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Nghien cuu Trao doi De doi mdi va nang cao chat liTons giao due va dao tao hien nay • TS NGUYEN D A C H U N G * 1 Nhan thuc sau sac tam quan trpng cua giao due va dao tao (GD DT) ddi vdi su phat trien[.]
Nghien cuu - Trao doi De doi mdi va nang cao chat liTons giao due va dao tao hien • TS NGUYEN D A C H U N G * Nhan thuc sau sac t a m quan trpng cua giao due va dao tao (GD- DT) ddi vdi su phat trien dat nuoe tinh hinh mdi, Dai hdi Dang toan qud'c lan t h u XI da xac dmh mdt ba dot pha Chie'n lupc phat trie'n kinh te - xa hpi giai doan 2011-2020 la: ' T h a t trien nhanh ngudn n h a n luc, nha't la ngudn nhan luc chat luong eao, tap trung vao viec ddi mdi can ban va toan dien nen giao due qude dan; gan ket chat che phat trie'n ngudn n h a n luc vdi phat trien va lirng dung khoa hoc cdng nghe" N h u vay, do'i mdi can ban, toan dien GD-DT phai tao ngudn nhan luc chat lupng cao ddng gdp xirng dang vao s u nghiep phat trien da't nude nhanh va b i n viing, hdi nhap qud'c te cdng Ndi dung cd't ldi cua doi mdi la: Chuyen nen giao due tir chu yeu Fa day ehir sang nen giao due ket hop hai hba, day ngiroi, day chii va day nghe; chuyen nen giao due tir chu yeu nang ve ung thi sang nen giao due thuc hoe; chuye'n nen giao due tir chii ye'u dao tao theo kha nang cua eac co sb giao due, dao tao sang dao tao theo nhu cau xa hpi va n h u eau cua ngubi hoe Trong qua trinh chi dao va thuc hien ddi mdi giao due phai ke thira ' Ban Tuyen gido Trung uong 12 TUYEN G I A O S O 8-2013 va p h a t t r i e n cac q u a n diem ciia D a n g ve GD-DT da dupc ban , hanh, de'n van cbn nguyen gia tri: GD-DT la qud'c sach hang d^u, dau t u eho giao due la dau tu phat trien; giao due la s u nghiep cua Dang, eua N h a nudc va toan dan; muc tieu cua giao due la nang cao dan tri, dao tao n h a n luc, bdi diroi^ n h a n tai; giao due phai gan vdi sir phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, nhirng tien bd khoa hpc - cdng nghe, da dang hda cac loai hinh giao due; hoc di ddi vdi h a n h , giao due nha trubng gan l i l n vdi giao due gia dinh, xa hpi; thuc hien cdng bang giao due; uu tien phat trien giao due vimg cd dieu kien kinh ti ' xa hdi dac biet khd khan, vimg dan tpc thieu so' va cac dd'i tupng chinh sach Ke' thira va phat trien nhirng yeu to tich cue ciia nen giao due nude nha, tie'p t h u cd chon loc kinh nghiem quo'c te; chu trpng tinh khoa hpc, he tho'ng, vdi tam nhin td'ng t h e , cd cac giai phap ddng hd, co Id t r i n h thich hpp, theo yeu cau va thuc te cua dait nudc va ciia cae vimg, mien T r o n g q u a t r i n h t h u c hien cong cudc ddi m d i giao due, k h d n g n e t r a n h nhCrng v a n d6 khd, n h u n g p h a i cd nhiing budc di t h a n trpng, b a o d a m t i n h kha thi Dd" t h u c h i e n dupe do'i mdi can b a n va t o a n dien giao due va Nghien ciju - Trao doi dao tao, trude h e t p h a i ddi the hinh va phat t n e n mdi t u v l giao due toan dien ve nhan each cho Trong dd can nha'n m a n h hoc sinh, dap ung yeu eau viec lay hoc thudng xuyin, dao tao ngudn nhan lue cho hoc sud't doi l a m n l n t a n g ; the ky XXI Yeu cau mdi dd'i lay phdt trien nhan cdch vdi hoe smh thdng hien nguoi theo hudng hien la cd mpt he thdng kie'n dqi la m u c tieu; p h a t t r i e n thire phd thong co ban; cd ky giao due phai di trude p h a t nang sinh hoat, hpc t r i e n kinh te'; chuye'n dd'i t a p va lao dpng; dupc p h a t cdng t a c q u a n ly tir chi h u y trien cac td chat/ nang khieu va kie'm soat s a n g t r a o rieng; la ngubi trung thuc, quyen va giam sat Do'i mbi t u chu, sang tao, biet phai h u d n g tdi t h u e hien danh du, pham gia eua minh t r u cot eua giao due m a va eua ngubi khac, cd trach UNESCO da k h u y e n cao, nhiem, t u giae thuc hien bdn dd la: hoc di bii't, hoc de phan ddi vdi da't nudc va dan ldm, hoc di cung chung tdc Do dd, giao due can quan sd'ng vd hgc di ldm ngudi t a m n h i l u hon de'n p h a t Dd'i moi GD-DT la m o t trien nang luc cua ngubi hpc, pham tril vd eiing phiic t a p , tao cho hoe sinh eo kha nang rdng ldn, vi v a y b day chi t u chiem linh tri thiie, van neu vai n e t ve dd'i mdi ddi dung sang tao t n thiie va vdi timg bac hoc kie'm nghiem nhirng dieu minh hoc cudc sd'ng D& voi giao due thdng Mud'n vay, giao due can Hidn nay, giao due phd' chuye'n chirc nang eua day thdng dang ldi thbi, khdng hoe tur chd truyen t h u kien phii hpp vdi sir p h a t tridn thuc la ehu ye'u sang chii cua giao due hidn dai, khd cd trpng phat trien nang luc va hinh t h a n h thai dd, kha nang ddc lap giai quye't van de, p h a t trien pham chat sang tao eho ngubi hoc, cd nen t a n g kie'n thiie de moi ngubi ed the hpe sudt dbi Chuong trinh giao due phd' thdng can bao dam khdng khd qua, vira siic vdi so'ddng, de da sd hpe sinh hoe tap cd ket qua td't, nhung eung phai the hien duoc su phan hda, phan loai ddi vdi hoc sinh Cdch ddnh gid, thi ai: ciing phdi thay doi de cd the ddnh gid chinh xdc ndng luc cila nguoi hoc, nhung khdng gay ap luc cang t h a n g cho hpc sinh, khac phuc hpc ddi phd, "hpc vet" Do'i vd'i g i a o due nghe nghidp Trubc nhirng su bien doi n h a n h chdng eua the'gidi dbi hbi ngubi lao ddng phai n h a n h chdng thich nghi vdi hoan canh mdi, phai thubng xuyen cap n h a t tri thiie va nang eao kha nang thich ung, ky nang va thai dp lam viee dling dan Do dd, chuong trinh dao tao can cd nhixng ndi dung mdi, cap n h a t n h u n g cong nghe mdi; tang cubng day ky nang nghe; ddi mdi each day va d a n h gia de giiip ngubi lao dpng yen t a m vdi nhiing ky nang, kien thiie da duoc hpc, biet each va chu ddng iing xu trude n h u n g bien doi su vat va hien tuong xung quanh; cd k h a n a n g thay dd'i nghe nghiep d i l u kien lam viec cua minh thay doi Can nha'n m a n h ye'u to' hpc tap sudt dbi doi vdi giao due TUYENGIAOS68-2013- 13 Nghien cuu - Trao doi nghe nghiep, n h a m bo sung kie'n thiie va ky n a n g mdi, thich ling vdi hoan canh mdi Dieu quan trpng dd'i vdi chuong trinh giao due n g h i nghiep giai doan mdi la cung cap nhirng kie'n thuc het sue co ban de ngubi hoc ed kha nang dao tao Iai, ddng thbi phai het sue ehii y den ren luyen ky nang nghe cho hoc sinh De thuc hien duoe yeu eau tren, can cd su ddi mdi ddng bd ve t u va h a n h ddng giao due nghe nghiep; phai thay ddi ve cdng tac quan ly; cdng tae dao tao giao vien, xay dung lai chuong trinh, nang cap va bd sung co sb vat cha't ; phai phdi hpp chat che giiia CO sb dao tao vdi cac co sb su dung ngubi lao ddng, n h a m muc dich dap iing yeu cau xa hdi va thoa m a n nguyen vong cua ngmri hpe D6i vdi giao d u e d a i h o c De dap iing nhu cau hoc dai hpe eua ddng dao dan chiing, giao due dai hpc phai da dang hda ea ve sir menh, chirc nang va phuong thiic dao tao; phai thich u n g vdi eo ehe thi trubng, n h u n g phai phii hop vdi nhiing dac trung CO ban cua chu nghia xa hpi Giao due dai hoe phai dupe eoi la mdt loai hinh dich vu dae biet, ma s a n pham cua nd la ngubi lao ddng ed trinh dd cao; khach hang la ngubi hpe, ho ed quyen lua chpn va chap n h a n chi phi ddi vdi t i m g loai nganh nghe va timg loai trubng m a hp u a thich Hien nay, giao due dai hpc p h a t trien het siic da dang, vdi 14 TUYENGIAOSO'8-2013 yeu cau dbi hbi eua ngubi hoc va xa hpi ngky eang cao va h e t sue phong phii Chiing ta khdng the giiir mai each q u a n ly bao cap, m a can t a n g cubng tinh t u chii va t u chiu trach nhiem xa hpi dd'i vbi cac trubng dai hpe Ddng thbi, yeu cau traeh nhiem dd'i vdi xa hdi cua cac trubng dai hoc cang phai ldn hon, dupc the hien ddi vdi sinh vien; vdi cha me sinh vien; vdi ngubi su dung lao ddng va cdng ddng Trach nhiem bao gdm: viec dam bao c h a t lupng dao tao, s u dung cd hieu qua cac ngudn luc, thdng tin minh bach ca ve cha't luong va tai chinh, bao cao giai trinh vdi edng chung eac hoat ddng cua n h a trubng va dem lai s u thoa m a n eho edng ddng Cac trubng dai hoc thue hien day du trach nhiem trubc xa hdi, phai xay dung cac tieu ehi va tieu chuan de duoc miic dp hai long cua khach hang Trong tuong lai, xa hdi eang bien dd'i n h a n h ehdng, vi vay chuong t r i n h dao tao b bac dai hpc phai het sue chii y de'n dao tao kie'n thuc co ban; phai bao dam eho ngmri hpc cd the hpc lien thdng, hpc bd sung kien thiic, cd kha nang chuyen dd'i nghe De d a p iing yeu eau hpe t a p sud't doi, n h a trubng can trang bi cac kie'n thurc, ky nang rat c o b a n cho sinh vien Phuong phap dao tao b bac dai hpc ciing phai cd six thay ddi theo h u d n g day cho sinh vien biet each hpe, t a p su l a m cdng t a c nghien ciru khoa hpc, biet each k h a i t h a c va xu ly td't ngudn t a i lieu, biet each td chiic hoat dpng chuyen mdn; giao d u e de cho sinh vien p h a t t r i e n t u sang tao Caeh thiic d a n h gia ket qua hpc t a p cua sinh vien cung can phai co s u thay dd'i cho phii hpp vbi yeu cau eua t i m g mdn hpc va giai doan dao tao Dieu quan tror\g nhdt Id ddi mdi cdch td chiic kiim tra, ddnh gid Id xdc dinh dung ndng luc cUa sinh viin Ddi voi dk> tao s a u dai hoc Dao tao cao hpc chu ye'u la t u hpc, t u nghien ciiu ke't hop vdi viee giang day cua giang vien Viee dao tao chu yeu la h u d n g d4n hpc vien each k h a i t h a c t a i lieu, to chuc edng viec nghien eiiu va trien khai giai quye't nhirng van de m a thuc te dang dat Npi dung dao tao phai duoc nang cao ve ly t h u y e t va mang tinh ling dung cao Viee danh gia ket qua dao tao cua hpc vien eao hoc phai thdng qua ket q u a iing dung, cd mot p h a n m a n g tinh sang tao Yeu eau dd'i vdi bac tien si la k h a n a n g dpc lap nghien cuu va cd t i n h sang tao cao Giang vien la ngubi dinh hudng nghien eiiu va hudng d a n nghien eiiu sinh tim doc t a i lieu; x u ly thdng tin, hudng d i n each to chiic cdng viec nghien ciru, p h a t hien cai mdi Viec d a n h gia chat lupng nghien ciiu sinh la tim r a nhiing v a n de mdi mang t i n h khoa hoc, t i n h sang tao va cd k h a n a n g u n g dung cupc sdng Nghien cuu - Trao doi Gan day, tren nhilu dien dan, nhieu bai vie't, khdng it tae gia da d l xuait nhiing giai phap nham ddi mdi can ban, toan dien GD-DT Trong khudn khd' hai vie't nay, chiing tdi d l xua't mdt vai giai phap, dd la sir ke' thira va phat trien y kie'n cua nhieu tac gia Thit nhdt, ddi mdi vd hodn thiin bg mdy, td chiic De h o a t dpng giao due phat trien diing dinh hudng xa hdi ehu nghia, thurc hien quyen va nghla vu eua moi td' ehuc va ca n h a n dd'i voi giao due, r a t can t a n g cubng vai trb l a n h dao eua Dang, q u a n ly eiia N h a nube tren linh vue giao due Quan t a m eung ed, h o a n thien td ehiie bd m a y , can bd, bao d a m hoat ddng giao due cd hieu qua N a n g cao trinh dd ciia dpi ngu can bp lanh dao, q u a n ly giao due eac cap the h i e n qua t i n h chuyen nghiep, t i n h khoa hpe, t i n h thurc t i e n va t i n h hieu qua edng t a c quan ly Thli hai, doi mai vd hodn thiin CO chi Van dung hpp ly ba quy l u ^ t eiia CO ehe thi t r u b n g (quy l u a t canh t r a n h , quy l u a t cung cau va quy l u a t gia tri) de dieu tie't eae boat ddng giao due Doi mdi co che' v a n h a n h cae eo sb GD-DT theo hudng t a n g quyen t u chu, di ddi vdi chiu traeh nhiem giai t r i n h xa hpi va s u giam s a t cua h e thd'ng ehinh t n va ciia n h a n dan Quy trach nhiem doi vdi timg cap xu ly cae cdng viec thupe pham vi quyen han, traeh nhiem duoc giao Cap Trung uong tap trung vao viee ban h a n h ehu truong, ehinh sach; thuc hien edng tae kie'm tra, tra viee thue hien ehu truong chinh sach Cap tinh cu the hda nhiing chu trirong chinh sach, t a p trung ehi dao, hudng dan va ban h a n h ehinh saeh dia phuong; thubng xuyen kiem tra, ddn ddc viee thuc hien; cap huyen va cap xa la cap true tiep td chire thuc hien ehu Phdi hop ehat che giira eo tnrong chinh saeh bang quan h a n h chinh va ca quan nhiing viec lam cu the lap p h a p n h a m hoan t h i e n cac che' dinh p h a p l u a t h e n Thit ba, ddi mdi, hodn quan de'n to' chuc va h o a t thien chinh sdch vd co che ddng q u a n ly giao due T a p tdi chinh trung xay dung, bo sung va Dd'i mdi va hoan thien co hoan chinh h e thd'ng cae ehe' t a i ehinh giao van b a n quy p h a m l u a t due, tang cubng su giam sat phap va chinh sach ve giao cua CO quan q u a n ly n h a due; dieu ehinh cac quan he nubc va xa hdi; bao d a m va traeh n h i e m eua eae co t i n h dSn ehu, cdng bang, quan n h a nubc vdi edng binh d a n g ve eo hdi giao dan, giua eac co q u a n q u a n due cho mpi ngubi ly n h a nubc ve giao due vdd Chuyen eo ehe caip p h a t eac CO sb GD-DT kinh phi binh quan sang dat h a n g t r e n co sb he tho'ng dinh miie kinh te - ky t h u a t va tieu chi, tieu chua'n cua t i m g loai hinh dich vu giao due; d a m bao sua't dau t u tren mdi ngubi hpe tuong ling vdi chat lupng, phu hpp nganh n g h i va trinh dp dao tao Nha nubc hd tro hoac bao cap eho giao due mam non, phd thdng; cdng tac cap; nhiing nganh nghe dae biet quan ddi vdi su p h a t trie'n qud'c gia; ddi tupng chinh sach va viing khd khan Chuyen phuong thiirc d a u t u ngan sach nha nude tir co sb GD-DT sang dau t u true tie'p cho ngiriri duoc thu hubng Minh bach hda cac hoat ddng lien danh, lien ket ciia cac don vi sunghiep GD-DT edng; khSc phuc tinh trang cdng - t u lan ldn; ddi mdi co che phan phdi theo hudng vira bao dam quyen lpi cua ngubi lao dpng, ngubi hoc, vira ed tich liiy tai dau tu, tang cubng co sb vat chat cua cac don vi su nghiep cdng Timg bubc tinh diing, tinh du ehi phi eho cae hoat ddng giao due, de cd co sb eho viec thue hien chinh saeh d a u t u cho giao due Cd chinh sach, eo ehe, quy dinh ty le ddng gop cua ngmri hpc, xa hdi va Nha nubc mpt each hop ly Tie'p tuc hoan thien ehinh saeh va co che tin dung cho hpc sinh, sinh vien cd hoan canh khd khan duoc vay de chi t r a cho viee hoc Khuyen khich viee hinh t h a n h cac quy hpc bong giiip eho hpe sinh ngheo va hoc sinh gibi TUYeNGlAOS68-2013 Nghien cuu • Trao doi Quy dinh traeh nhiem ciia cac doanh nghiep, ca nhan su dung lao ddng t h a m gia ddng gdp eho GD-DT Thue hien ehinh sach tai chinh khac n h a u ddi vdi trubng khong vi loi n h u a n va trubng vi lpi n h u a n ; tien tdi d a m bao s u binh dang giiia ngubi hoc b cdng lap va ngubi hoc ngoai cdng lap Thu: tu, dSi moi cdngtdc qudn ly gido due Timg bubc tach cdng tac quan ly nha nudc vdi cdng tac quan tri tai eac co sb GD-DT Phan dinh rd quan ly n h a nudc vdi quan iy chuyen mdn, nghiep vu cua eac co sb giao due Chuyen tir quan ly tap trung, dieu h a n h cdng viec true tiep sang quan ly bang CO che, giam sat va quan ly chat luong Tang cubng phan cap quan ly, giao quyen t u chu, di ddi vdi tang cubng kiem tra, giam s a t ; tap trung vao quan ly theo chie'n luoc quy hoach phat trien nhan luc cua timg dia phuong Quan ly nha nudc can tap trung cao dp vao viee xay dung ehien lupc, quy hoach, ke hoaeh, cac van b a n quy pham phap luat; chi dao, kiem tra, tra, giam sat viec thuc hien cae ehu tnrong, chinh sach phat trien giao due; khdng lam thay edng viee quan tri eua co sb giao due Hoan thien eae quy dinh quan ly, nang cao nang luc cua bd may quan ly giao due cae caip va kiem tra, giam sat, x u l y nghiem minh, kip thbi eac sai pham Quan tri co sb GD-DT n h a m phat huy dan chu 16 JTUYENGIAOSO'8-2013 t a n g cubng vai trb cua Hdi ddng trubng b cac t r u b n g cdng lap va cua Hpi ddng quan tri b cac trubng ngoai cdng lap Co sb GD-DT duoc t u chu va phai chiu t r a c h nhiem giai trinh trubc xa hdi; thue hien cdng khai, minh bach v l hoat ddng va hieu qua giao due; chiu s u giam sat ciia cac ehu the n h a trubng, cua N h a nubc va cua xa hdi Quan tri t a i cac ca sb GD-DT h u b n g vao muc tieu nang eao e h a t luong; chuong trinh, ndi dung, phuong phap va hinh thuc td chuc GD-DT phii hpp vdi timg ddi tupng hoe sinh, sinh vien, cac dieu kien hoc tap cu the Thli ndm, doi mdi cdch thi, kiem tra Ddi mdi phuong thirc thi va edng n h a n td't nghiep trung hpe phd thdng theo hubng kiem t r a nang luc hoc sinh, thiet thurc, hieu qua, tin cay, su dung dupc ket qua cdng n h a n tot nghiep lam can cii eho tuyen sinh cua n h i l u eo sb giao due ky t h u a t va dao tao n g h i va giao due dai hpc (tru; mpt so' eo sb dao tao chat lupng eao, hoac dao tao n a n g khieu cd the to' ehiie thi rieng) Nghien ciiu de sdm bb ky thi tuyen sinh vao cac trubng dai hoc, eao dang sau td chiic td't ky thi tdt nghiep trung hpc thong Ddi mbi phuong thiic d a n h gia va edng n h a n td't nghiep ddi vbi giao due ky t h u a t va dao tao nghe t r e n CQ sb tich hpp danh gia kie'n thiic va ky nang thuc h a n h cd s u t h a m gia cua doanh nghigp hoac dai dien su d u n g lao ddng Ddi mdi phuong thuc d a n h gia va cong nhan tdt nghiep ddi vbi giao due dai hoc can cir vao timg khoi n g a n h de lira chon each thiic thi cho p h u hop, khae phuc t i n h t r a n g coi nhe khau d a n h gia ke't qua td't nghiep Mudn vay, can nang cao trpng diem dd an, luan van va cac mdn thi td't nghiep xep loai bang td't nghiep Doi mdi phuong thiic danh gia va cong n h a n td't nghiep dd'i vdi dao tao sau dai hpc, nha't la dao tao tien si phai nang cao chat lupng phan bien va yeu cau hat budc phai cd it nha't mpt bai hao dang t r e n t a p chi cd uy tin khoa hoc b nudc ngoai, cae hai bao khoa hoc dang tap chi khoa hpe chuyen nganh nube phai cd phan bien khoa hoc De t h u c hien chu tniong ve ddi mbi can ban va toan dien GD-DT theo tinh than cua Dai hdi XI, thi xay d u n g cac q u a n diem doi mdi, m u c tieii, n h i e m vu va giai p h a p phai theo mdt each tie'p can mbi, t r a n h lap lai cac quan diem da dupc neu trudc day, khong cbn phii hpp; p h a i h u b n g t r o n g tam vao n a n g cao hieu qua va cha't lupng giao due thuc su, dap u n g n g a y cang tdt hon nhu eau hpc t a p ciia n h a n dan, xay d u n g md hinh ngirin Viet Nam, dap ixng yeu eau cua thbi ky cdng nghiep hda, h i e n dai h o a va hpi nhap quo'c te./ ... lao ddng ed trinh dd cao; khach hang la ngubi hpe, ho ed quyen lua chpn va chap n h a n chi phi ddi vdi t i m g loai nganh nghe va timg loai trubng m a hp u a thich Hien nay, giao due dai hpc... quye''t nhirng van de m a thuc te dang dat Npi dung dao tao phai duoc nang cao ve ly t h u y e t va mang tinh ling dung cao Viee danh gia ket qua dao tao cua hpc vien eao hoc phai thdng qua ket... pham gia eua minh t r u cot eua giao due m a va eua ngubi khac, cd trach UNESCO da k h u y e n cao, nhiem, t u giae thuc hien bdn dd la: hoc di bii''t, hoc de phan ddi vdi da''t nudc va dan ldm,