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CHAU MY NGAY NAY VAN HOA LiCH SU NHUNG NHAN TO TAC DONG DEN GIAO DUC MY NUA CUOI THE KY XX T ie sau thi chien thie hgi din ngy, nin gido dice Hog Ky dd CO nhOng budc phdt tnen mgnh me Dieu ndy khong c[.]
CHAU MY NGAY NAY VAN HOA - LiCH SU NHUNG NHAN TO TAC DONG DEN GIAO DUC MY NUA CUOI THE KY XX ThS Le Van Tiing Trudng Dgi hgc Bong Thap T ie sau thi chien thie hgi din ngy, nin gido dice Hog Ky dd CO nhOng budc phdt tnen mgnh me Dieu ndy khong chi the hen & sd gidl thuang Irong khog hoc, md cdn & cho nen gido due ndy da ddo tgo nhieu cdng ddn co suy nghT ddc ldp, tu chu, sdng tgo vdi linh thdn ttr ddi m&i vd tien bd khdng ngieng Nhiing thdnh cdng ndy CO the la nhirng tdc ddng tie sir thay ddi ve boi ednh niedc My lie sau the chien thii hai din Trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gid mudn trinh bdy nhihig nhdn to ve kinh IU - xd hoi, vdn hog - chinh tri, khoa hgc cdng nghe vd cdc tu lucmg ly ludn da cd Idc ddng mgnh me den gido dtic My nieg cuoi the ky XX Sieu kien kinh te - xa hgi Giao due la mpt pham tru lich su, nam ttpng va chiu su quy dinh cha su phat ttien kinh tl xa hdi Sau chiln tranh the gidi thii 2, nudc My budc vao thdi ky phat ttien tang tdc Sir phat trien cua nen san xuat cdng ngMep thdng nhd iing dung nhiing tuu khoa hpc va cdng nghe hien dai, dae biet la dieu khien hpc, cdng nghe vat lieu, cdng nghe thdng tin, san xuat tu ddng hda, da tap khdi lupng hang hda, dich vu khdng Id, ham lupng chat xam ttpng mdi dem vi san pham khdng ngimg tang len Nen san xuit mcii nay, ddi hdi d he thdng giao due mdt ngudn nhan lire ddi dao va cd chat lupng cao vcii yeu can mcii ve ky nang lap ddng Trong dd, hpc sinh My tiep tuc sut giam tich hpc tap ve kien thirc tpan, khoa hpc va ngdn ngir, trudc yeu cau mdi cua nen kinh te, va cai thien nang lire canh ttanh, da xuat Men nhirng phe binh kha gay gat nham vao he thdng giao due Men thdi, dae biet sau sir kien Lien Xd (cii) phdng cdng ve tinh Sputaick (1957), du luan My dd ddn vao trudng hpc nham tim kiem mdt su cai each giao due manh me tap da ehp nhitng cai each xa hdi, trudc het la nang cao tich ve toan va khoa hpc de chay dua vii ttang ttong Chiin trgnh lanh Vao thap nien 80 thi ky XX, vi thi canh ttanh cha My thuc su bi de dpa bdi siic manh cdng nghe cua Nhat Ban va Tay Au, Bdo cdo Ddt nudc dang a vdo Ihi ldm nguy: Thuc hen cdi cdch gido due Id tdt yiu (1983) cua Uy ban Giao due chat luang cao eua CHAU MY NGAY NAY My cM rd: "Dat nudc chung ta dang d vao the Iam nguy Chiing ta da timg cd mdt thdi ky dimg d vi tri hang dau ve phat minh sang tao ttong cac Imh vuc thuong ngMep, cdng ngMep, khoa hpc va ky thuat, nhung hien vi tti cua chimg ta dang M cac ddi thii d cac nudc tten thi gidi canh ttanh"' Cac tu tudng chinh ma Bap cap hudng den la: xem vai ttd cua giao due la d chd xac lap nen tang cho mdt cudc sdng hanh phiic, mdt xa hdi van minh, mdt nen kinh te viing manh va mpt qudc gia hda binh; xem nha ttudng la tai san quy ban cua dat nudc; nhan manh vi tri hang diu ciia giao due ttong cac chuang hmh nghi sir qudc gia; dam bao muc tieu cdng bang ttong giao due; bdi dudng tinh thin nhiet tmh hpc tap, phat trien tai nang, phat huy hit nang lire ciia cac ca nhan; va, ttpng tam la tap mdt xa hpi hpc tap Diing ttirdc xu thi tien vap kmh tl tti thiic, nudc My xac dinh: "Muc dich giap due mdi cin phai vupt qua viec cM ttiryen thu kiln thiic thdng fliudng va cM dat dupc mdt vai ky nang quy dinh Mdt nen kinh tl liy viec nang cae mhc seng cua ngudi dan lam muc tieu, ddi hdi nha trudng phai tao mdt mdi ttudng de hpc smh cd thi suy nghi dpe lap Nha ttudng cin ttd noi Iam cho hpc sinh nim viing dupe nghe tiiuat hpc tap va bdi dudng Idng khat khac hi thirc manh liet"^ Todn cdu hda ma thuc chit la tpan cau hda kinh tl, da Idi cuon tit ca cac nudc vao mpt 4ai Id giap luu vua hpp tac, vua canh ttanh vdi nham tim CO hdi, dieu kien phat trien ehp minh, nd lam phat sinh nhu ciu hilu bilt nen van hda, dan tdc khac, dat nudc khac, san sinh tinh than tdn ttpng khac biet, khpan dung van hda, dieu del hdi d giao due mdt vi tri Idn hem la tao nhiing cdng dan khdng chi hieu minh, dat nudc minh, van hda cua minh, ma phai hilu ngudi khac, dat nudc khac, tire nhimg cdng dan toan cau Hon niia My la qudc gia tcan cau dau hen, va cd truyen thong da dang, vay, ban than xa hpi My ciing tu dat nhirng vin dl cd tinh lean cau Tpan ciu hda ciing dua lai nhimg van dl chung mang tinh thi gidi nhu sir xung ddt van hda, tpi pham cdng ngh^ cao, can ki?t ngudn tai nguyen, gia tang bat binh dang xa hdi, sir sut giam nang luc thich ling, ddi bdi su lien kit, hop tac giha cac nude ttong vi?c giai quyet nhimg van de toan ciu Viec giai quylt van dl ciia mdt dit nude cd hen quan mat tMit din giai quylt cac vin dl dd d dat nudc khac Nhu vay, toan ciu hda da Idi cudn va anh hudng manh me vao tit ca cac Imh vuc eda ddi song My, ttong cd giao due Mat khae My la qudc gia cd nin ikinh tl - khoa hpc cdng nghe phat trien cao cua the gidi, cd nin giao due phat trien vi vay diu hi cho giao due, dae biet la khu v\ic tu nhan tang len, de ed thi thu hiit sd luong hpc sinh, smh vien tdi My hpc tap cin thay ddi vi tri, vai frd giao due, biln ddi muc dich giao due dap iing nhu ciu cua ngudi hpc tten khap the gidi, tae mdi hudng hip CHAU MY NGAY NAY dan de thu hiit ngudi hpc, canh ttanh giap due vdi cac qudc gia khac, xay dung thai dp sdng, ling xir veil minh, mdi trudng va ngudi khac, xac lap "tu toan can, hanh ddng dia phucmg" Dardi gia ve tam quan ttong cua giao due trade bdi canh toan eau hda, Diane Ravitch, sir gia ve giao diic My, khing dmh: "Dieu da va dang thay ddi, va thay ddi rat nhanh chdng ttong vdng hai tram nam qua, la tam quan ttpng cua giap due Toan cau hda da Iam thay ddi nen kinh te ciia chiing ta va bien giao due ttd mdt nhu cau bat bupc ve mat kinh te, xa hdi va dao diic cdng dan Nhiing ngudi tie tudi khdng cd dupc ky nang dpe viet, tinh tpan va mdt nen tang giao due vihig chac se thay minh hi mac ket tten mpi dudng dan tdi cac co hdi ttong tuang Iai"' Anh hu-OTig cua van hda - chinh tri Van hda My la su due ttdn tir nhieu tmyin thdng van hda, qua ttinh hmh "nen van hda da sac" gin lien vdi nhilu dot di dan, tinh co ddng cua nin san xuit cdng nghiep va kinh te thi hudng tu ban chu nghla Tren cai nen "da sic" thay ndi len nhiing he gia hi tieu bieu: Mot Id, chu ngMa ca nhan, vdn cd ngudn gdc tir triet hpc chinh hi cua Thpmas Hpbbes (1588-1679), hilt hpc di vap ddi sdng cua ngudi My tir nhiing dau lap qudc, ve sau duoc Robert H Bellah (1927-2013), nha xa hdi hpc ngudi My, khai lupc ttpng Tdp qudn ciia trdt tim: Chit nghig cd nhdn vd su rdng budc Irong dai sdng nguai My" (1985) ring: "Ngudi dan My tin tudng rang cM cd the phuc vu duac xa hdi nao anh dupe ddc lap, tu ddi vdi xa hdi, rang cM cd the cim van dupc cac gia tri anh sdng taeh khdi rapi ngudi ttpng xa hdi ay""^ Trong Nen ddn trt My, nha triet hpc chinh tri ngudi Phap, Alexis de Tocqueville (18051859) cho rang, "Chu nghla ca nhan la mpt tinh cam than ttpng va than khien cho mdi cdng dan tu taeh minh khdi dam ddng ddng loai va cimg vdi gia dinh minh va ban be minh taeh khdi mpi ngudi; den dp la, sau da tao mdt xa hdi con nhu vay cho rieng minh, ngudi tu nguyen xa rdi va bd mac cai dai xa hdi"^ Sau nay, nha xa hdi hpc ngudi Dire, Max Weber (1864-1920) chi rd them, Idi sdng cd phuang phap cua cac giao phai khd hanh mdi cd the hpp thirc hda va Iam tda sang ddng Iuc kinh te cua chii nghla ca nhan Theo dng, tinh than cua chii nghia tu ban phil hpp vdi cac pham chit cua dae dire Tin Ianh ma vl thuc chit la thi tuc hda sir ciiu vdt, y thirc chudc tdi bang bdn phan dao dire lao ddng khdng ngM ngoi Chu nghla ca nhan My tdn tai vdi ca hai Iiip nghla la tu ca nhan (su ddc lap, sir tu lap than) va de cao vai ttd cua ca nhan ttpng xa hdi (ca nhan tien bd tap da ehp xa hpi tien bd) Chu nghla ca nhan la cdt Idi ciia nen van hda My, vi thi nd the hien khdng cM ttong chinh tri, ttong van hda ma ea giao due Md hmh dao tao theo he thdng tin chi lin s o 07-2014 diu tien duac de xuit, ap dung d dai hoc Harvard (1872), rdi biln tten khip cac dai hpc My, nhu Charles Elhot (1834-1926) ndi la, ttong he tiidng hi chpn nay, sinh vien cd the dimg quyen tu cua minh de theo dudi bp mdn ma minh quan tam va cd duac bang cap phii hpp Jphn Dewey (1859-1952), nha ttiet hoc giao due My, cdn khang dinh, giao due "phai bat dau bang mdt su Meu biet than dao ve nhirng kha nang, bimg thii va thdi quen cua fre em"^ va phai vi lpi ich cha he em, la hinh tu phan bien de cd duac nhiing cdng dan dpe lap, nhiing chii thi chmh hi xa hdi Ntla cudi thi ky XX la thdi ky dien su bien dpng Idn ve van hda xet dutri khia canh ciia chu nghla ca nhan My Mdt nudc My budc vao xa hdi tieu dimg dai chiing, quyet dinh ca nhan ttd nen bat Iuc trade thuc te ddc quyln cua chii nghla hr ban tap doan, nen kinh tl liy tieu dimg Iam ddng Iuc tang trudng da bao mdn tinh ca nhan tten hai phuang dien: ngudi la cM tilt cho gudng may san xuit cdng ngMep va ngudi la mdt tiiuc till tieu thu Thi he im lim nhirng nam 1950 bi Phdn vdn hda fliap men 1970 gpi la "vira mil, vira cam" tir ngu minh ttong tien ngM vat chat, ttong sinh boat tinh tiiin cdng thiic Su kien Lien Xd (cu) phdng ve tinh Sputiuck nam 1957, roi khung hoang kmh tl nd d tiiap nien 1970, ttong giao due da xuit Men cac phe ph4n manh me vao he tiidng cii, ddi hdi mdt su cai each vl giae due Hai Id, nin dan CHAU MY NGAY NAY chu My The che cUnh tri cua nudc My da tilp thu tu tudng cua Locke (16321704), trilt hpc phap luat cha Montesquieu (1689-1755) va phat triln nd mdt he thdng chinh tri dien hinh cua nha nudc tu san, cu the la sir thira nhan cae nguyen tac cdt ldi: dan chu, tam quyen phan lap, quyen Iuc kiem chl quyen Iuc, phan quyen giira ehinh phu Lien bang va cac bang, giao quyln cd thdi ban, thda hiep, khdng xam pham sd hiru tu nhan, tu ca nhan va quyln nhan dan Nira sau thi ky XX xa hdi My ddi mat vdi thay ddi quan ttpng ciia nen dan chii tu san My Ben canh mpt nudc My vdi nang Iuc san xuat vat chit khdng Id, la he tiidng phan phdi bit binh ding, cac xao ttdn xa hdi lam khuyiih dao tan gdc re xa hdi My nhu phan biet chimg tdc, quyen ciia ngudi ddng tinh, quyen phu nO, tinh ttang cdn dupc tang cudng bdi cudc chiln ttanh diy tai tilng cua Chinh phii My d Viet Nam, bi de dpa ngdi vi dan diu canh ttanh trudc Nhat Ban va Tay Au Tit ca nhimg biln ddi de dpa sir tdn vpng ciia nen dan chii My Trong nhieu phuang dien ciia ddi sdng xa hdi, giao due da ttd tiianh mdi ban tam mang tinh qudc gia Cai each giao due dupc xem la tit ylu Ba Id, ly tudng bmh ding (binh ding vl ca hdi), cdn duac gpi la chu nghla binh quan (kilu My) vdi nghla, xuit phat mpi ngudi diu ed nhung ca hpi nhu dl tiianh dat va canh ttanh vdi Ly hidng bit nguon tir thdi ky thude dia dudi ten gpi "Giic ma My" va CHAU MY NGAY NAY tdn tai vdi tu each la mdt nguyen tic dao dire Xuat phat cd tinh cao bing ve co hpi tir thdi ky thude dia ttd tiianh mdt Iy tudng ttong van hda My va chung cd anh hudng tdi trilt ly giao due vl sau Cu tiie, ngudi My co ging dam bao su binh dang vl ca hdi tilp can giap due cho tat ca mpi ngudi, khdng phan biet ve phan xuat than, vi thi xa hdi, khac Met van hda, gidi tinh, chimg tdc va ngdn ngu Su van dpng Hch su cua nha tradng My da chi rd, tir chd hmh he thdng trudng cdng lap mien phi cho den he thdng da dai hpc, san sang md rpng canh cira ddn nhan ngudi hpc Va vi, cpi ttpng binh dang, ciing hie la coi ttpng chil nghla ca nhan, chu nghia dan chu, che nen, nen giao due the hien mdt sir tdn ttpng xuit phat noi ngudi hpc, tinh thi trucmg tteng giao due liy nhu ciu cua ngudi hpc, lay nhu can cila dia phuang Iam trung tam, Iam ddi tuong phuc vu Nira cudi the ky XX, la thdi ky chiing kien nhiing bien ddi dien manh me noi nha trudng My, rdng ban nOa la nen tang van hda xa hdi My Su bip benh cua nin kinh te vdi tinh chit khiing hoang chu ky, du van hanh theo md hinh D Ricardo, J.M Keynes hay tan tu do, da day vd sd ngudi My vao vdng xoay sdng chet cua tM trudng He luy la sir mat kiem soat he thdng phan phdi, Iam bpc Id bd mat thd bap, bit cdng ttpng xa hpi My Qua trinh ehuyen bien tir nen san xuat cdng nghiep sang nen san xuat ban cdng nghiep, su dich ehuyen eda cdng nghe da din tdi su tdn thuang, suy tan cua nhieu nghe ngMep tdi miic nhu Donald Kennedy ndi "Cdng viec khdng cd dmh da ttd mdt ldi sdng", hat ngudi lao ddng ngoai nen san xuat, day chinh la dilu kien cho su tai kiln tao cac muc dich giao due cdt Idi nhim tao ngudn nhan Iuc thich img vdi vdi thuc ttang kinh te xa hdi mdi, rd rang nghe ngMep da mang tinh tam thdi thi giao due khdng cdn la bit bien Nudc My budc sang xa hdi tieu dimg tir mia dau the ky XX, vao khoang thap men 1970 xuat Men phong ttao "phan van hda" Qua trinh dan chu hda ddi sdng xa hdi, miic sdng tang len, nhu cau vat chat va tinh than ciing tang len, ddi hdi d xa hpi mot su cai each manh me ve the che, nguyen tac van hanh Dieu dupc hau thuan tir truyen Ihdng ddn chii lau ddi cua nhan dan My Cai each the che va co che can ngudi vdi Idi tu mdi, tao bao va thuc tien, ddi hdi d giao due viec tao ngudi vdi nhan thiic va thuc hanh dan chu cao, rpng rai, thuc sir la nhihig chu the chinh tti xa hdi Nhan dan My vdi trayin thdng coi giao due la dieu kien thiet yeu dl xay dung nen dan chu, da tao su ehuyen hda vl chat ttong nhan thirc vl vi tri cua giao due ttong nhirng eai each xa hdi Cpi giap due nhu la mdt phuang each de bao ve, xay dung, phat ttiln va phd bien nen dan chu Sir phat ttien kinh tl - xa hdi ciing lain phat sinh nhirng vin dl xa hdi mdi, phiic tap ban rit nhilu so vdi trade CHAU MY NGAY NAY 56 chang ban, bit binh ding, bao lire, tdi pham cdng nghe cao, suy thoai mdi trudng,v v dieu ciing ddi hdi d giao due viec nhan thuc Iai muc dich giao due, quan tam giao due dao dire, giao due toan dien, ben canh giao due kien thiic, giao due ky nang Iam viec Ban than chimg ciing ddi hdi su thay ddi ttong phuong phap giao due la tdn ttpng dae diem ca nhan, tang Idp, tinh dia phucmg, van hda dae thu cha cac nhdm tMeu sd, da dang hda cac hinh thiic hpc tap, lira mdi den tradng va ndi dimg giang day Dieu cdn dap ling mdt muc tieu lau ben cua ngudi My la tim each tang cudng tinh than nudc My, chii nghla yeu nudc, ndi ket qudc gia va hai hda xa hdi Tac dong cua khoa hoc cdng nghe Sau cMin ttanh the gidi tiiii 2, ngoai trir My, hiu nhu tat ca cac nudc tham chien deu cMu nhung tdn thit nang ne Sir thdng tti cha chii ngMa phat xit va nhung bien dpng chinh hi d chau Au ciing la nguyen nhan cua viec di cu d at sang My, ttong dd cd rat nhilu nha khoa hpc gidi Nudc My da tan dung dilu kien de tap budc phat ttiln nhay vpt vl kinh tl, khoa hpc cdng nghe Viec ung dung nhiing tiianh tim khoa hpc vao thuc tiln, vao nin sail xuit cdng ngMep, da dua nudc My vuon len vi tti hang dau the gidi Cdng nghe tiidng tm, mtemet, tinyln thdng da dua tdi mdt vien canh ve tiln kbpang ban cua khdng gian mang vdi dien toan dam may va bimg nd dii lien (big date) Nhiing qua da xam nhap vao giao due, hinh he thdng mang hoc tap xa hdi Trpng Cdch mgng hgc tap Gprdon Dryden va Jeannette Vos cU ring, cdng nghe thdng tm va toan cau hda da tac ddng manh me tdi tiing chi tilt cua ddi sdng ducmg dai, ehuyen ddi each Iim giir thdng tin va tri thirc cua nhan loai theo nguyen tac toan can, tuong tac, de chia se, ca nhan, ddng sang tao, tire thdi va mien phi Dua Iai mdt nin tang mdi cua sir hpc tap, dd la: su da dang vl tai nang, khoa hpe mdi vl hpc tap; sir thay ddi ve vai ttd ciia ngudi giang day; quan niem mdi vl tri thitc co ban - tri thirc nhu mdt gian giao va nhimg khdi xay tao mdt thi gicii hen kit; thuc hanh ttd le phai thdng thudng; sir ddi cua nghe sang tao; thao cac ky nang va kha nang; can bang cudc sdng va cdng viec; va Men suat hpc tap mdi - thi Men dupc kha nang cha ca nhan Do vay, hai tac gia viet: "Ngay nay, nhiem vu cua giao due va dao tao la chuan bi ngudi cho mdt the gidi hen tuc ddi thay, mpi the gidi d dd mpi ngudi diu phai vat dung toan bp kha nang tii de va tml cam, va hanh dpng bing mdt kha nanf sang tao ed y thirc chii khdng phai bSnj su de dang doan trade tna khdng cir dimg din hi tue"' Danh gia ve tac ddng eua khoa hpe vi cdng nghe ddi vdi giao due, Howari Gardner khing dinh: "Sir ehi phoi Mil nhien cha khoa hpc va edng nghe tap ri CHAU MY NGAY NAY nhung nhu cau mdi Nhiing ngudi he tudi phai hpc de suy nghi mdt each khoa hpc neu hp mudn cd the hilu va tham gia vao thi gidi hien dai Va khdng cin phai ndi, khdng cd mdt sd hilu bilt nao dd ve khoa hpc va cdng nghe, cac ca nhan Mem cd hy vpng ddng gdp vao sir phat trien lien tuc cua nhirng Iinh vuc tMet yen nay"^ Hon nira, truyen thdng coi ttpng kinh te thi tnrdng tu do, Iam gia tang miic dp canh ttanh giiia cac doarih ngMep, cac doanh nghiep Men dai cd sir thay ddi rat nMlu so vdi trudc day, phai canh ttanh ttong mdi tradng toan ciu vdi nen tang cdng nghe cao, sir canh ttanh cao dp ddi hdi d ngudn nhan Iuc kha nang linh boat, nhay ben, nam bat va phan img nhanh chdng, vi the cac ky nang tUch img trudc day can dupe bd sung va phat ttien, cac ky nang dupc cai dat san se sdm bi ldi thdi vi vay ddi hdi d giao due dao tao nang luc tu hpc sudt ddi, cd the ehd ddng thay ddi, ren luyen, hpc tap ky nang mdi, dap ling nhu cau cua canh ttanh va lam ehu khpa hpc cdng nghe Ben canh do, so lugng tii thiic mdi tang len nhanh chdng, ddi hdi phai thay ddi muc dich giao due, tir ndi dung, chuang trinh, cho din phuang phap, hinh thirc danh gia va quan tri Muc tieu ma nen giao due mdi hudng din khdng cdn la sd lucmg tti thirc nSa, ma la ky nang tiep can tti thirc, ky nang tu hpc Ve dieu nay, Uy ban Khoa hpc vl Hanh vi - Xa hdi va Giap due, Hdi dong Nghien ciiu qudc gia Hoa Ky cho ring, "Muc tieu cua giao due dupe quan niem la giiip hpc smh phat ttien cac cdng cu tri tue va hpc cac phuang phap chiln Iupe can titiet, de cd duac kiln thiic cho phep ngudi tu Meu qua ban ve Uch su, khoa hpc va cdng nghe Men taong xa hdi, tpan hpc, va cac Icai Mnh nghe thuat"' Nhu vay, su tac dpng cua cac tuu khoa hpc cdng nghe mia sau the ky XX da tap su thay ddi ve chat cua giao due d cac kMa canh muc dich, ndi dung, phuong phap, nha trudng, nha giao va ngudi hpc Nhirng tir tirdng Iy luan ctr ban Tiep can triet Iy giao due My nua cudi the ky XX, chung tdi nhan thay, nhiing tu tudng ly Man sau day dat tien de cho su hinh triet ly giao due My nua cudi the ky XX Triet ly gido due nhdn vdn vd khai phong La hai ddng tu tudng giao due dupe Mnh tir ttong cMeu sau cua trayen thdng giao due phupng Tay Diem chimg noi cac tu tudng giao due nhan van va khai phdng la deu xuat phat tir ngudi, xem ngudi la cim canh chu khdng phai la phupng tien, coi ttpng muc dich giap due d viec dao tao ngudi tu do, vdi nen tang Meu biet sau sac va van hda quang bac Cac ta tucmg the Men dau an sau dam ttong muc dich giao due dai hpc My niia cudi till ky XX Chit nghig ihiec dung^° d day, chimg tdi mudn de cap den triet ly giao due cua CHAU MY NGAY NAY John Dewey, ngudi "tao su bimg nd tim nhm giao due" diu the ky XX ma anh hudng cdn chua chim diit hdm Trong Ddn chii vd gido due (1916), Dewey da phan tich cd phe phan Men ttang giao due My cung toan bd di san triet ly giao due phuong Tay trade do, diic kit nhung tu tudng van hanh cho mdt nen gido due tien bd-, Theo dng, trilt Iy giao due la "su phat bilu ro rang ve cac van de cha su dao tap cac thdi quen tinh than va dao diic dung dan ttong mdi lien quan den nhirng ttd ngai nam ttong ddi sdng ducmg dai"" Cu the la khang dinh nguyen tac: giao due la mdt qua trinh xa hdi, sir phat trien; giao due khdng phai la mdt su chuan bi che ddi sdng tuong Iai, ma giao due chinh la cudc sdng, qua trinh ma ngudi hpc la ttung tam, la viec tai kiln tao kinh ngMem xa hdi noi eon ngudi vi Ipi ich, hanh phiic cua hp, va nhd dd ma dat nudc Idn manh Triit ly gido due ciia Wilhelm von Humboldt'^ tdm lupc Iai ttpng cac nguyen Iy: "1 Khoa hpc la chan ly mai mai phai di tim Khoa hpc la hilt ly (hinh thitc) ciia ddi sdng; Tu de giang day va hr dp hpc tap phai dupe dam bao, va khdi anh hudng tir moi chi phdi tdn giao hay nha nudc; Thing nhit giita nghien cim va giang day; Khoa hpc la till tiidng nhit tiidng qua hilt hpc, tten nin tang cua su da dang; Lay khoa hpe de xay dung giap due, va tiidng qua giao due, xay dung nin van hda qudc gia, tiln din mdt nha nudc van hda; Dai hpc can dupc tir chu, khdng cd su can thiep cua nha nude"'' Tu tudng giao due cua Humboldt la hau thuan tinh than cho su ddi cac vien dai hpc ngMen cuu Men dai cua nudc My, nira sau the ky XX cac vien dai hpc da ddng vai ttd quan ttpng ttong viec dao tao ngudn nhan Iuc chat lupng cao, dua Iai nhilu tuu ngMen cihi cho nen kinh tl My Ly thuyit nhiiu dgng tri khon (Theory of Multiple Intelhgences) cua Howard Gardner Theo Iy thuyet nay, tdn tai nMeu dang tri khdn''* va nang lire d ngudi, va chiing khdng nhit thiet phai bpc Id tpan bd d mdi ngudi, do viec phat huy dupc mdt hay nhieu dang tri khdn se quy dinh sir dat cha ngudi do, su tMeu ving mdt dang hi khdn nap dd ngudi ta vin cd the dat Ham y giao due cila ly thuyet la d chd, giao due phai than hieu tri khdn de khdng bit budc hoac ddi hdi d hpc sinh nhirng gi chiing khdng cd, ddng thdi phai biet phat Men, nudi dudng nhiing dang tri khdn va nang lue tiem an noi ngudi hpc Khoa hpc vi viec tiep thu kiin thuc (The Science of Learning), mdt khoa hpc hen nganh ddi vae cudi thap nien 1950, da lam thay ddi Men biet cua ngudi vl ban chit va ciu tnic cua kiln thirc, nhan thirc, tu duy, hpe tap, van dung, sang tae Nganh khpa hpc phhc hop da cM ba nguyen Iy co ban eua viec hpc, bao gom: 1) Hpc sinh mang theo mmh nhung diitii kiln vl CHAU MY NGAY NAY each thiic the gidi boat ddng den Idp hpc; 2) De phat trien kha nang ttong mdt Unh vuc dat cau bdi, hpc sinh phai: cd mdt nen tang sau ve kien thirc dung, Meu dupc su viec va cac y kiln ttong bdi canh cua mdt khimg khai niem, va sip dat kiln thvre sap ehp cd thi tap dilu kien thuan lpi ehp viec sira sai va ung dung; va, 3) Mpt phuang phap giang day "sieu nhan thiic" cd thi gidp hpc sinh hpc duac each kiem seat viec hoc cua minh bang each xac dinh rd muc tieu hpc va theo ddi tiln ttinh dat muc tieu De thue Men ba nguyen tac tten, nha giao phai tim Meu cho dupc cac MIU biet da cd tir trade cua hpc sinh va xir Iy chiing; phai day th|t sau mdt sd bai hpc cua mdn hpc, cung cap nhieu vi du ttong the Men cimg mdt khai niem va cung cip mdt nen tang vihig chac cho kien thirc dimg; viec day cac ky nang sieu nhan thiic nen dupc dua vap chuong trtnh hpc ttpng cac mdn hpc khac Dl lam dupe dilu can thay ddi each thilt ke va danh gia mdi tradng hoc tap mdt each Meu qua, eu till: ttudng va Idp phai dat ttpng tam vao ngudi hpe; cimg cap mpt mdi ttudng ldp hpc tap trung vao kien thiic, chii y din nhiing gi duac giang day, tai nd dupe day va su Meu bai hoac nim vilng cua ngudi hpc sao; kiem tta, danh gia lien tue, dupc tMet ke de Iam cho viec tu cua hpc sinh ttd nen rd rang, dl thep dpi dupc sir tien bd cho giao vien va hpc sinh; viec hpc bi anh hudng chu ylu bdi mdi tradng, do, 50 mdt phuang phap lay cdng ddng sdng cua cac hpc sinh Iam trung tam ddi hdi su phat triln cac tieu chuan cua ttucmg Idp, ciing nhu su phat trien cac ket giao vdi thi gidi ben ngoai, ttp giilp cho nhiing gia tri hpc tap chu dao Chu nghia hau hen dg^^ anh hudng vao ddi sdng nudc My tten nhilu khia canh, ttong giao due chimg the Men d nhan thuc luan kien tao'^ Diem chung noi cac Iy thuyet kien tao la chd ttpng hpc tap thdng qua kinh ngMem va dieu kien hda kien thiic, phat huy tinh tich cue cua ngudi hpc, coi ttpng vai ttd van, giiip dd cua nha giao, khuyen khich hpc tap kham pha, hpc di ddi vcii thuc hanh, hpc tap hcrp tac va hpc tap du an Kien tao luan cd anh hudng sau rdng ddi viji giao due My gin lien veil nhung bien ddi kinh te - xa hdi ciia nudc My nira sau the ky XX, dae biet la cac phang ttap dau ttaiJi ehp quyen cdng dan vao nhihig thap nien 1960, kM trudng hpc My dupc xem la noi xung dot cua cac gia tii xa hdi Cimg vdi nd la su ddi cua cac he thdng edng nghe hd ttp hpc tap, da gdp phan giam bdt vi the dpe tdn cua ngudi thay tmyen thong ttong viec quyet dinh tiianh tich hpe dudng Ve thue chit la lam thay ddi tpan dien npi ham giap due d tit ca cac phuang dien: muc tieu, ndi dung, chupng ttinh, phuang phap, phucmg tien, quan ly va danh gia Cudi thi ky XX che den nay, su xuit Men eua cac chucmg trinh giao due phu hpp vdi ca nhan da chirng minh giao due di vao 60 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Hoa Ky (2007), Phtecmg phdp hgc tdp tSi mt: Tri tuS, tu duy, kinh nghiem, nhd tnrdng Ban dich cua Nguyen VTnh Trung va Le Thu Giang, Nxb Tong hop TP Ho Chi Mmh, ti 12 10, Hoc thuyet triet hoc Charles Sanders Peiroe (1839-1914), William James (18421910), John Dewey (1859-1952) xay dung; Ve sau, duoc cac nha tnet hpc tan thuc dung (Neo-Pragmatism) nhu Willard Van Orman Quine (1908-2000), Hilary Putnam (1926-), Stanley Fish (193 8-), Donald Davidson (1919-2003), ke thira va phat tiien 11 John Dewey (2008), Ddn chii vd Gido due Ban dich ciia Pham Anh Tuan, Nxb Tri thirc Ha Noi, tr 389 12 Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), nha cai each dai hoc va giao due Pho the ky XIX, nguai de xuat nguyen ly lap Dai hpc Berlin (thanh lap nam 1810, sau doi ten Chit thich: Dai hoc Humboldt) 13 Xem: Ngo Bdo Chau, Pierre Darnulat, Cao Lu Dat, Chu Man Sinh, (Chil bien, 2010), Huy Thuan, Hoang Tuy, Nguyen Xuan Cdi ciich gido ducdcdc nu&c phgt triin Cdi Xanh, Pham Xuan Yem (Chu bien, 2011), ciich giao due d My, Quyin I, Ban dich ciia Ky yiu Dgi hoc Humboldt 200 ndm (1810Nguyen Trung Thuan, Nxb Giao due Viet 2010) Kmh nghiem thi gicfi vd Viet Nam, Nam, Ha Noi, tr Nxb Tri thiic Ha Noi, tr.74 Lu Dat, Chu Man Sinh, (Chii bien, 2010), 14 Trong Ca cdu tri khon (1993) Gardner de a / , tr 490-491 cap dang tri khon- tri khon ngon ngii, tri Teny M Mce (Chu bien, 2005), So luac vi khon am nhac, tri khon logic - toan, tri khon cdc trucmg hoc Hoa Ky, Ban dich cua Hong khong gian, tri khon ca the - tri giae van Hanh, Nhu Y, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha dong, va tri khon ca nhan Sau nay, N6i,tr 48 Ndm tu cho tmmg lai (2004), Gardner Robert H Bellah (Chti bien, 1990), Van hoa phan tich bo sung loai tur bao gom: tu vd tinh each cua ngudi My, Ban dich cua nguyen tie, tu tong hop, tu Chu Tien Anh va Pham Kiem ich, Nxb sang tao, tu ton va tu dao due Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, tr 99 15 Trao Iiru triet hoc tam chu quan tap the Alexis de Tocqueville (2012), Nin ddn tri gan vai ten tuoi nhirng tnet gia JeanMf, Ban dich ciia Pham Toan, Nxb Tri thiic Francois Lyotard (1924-1998), Jacques HaNpi, tr 565 Derrida (1930-2004), Michel Foucault Reginal D Archambault (2012), John Dewey (1926-1984), Richard Rorty (1931-2007) vi gido duo Ban dich cua Pham Anh Tuan, Trpng tam ly luan cua trao luu la phan Nxb Trd DT Books - IRED, TP Ho Chi bien lai chu nghia hien dai Minh, tr 549 Gordon Dryden, Jeannette Vos (2010), Cdch 16 Khuynh huong triet hpc giao due dai tir nhiing nghien cmi cua John Dewey (1859mang hoc tap Ban dich cua Pham Anh Tuan, 1952), Maria Montesson (1870-1952), Jean Nxb Tn thirc Ha Noi, tr 126 Piaget (1896-1980), Heinz von Foerster Howard Gardner (2012), Ndm tu cho (1911-2002), Ernst von Glasersfeld (1917tuang lai Ban dich ciia Dang Nguyen Hieu 2010), Paul Watzlawick (1921-2007) va Tnmg va To Tucmg Quynh, Nxb Tre - DT David A Kolb(l939-) Books - IRED, TP Ho Chi Minh, tr 32 Uy ban Khoa hoc ve Hanh vi - Xa hoi va GiiSo due Hoi dong Nghien cvra quoc gia mpt ky nguyen mdi - ky nguyen giao due hau Men dai Tom lgi, sir phat trien tdng hcrp cua cac dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi, van hda chinh tri, khoa hpc cdng nghe, tu tudng Iy Man cha nudc My mia cudi thi ky XX da lam sinh triet Iy giao due vdi ndi ham mdi vl vi tri, vai ttd cua giao due; muc dich, ndi dung, phuong phap giao due; quan diem vl nha ttudng, nha giao va ngudi hpc Ndi dung co ban cua triet ly giao due se duac chung tdi dl cap ttong mpt nghien cim tilp thep • ... triet Iy giao due My nua cudi the ky XX, chung tdi nhan thay, nhiing tu tudng ly Man sau day dat tien de cho su hinh triet ly giao due My nua cudi the ky XX Triet ly gido due nhdn vdn vd khai... niia cudi till ky XX Chit nghig ihiec dung^° d day, chimg tdi mudn de cap den triet ly giao due cua CHAU MY NGAY NAY John Dewey, ngudi "tao su bimg nd tim nhm giao due" diu the ky XX ma anh hudng... cua ngudi hpc, lay nhu can cila dia phuang Iam trung tam, Iam ddi tuong phuc vu Nira cudi the ky XX, la thdi ky chiing kien nhiing bien ddi dien manh me noi nha trudng My, rdng ban nOa la nen tang