao ciing bao gdm nhilu td chie, nhdm va ed nhan cd mdi quan h§ phdn cdng, hiep tde vdi tinh edeh via la e h i thi vd khdch thi, ddi tirpng vd ddi tdc, ddi LfLUAN CHiNH TRj-So9/2017 t h i vd ddng minh Dae bilt, ttong quan trj nha nude hif n cd su bien ddi tu "eai tri, thdng ttj, chi huy, Ifnh, kilm sodt" sang "dieu tilt, phyc vu, ho ttp vd kiln tgo, phdt triln" Theo cdch tilp can ly thuylt thi che eia Aeemoglu vd Robinson thi tuong ing vdi hai logi thi chl chinh sdch chilm dogt va dung hpp Id hai kilu qudn trj chilm dogt va qudn tti dung hpp, bao trtun Sy biln ddi quan trj xd hdi dai^ tuan theo xu hudng biln ddi tii quan tri chilm dogt sang quan tq dung hpp, bao triim thu hut tdt cd mpi ngudi tham gia vko qud trinh kiln tgo, phdt triln D l hiiu rd hon mdi quan hf eia quan tri vdi qudn ly troi^ phgm vi td ehtic doanh n ^ l p , c6 thi nghiin euu tiudng hpp hOi ddng quan tij ttong edng ty ed phdn Dilu 149 Ludt Doanh nghiep (2014) quy dinh: "HOi ddng qudn tiildeo quan quan ly cdng ty, ed todn quyln nhdn danh edng ty dl quyet djnh, thye hifn ede quyln va nghia vp eia edng ty khdng thudc thdm quyln eia Dgi hOi ddng ed ddng" Nhu vdy ching to qudn tri bao ham quan ly tdng thi cdi^ ty Troi^ edng ty ed phan, ngudi qudn ly bao gdm cd e h i tieh hOi ddng qudn tri vd eac thdnh viin hOi ddng qudn trj, i^udi ehu so huu va nhung ngudi cd chic danh qudn ly ttong cdng ty Dilu ndy cd nghia Id "quan l y bao hdm cd "qudn tri" Tiong md hinh td ehtic quan Iy eia edng ty c6 phdn cd "hdi ddng qudn tri" vd c h i tich hOi ddng qudn trj Id ngudi dgi dien theo phdp lugt eia cdng ty Dai hOi ddng ed ddi^ ed quyln vd nghfe vy bau, miln, bai nhiem thdnh vien HOi ddng qudn tri; xem xet vd x i ly cdc vi phgm eia HOi ddng quan tri Vife xudt hifn "hOi ddng quan tri" ttong mdt td ehiic nhu edng ty cd phdn ehiing td "quan tri" Uen quan din van dl quyln s6 hiiu vd loi ich eia cdc bin tham gia td ehtic Tipng tdm eia qudn ly Id thye hiln cac mye tieu ttong khudn khd da dupe qudn ttj xdc djnh ja Trpng tdm eua qudn tri Id bdo dam can bdng tdng loi ich eia ede ben tham gia Ddi vdi khu vuc cdng, vife ludng, ddnh gia ndng lyc ldnh dgo, qudn ly xde djnh nhdm ndng lue phdn gdm'*': (i) nang luc dgo die edng vy, (U) ndng lyc am hiiu dja phuong, (in) ndng lue chuyin mdn, (rv) ndng lue qudn ly, dilu hdnh, (v) n a i ^ lyc qudn tri nhdn sy vd (vi) nang lye qudn trj ban thdn Cdu trie sau phdn ndy eia nang lue ldnh dgo, quan ly cho thdy quan ly bao gdm cd qudn tri cu thi la quan trj nhdn sy vd qudn trj bdn thdn Riing ndng lyc phdn "qudn ly, dilu hdnh" cd ndng lye, ttong dd cd "qudn trj syth^ddi", "qudn tritiidngtin nOibd"vd "qudn tij ngudn lyc eia td ehtie" Rieng ndng lyc "qudn tri bdn thdn" bao gdm 16 ndng lyc, ttong dd ed ndng lyc "qudn tri dp luc ttoi^ cdng vife" va "qudn ly thdi ^an" Vife tim hiiu so hO hai tiudng hpp qudn trj ttong cdng ty ed phan vd qudn di ttong khung ndng lue ldnh dgo, quan ly khu vuc hdnh chinh edng cho thdy mdi quan he tuong tde, bd sung ldn eia qudn ttj vdi qudn ly Tu dd ddt vdn dl, mOt mdt s i dung tu ngft de djnh nghia tungft Ida vd mat khdc cdn phdn bift qudn ttj, qudniy doanh nghifp vdi quan trj, qudniyxa hOi Cd t b l cdn s i dung tu ngft qudn ly xd hOi theo n^im rOng di nhdn mgnh tinh todn tbl, tinh h i thdng d ddi tuong, phgm vi eia quan tri xd hOi Ddng thdi, ed thi vdn dung edeh tilp egn ly thuylt phdn hda'^' eia Luhmann d l dinh nghia qudn trj xa hOi Id qudn ly toan thi xa hOi vdi tinh each Id hf thdng xd hOi phdn hda, khde bift hda vdi mdi tiudng Djnh nghia ndy khdng phdn bift qudn tti xa hOi vdi quan ly xd hdi ma tgp tmng ldm rd dde trang eia qudn ly xd hOi, qudn tri xa hOi ttong dilu kif n kinh t l thi trudng djnh hudng XHCN Qudn h i xa hdi t i gdc dd ly thuyet hf th6ng Quia tii^h0i titgdc d$ /^ thuyit b$ thing Beitalannfy (1950) la nha khoa hpc tien phong viee xdy dung ly tiiuylt hf thdng tdng qudt vdi ede khdi nifm, nguyen ly ed thi dp dung eho tdt ed logi hf thdng vat ly, hf thdng smh hpc vd hf thdng xd hOi Ong dd dua khai nifm hf thdng md vd hf thdi^ ddng Hf thdng md Id hf thdng ludn eoi md dl trao ddi chdt vdi mdi trudng, nhd vdy ma hf thdi^ ma sdng dOng, tiln hda, phdt trila Hf thdng ddng Id hf tiidng khIp ldn khdng ttao ddi chdtvdi mdi trudng v ^ h f tiidng ddi^ cd xu hudng bi tan rd, phEin buy, tiiu tan Hf thdng ddng la hftiidngvdeo, vat lyvdhflhdngmdldhf thdi^ smh hpe vd hf thdng xd hOt Cdc nguyin ly tdng qudt eia hf thdng m i gdm nguyin ly dSng kit, tif m biln, ty dilu tilt vd mOt sd nguyin ly khac Cdc nguyin ly ndy cd thi vdn dung ttong quan drj xd hOi dl bdo ddm tiln bO vd phat triln eia xd hOi vdi tmh each Id hf thdng Thi dy: theo nguyen ly ddng kit, cdn thye hien ehinh sdch khuy&i khich eae ed nhdn vd ede eo quan, td chic, eOng ddng thye hifn nhilu logi vife \km khde nhau, san xudt kinh doanh nhilu sdn phdm khdc vdi nhilu cdng nghf khdc vd tdt ca mpi ngiroi chuyen mdn hda, ehuyen nghiip hda dlu ed till dat dupe mye tieu gidng la tang thu nhdp, edi Ihifn eufc sdng ttong mdi quan hf phy thuOe ldn tao nin su doan kit hiiu ca vd cung phdt triln MOt xd hOi cham phdt triln cdc ca nhan ehi ed mOt edeh lam gidu, thi dy tdt cd dlu lam mdt i ^ l ndng nghiep gidng nhau, dd tdt ea mpi ngudi dlu hao hao gidng nhau, thilu sy ttao ddi, hpp tde phong phti, da dgi^ Quin trixSbditCtgdcd01^&iuyitb$ diing Talcott Parsons ed ddng gdp ldn nghien emi vd phdt triln Iy thuylt hf thdng tdng qudt LfLUAN CHiNH TRI-Sd 9/2017 NGHIEN Cdu - P H A T T R I E N Lf L U A N ttong xd hpi hpc theo hudng ldy chiie ndng dl giai thich edu trie eia hf thdng xa hdi Theo Parsons, bdt Vy mOt he thdng xa hOi ndo eing phdi thye hifn it nhdt bdn ylu cdu ehuc ndng dl cd the sinh tdn, van ddng vd phdt triln ttong mdi trudng ludn biln ddi Dd la chic nang thich ling, hudng dieh, dodn kit vd tri khudn mdu Do vdy, he thdng xd hdi bj phan hda bdn tiiu he thdng ma mdi he thdng chuyen mdn hda vdo thye bien mOt chie ndng Cae tiiu hf thdng ndy tiHH^ ddi dde l|p nhung ludn tuong ldc vdi tgo thdnh mdt cdu true tuong ddi dn djnh, bin vftr^ Din lupt nd, mdi tiiu hf thdng ed thi tilp tye phdn hda thdnh bdn bd phdn tuong ing vdi bdn ehiie nang Nguyin ly phan hda hf thdng ndy ed tbl tiep tuc diln theo sy yeu cdu chic ndng md mdi trudng ddi hoi Thi dy, mOt xa hpi vdi tinh cdch la mdt h i thdng ludn ed cdu trie gdm bdn tiiu hf thdng tuong ung vdi bdn ehtie ndng Id (i) tiiu hf thdng kinh t l thye hifn chic ndng thich ing bdi^ each san xudt sdn phdm edn thilt cho toan xa hfi, (u) tiiu hf thdi^ ehinh tri thye hifn chie ndng hudng dieh dl vgeh myc tiiu, dudng ldi hogt dOng eho cd hf thdng; (Ui) tiiu hf thdng phap lugt thye hifn chic ndng dodn kit xa hOi dl tgo ttgt ty eia ca he thdng bdng edeh de ravd dam bdo eac quy tde ung xu dupe tudn thu; (iv) tieu hf thdng vdn hda cd ehtic ndng tri nhting khudn mau lir^ x i p h i hop nhdt cho ed hf thdng Mdi tiiu he thdr^ ndy tilp tye phdn hda thdnh bdn tiiu he thdng tuong ting vdi bdn logi ehuc nang thich lir^ hudng dfch, dodn kit vd tri khudn mda Su phdn hda chie ndng - eau true eia hf tiidng e i thi tilp tye ldm eho hf thdng xa hpi tri thdnh mdt chinh the eua ede phdn vd can true vd cing phtic tgp Vdn dyng cdch tilp can ly thuylt hf thdng bdn ehic nang, cd tbl thdy quan tri xa hOi cd Lf LUAN CHlNH TRj-S£9/2017 chie ndng hudng dieh eho ca h i thdng Chic ndng hudng dieh cd the dupe thao tde hda thdnh nhiing chie nang eu tbl Id: (i) thilt ke vk td ehtie ede hogt dOng ddu vdo, hogt d^ng san xudt vd hogt dOng ddu cua ed he thdng; (u) xdc djnh myc tiiu chung eia ca hf thdng dam bdo edn bang Ipi ich cdc ben tham gia; (iU) xde djnh hf gid tri, chuan muc de dam bdo su ddng bO, an todn, ttgt ty; (iv) xdy dyng vd phdt triln van hda eia he thdng xd hOi Nhu vgy, vdi tinh cdeh la mOt tiiu hf thdng hudng dieh eia he thdng xa hOi, qudn tri xd hdi thye hifn ea bdn ehic ndng Id thich ing, hudng dich, doan kit va tri khudn mdu cho ca be thdi^ nhdm dap uag cdc ylu eau ddt la ttong mdi quan hf vdi mdi tiudng xui^ quanh Quin trjxihdi tUgdc dd cicnguy^l^h$ tb&ngthih$tbtiba Jamsbid Ghaiajed^hi cd ddng gdp ldn ttong nghien eiiu vd phdt trien ly thuylt he thdng tdng qudt qudn ly phue hop vd hon dOn® Theo Ghaiajeda^, ly thuylt hf thdng da phdt triln qua giai doan hf thdng co hpe, hf thdng smh hpc va dgt tdi dinh cao la hf thdng xd hOi Theo cdch tiep can ly thuylt hf thdng t h i hf t h i ba, xd hdi cdn dupe hiiu nhu la mOt hf thdng xdhpi - da tri tuf Hf thdng viia kl thua tdt ca cde dde trung eia hf thdng t b l hf t h i hai la hf thdng sinh hpc - don tri tue vd hf thdng the he t h i nhdt Id hf thdng eo hpc - khdng tri tui, via phdt triln ede dae tnmg mdi Hf thdng xa hfi ddc trung bdi su tuang tdc, phy thude ldn nhau, thich ling, tu td ehic, lua chpn, e h i dich vd nhilu dac trung khdc cua mOt he thdng ma, can bdng dOng vd phan hda vdi mdi trudng T i cde dde trung nay, Gharajed^ti lua chpn va khdi qudt dupe nam nguyen ly hf thdng t b l h i t h i ba de ran dung ttong "qudn ly hdn dOn vd phuc hpp" Cd tbl eoi quan tri xd hOi la bdi sd, la tdng m hda eac qudn ly hdn dOn vd phtie hpp, dd can tim hiiu vd van dyng ndm nguyin ly hf thdng t b l hf t h i ba md Gharajetiaghi dd nhdn manh Dd la nguyin ly ve tinh md, tinh ehu dich, tinh hpp ttdi, tinh da ehilu cgnh vd tinh phan true cam eia he thdng Day la nhung nguyen ly he thdng tdng quat, vdy hoan todn ed the van dung vdo titilt ke quan trj kinh doanh nhu Gharajed^hi dd lam va van d u i ^ ttong nghien ciu va phdt triln qudn tri xa hOi ttong trudng hpp dudi day Cy thi nhu sau: mdi trudng Thi du, quan tri kinh te c h i ylu nhdm myc dieh tang san lupng, giam ehi phi, tdng thu nhdp, tdng Im nhudn, vd vdy ed thi sdn sang ldm d nhiim, biy hogi mdi trudng vd lam tang Ipi Ieh cua nhdm ngudi va lam giai Ipi ich eia nhdm ngudi khde Khdc vdi quan tri kinh te, qudn dj xd hdi ddi hdi quan tri kinh t l phai gdn vdi myc dich phdt triln bao triim, bin viing vd phat triln ngudi, ey tbl Id khuyin khieh Idm gidu gdn vdi xda ddi, gjam nghIo, bao ddm ttdt ty xd hOi, cdng bdng xd hdi vd bao vf (i) Nguyen ly md-cho bilt xd hOi vdi tinh cdeh mdi tradng la hf thdng khdi^ khep kin md ludn md vdi mdi (iu) Nguyen ly da chiiu canh eho biet hf tmdng xung quanh thdng qua cdc ddu vdo, ddu thdng Id sy phy thude ldn eia vd sd cdc ylu la vd ede ung x i eia hf thdng vdi mdi tradng td vdi cde ehilu cgnh khdc tham chi ttdi Nhd nguyen ly ma md hf thdng ttao ddi chat vdi ngupc nhau; Id su tiidr^ nhat e i a cac mat ddi mdi trudng vd van dOng, biln ddi, phat triln lap, la toan thi cae khd thi vd ede bat khd thi, Id Nguyin ly md ddi hdi qudn tri xd hOi vdi tinh sy kit hpp eia ttdt ty vd hdn logn Biiu hifn id cdeh la mdt tiiu hf thdng ludn md vdi cdc tiiu nhdt cua tinh da ehilu cgnh la tinh da ehiie he thdngtiiuOemdi tradng ben ttong, vd ddi hdi nang, da edu trie vd da qud trinh eia hf thdng ca hf thdng phdi md vdi mdi trudng xung quanh xd hpi, md Ludwig von Bertalanffy gpi la nguyin d l tim kilm ede dau vdo vd sdn xudt cde ddu ly "ddng kit" (equiflnaUty), theo dd Id cdc qud (u) Nguyin ly chd dinh cho hilt h i thdng xa trinh khac cd the dlu ddn d ^ nhiing kit hOi ludn ed mye dich vd tim mpi cdeh dl dgt qua tuong ty nhau'" Van dyng nguyin ly da mue dich ddt Hf thdi^xa hOi cd ehu dieh boi ehilu cgnh ttong qudn trixdhdi ddi hdi phai tinh vi eon ngudi cd y thiie vd hanh dOng ed c h i din cdc muc dich khac nhau, cdc ngudn lyc, cde dieh Do vdy, quan tri xa hdi ed ehic ndng xdc phuang phap, cac bien phap khac dlu cd djnh mye dich eia ea he thdng xd hOi vd vgch la tbl dgt dupe nhiing muc dieh nhdt djnh Khi dd, chien lupe, hf gia tri chudn mirc, k l hogch, quan tri xa hOi cdn hudng den vife khuyin khieh chuang trinh hdnh dOng dl dgt myc dich dd mpi ngudi phdt huy ede the mgnh khde nhau, Tuy nhien, qudn tri xd hdi ttong bdi cdnh hiln ede ngudn lye khde de dgt cdc muc dich phdi lya chpn va xdc djnh myc dich uu tien eia hp md khdng phuong hgi den muc dich vd cam kit thue hifn myc dieh ttong dilu kif n ehui^ eia ca cOng ddng xd hdi Thi dy, quan tri ed hgn vl cdc ngudn lyc Vdn d l khdng chi xd hdi gidi ed till giup mpi ngudi ndng eao ehdt Uen quan din vife phdn bif t myc dich ddi hgn, lupng euOe sdng nhd phdn cdng lao dOng theo tnmg hgn vd ngdn hgn ma edn Uln quan din hudng chuyen mdn hda, chuyin nghifp hda va vife ldm id mue dich ttln cdc chiiu cgnh eia ca Uen tye ddi mdi, sdng tgo Theo nguyin ly ndy, he thdng xa hpi eia tung bd phdn edu thdnh quan tri xa hOi gioi khdng cd n ^ a Id ldm mpi ttong mdi tuong tdc phtie tgp giiia hf thdng vd ngudi dlu gidi lam mOt Viec gidng nhau, ma mdi LfLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 9/2017 Eii NGHIEN COrU - P H A T T R I ^ N Lf L U A N ngudi gidi mOt vife khde nhau, tgo nin cdc logi san phdm, eac logi hdng hda, ede logi dich vu phong phi, da dgng (iv) Nguyin ly hop trdi eho bilt hf thdng xa hOi ludn cd cdc fide tinh hpp ttOi vdi tinh each Id nhiing ddc tinh eia hf thdng dupe hinh thdnh t i su tuong tac, kit hpp, phdi hpp eia cae bO phdn can nin he thdng Sic mgnh cua cd mOt he thdng xd hOi phu thuOc vao sic mgnh eia ting tiiu hf thdng vd sic mgnh eia sy hpp ttfi cac tiiu h i thdng tuong tdc, kit hpp, phdi hpp vdi tao nen Nguyen tde gpi y eho qudn tri nhilu phuong tiitie de dgt hifu qua nhu khdng chi tdp trung ndng cao trinh dO hpc vdn hay ehuyen mdn ky thugt eia ttmg vien md edn phdi ndng eao trinh dO tuong tde, hpp tac giua cdc thdnh viin eia td ehtic Khdng ft ca quan chuyen mdn, co quan khoa hpc khdng thilu ngudi tdi gidi nhung Igi hogt dOng kem hifn qua, tham chi ylu kim vi thieu ea ehe hpp tde, tuong tac tich cue giua cdc thdnh viin Nguyen ly hppttOieho bilt ede ddc dilm va tinh chdt eia mOt hf thdng ludn Id su hppttOicdc dge dilm, tinh chdt eia cde ylu td tuong tde vdi tgo nin hf thdng dd (v) Nguyen ly phan ttuc cam (Counter-intuitiveness) eho bilt hf thdng ludn chiia dung cde ylu td bdt i^d, khd ludng, "hon dOn", "bdt dinh", "tai biln", quan hf nhdn - qud ed tbl hi gidn dogn ttong khdng gjan vd thdi gjan, thgm chi cd thi ddi ehd eho Nguyen tdc hf thdng ndy gpi y cho ldnh dgo, qudn ly phai boat dfng ttong mdi ttudng Uen tye thay ddi tin khdng dupe thy dOi^, md phai thich lingticheye, sang tgo, thgm chi edn phai thay ddi nhanh ehdng, bdt ngd Ddc bif t, cdn phdi ndm ldy quy ludt, edi dn djnh, cdi caban dl ung phd vdi vd sd cdc hif n tupng riing le, ludn thay ddi; cdn phdi bilt "di bdt biln ling van b i ^ " LfLUAN CHfNH TRI-SO9/2017 Quin tri xa hdi td gdc dd^diuyit phin hda Khde vdi ede cdeh tilp can ly thuylt hf thdng ndng vl cde nguyin ly tgp ttung vdo hf thdi^ vdi eac thdnh phdn, edu trie, Niklas Luhmman dua ly thuylt phdn hda hf thdng, nhdn mgnh mdi quan hf giOa h i thdng va mdi trudng Ong eho rdng, hf thdi^ Id su khdc bif t eia he thdng vdi mdi trudng'^' Van dung djnh nghia ed thi thdy, quan tri m hOi ed chue ndng lam rd sy khde bif t eia hf thdng vdi mdi tmdng Thi du, qudn tri xa hOi ddi vdi Unh vyc gido dye Id vif e Idm eho Unh vuc gido dye khdc vdi cdc Unh vyc khde eia xd hpi, khdc vdi Unh vyc kinh tl, y tl, khoa hpe mdc d i cdc linh vuc dlu Uen quan mat thilt vdi Cdu hdi ddt la lam the ndo tgo sy khdc bif t eia hf thdng xd hOi vd mdi trudng? Chi ed ngudi la cd t h i thdng qua hdnh dOng ldm thay ddi t b l gidi va ban than Tuy nhiln, nlu chi ed hdnh dOng nhu vdy tii khd cd till tao nin xd hpi lodi ngudi vdi tinh cdch la su khdc bilt eia hf thdng xd hOi vdi mdi trudng Theo ly thuylt phdn hda hf thdng eia Luhmann, hanh dOng ed ddi tupng vd khdch tbl la gidi tu nhien ehua true tilp tgo h i thdng xd hOi Ngay ca hdnh dOng xa hOi vdi nghia Id hudng din ngudi khde, bj dnh hudng bdi ngudi khdc ciing chua trye tiep tgo hf thdng xa hOi Theo Luhmann, giao tiep mdi Id logi thao tdc, hanh ddng nhdt ed kha ndng tao he thdng xd hOi vdi tinh cdeh la sy khde biet e i a hf thdng vdi mdi trudng Theo dng, hf thdng xd hdi hinh giao tilp vd phdt ttiln t i giao tilp Bii vi giao tilp bao hdm su tuong tde e i a eae hdnh dOng eia cdc cd nhdn, ddng thai ddi hdi cde cd nhdn phdi s i dyng ky hieu, ngdn ngft, biiu tupng dl tmyln dgt, tilp nhdn, nhdn bilt thdi^ tin vd hiiu bilt ldn Cdeh ti^ egn ly thuylt phdn hda bf tiidi^ eia Luhmann ddi hdi qudn tri xd hOi phdi thiet ldp dupe hf thdng truyin thdng "cdng khai, minh bgch, ed trdeh nhiim gidi trinh" giiia cdc thdnh td bin ttong hf thdng vd eia ed hf thdng vdi ede hf thdi^ khdc troi^mdi trudngxui^ quanh Thi du, qudn tri xa hOi phai dya vdo he thdng truyin thdng ed hieu qua nOi bO co quan, don vi; ddng thdi phdi dya vdo hf tbdi^ giao tilp cd hif u qua vdi cde ben Uln quan bin ngoai he thdng bao gdm ede tdi^ ldp nhdn ddn, cae ed nhdn, cdc ^ chic vdi cdc vj thi va vai trd xd hfi khde Ndi each Idide, quan tri xa hOi ddihdi phdi thudng xL^en, Uln tye, giao tilp vdi nhan dan, gdn ddn, ldng n ^ e dan, tiiam vdn ddn, tinyin thdng din mpi ngtroi dan dl cur^ "bilt, bdn, ldm, kilm 0:a" dl tgo sukhacbiet ciahf thdngxd hOi voi mdi tnroi^ Su khde bift eia h i tiidng xd hOi ndy vdi hf thdng xa hOi khdc chd hf thdng dd tao m cdi ^ vd tao bdng edeh ndo Theo do, quan tri xa hOi cdn dya vdo ^ o tilp cdng khai, minh bgch, trdeh nhiim gidi tiinh dl ndi^ cao ndng sudt, chat lupng, hifu qud eia cd hf thdng xa hdi Theo nguyin ly giao tilp cd thi phan bif t quan tri xa hOi kilu cu ehi ylu dua vao giao tilp nOi bO ben ttoi^hfthdi^xdhOi-Trong qudn tri xahOi kilu mdi ddi hdi phai eoi trpng ed giao tilp bin ttong vd ca giao tilp ben ngodi hf thdng xd hOi N ^ ^ n cthi ly luan thuc tiln cho thdy, qudn tri xd hOi ndng vl giao tilp ben ti^ng, nghia Id "ddng cua"tillchi cd till tri, cung ed nhiing ^ dd ed ttoi^ hf thdng xd hOi- Nhung di qudn tri xd hOi nhdm ddi mdi, sdi]^ tgo vd phat triln thi edn phdi tdng cudng giao tilp bin ngodi vdi mdi trudng xung quanh, nghia la "ma eia" O Le Ngpc Hur^ (Chi bi6n): M hdi hoc lanh dao, quin Jy, Nxb Dgi hpc qudc gia Ha NOi, 2010 (2) Vifn Ng^en ciu vd Ddo tao vl qudn ly: Hnh hoa qudniy, Sdd, tt.60 (3) Anne Mette Kjaei Governance Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004 (4) L6 Quan (Chi bign): KhungnSngluc lanh dao, quin ly khu vuc hanh chinh cdng, Nxb Dai hpc qudc gia Ha Noi, 2016 (5) L€ Ngpc Himg: Ly thuyit xa hdi hgc hiin d0, Nxb Dgi hpc qudc gia Hd Nfi, 2014 (6) Jamshid Gharajed^hi: Tiiduyh$ thong - Quin If hdn dgn vaphdchop, mdtcasddio ihiitkHdin trdc kinh doanh, N:d] Khoahpc xd hpi, Hd Nfi, 2005, tt.40-42 (7) Jamshid Gharajed^hi eho bilt Ludwig von Bertalanffydasidungkhdiraem"Ddngklt" (EquifinaUty, don ciu cdnh, chung cufc ngang nhau) phdntichtinh ty dilu tilt, ty cdn bSng eia hf thdng sdng, mi Gharajeda^ cui^ cho bi@t: Walter Buckley da vifn dan khdi nifm ndy eia Bertalan% dl ngupc Igi, dua khdi nifm tinh "da kit" (Multifinality, da ciu cdnh, da chung cufc) Dd Id cac ddu vdo gidng nhung vdn c6 thi tgo ede kit eye khdc Jamshid Ghaiajeda^ Tuduyh$ thdng Quinlfhdfl ddn viphdchop, rndtcasdcho thiit kikiin true kinh doanh, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hpi, Hd NOi 2005, tt.lU; Walter Buckley: Sociology and modem systems theory New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Ine.l967.P.60 (8) Niklas Luhmann (1977), "Differentiation of society" in Canadian loumal ofSociology Vol No 1,1977, Pp.29-53 Niklas Luhmann (1990) "The paradox of System Differentiation and the Evolution of Society" in Jeffrey C Alexander and Paul Colomy (Editors), Differentiation Ilieojy and Soda/C/iange; Comparative andhisforicai perspec(1) Wfn N ^ n ciu va Dao tgo vl qudn ly: I5nft hoa tives, Columbia University Press, New York, 1990 quin If, Nxb Lao ddng - Xd hOi, Hd Nfi, 2008, tt.59; Pp.409-440 LfLUAN CHiNH TRj-SJi 9/2017
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