D8i/vflH(>c 308 2014 m^§mmmv GIAO DUC 0 NUOC NGOAI / Quan niem ve nha trifcfng, nha giao va ngiTGfi hoc trong triet ly giao due My nifa cuoi the l(y 20 ThS LE VAN TUNG Trudng Dgi hpc D ing Thip My li[.]
D8i/vflH(>c 308-2014 m^§mmmv GIAO DUC NUOC NGOAI / Quan niem ve nha trifcfng, nha giao va ngiTGfi hoc triet ly giao due My nifa cuoi the l(y 20 ThS LE VAN TUNG Trudng Dgi hpc D i n g T h i p My li nude cd nSn giio due phit triin, nSn giio due niy khong chi hudng din si/binh diing vS cdhgi tiip cin giio difc, mi cdn cung cip cho ngudl hgc dfch vif giio due dio tgo chitlUtfng cao, qua dd cung dng nguon nhin li/c chitlurfng cao cho phit triin kinh texa hgi va khoa htfc cong nghi cda nudc My Nhdng thinh qui gdn vdl cie quan nl^m mdi vS nhi trudng, nhi giio vi ngudl hgc niy sinh vio niia cuoi thik^ 20 Vdiy nghTa dd, bii bio niy, chiing tdi phin tfch vi gldi thiiu cic quan nl^m ve nhi trudng, nhi giio vi ngudl hgc triit If giio due My niia cuil thikf 20, lim tham khao cho cdng tie giio due dnudc ta hign Quan ni$m v6 nha trUimg Nha trudng My ddi mu|n hdn so vdi nhilu qudc gla cd lieh sQ lau d i i nhu Anh, DQe, Phip, ljch sQ cQa nha trudng My mdi eh? ddi chua d l y 400 nim Thdi ky thude dia va nifa sau the k^ dau tien sau nUdc My dupe lap, xuat hien m$t cich da dgng eic logi hinh giao dye khae dinh cho mpl ngudl nhU trUdng edng, trudng tu, trudng tdn giao, trudng n|l trQ.v.v Mac du vgy, gia dinh van eh|U trich nhlpm ehii ylu d l i vdl vi^c giio dye eon cai, trUde hit l i vlic chi tra hpe phf V I m$t luat phip, trudng hpe d i u tiin ddi d MJ dUpe dinh diu bing vlic thdng qua Luat Old Deluder Satan nam 1647 tgi Massachusetts, lugt yiu cau phal lap cac tnJdng hpc d l mpi ngudi bilt dpc Kinh thanh, xua dull quy Sa ting Cie no lye eii eich trudng hpe (bae tieu hpc) g i n vdi cdng lao ciia Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827), Horace Mann (1796-1859), John Dewey (1859-1952) Tilp theo i i sy ddi cQa h i thong eic trudng tilu hpc cong l i p mien phi (nguIn t i l chfnh phye eho hogt ddng cua nhi trudng dupc lly tu thul eiia ngudi din) tQ giQa eho d i n thap nien 90 eua t h i kJ XIX Mai cho tdi thap nidn 1910 eae trudng trung hpe mdi hinh thinh MJ He thing eac trUdng b i n eong raddi tQ nhOng nim 1990 trd di Nhln chung, cho d i n nhQng nam 1930 nhi trUdng My l i edng cy cho eiJa dat nudc sy chuyin biln tU xa hpi ndng nghiep trd quoc gia edng nghi$p, v i thye t l , m i l cho tdi trudc ehiln tranh t h i gidl thQ II, trudng hpe lilu hpc My ehu yeu nhim vao vlpc d i o luy§n cie k5 ning cd s6: dpc, vilt, tfnh toin Tam quan trpng ciia khoa hpc v i toin hpc mdi ehl dUflc quan tam rdng rai tQ nhQng th|ip niln 1950 trd di D i y cung l i thdi ky phit triln mgnh m§ cua h i thing cie trudng trung hpe (va ca dgi hpe) gin liln vdl nhQng tiln d l quan trpng xa hdi My nhU: phong trio p h i binh chit lupng giio dye sau sy kign Lien Xo phdng v i tlnh Sputnik, viee gidi hgn sy phin biet chCing tde, s l ludng hpe smh ting nhanh h i u q u i cQa Thi h$ Baby Bam (thi he smh sau chiln tranh t h i gldi thQ ll), v i sy hien diin cOa nhQng trudng trung hpc khudn m§u B i n egnh h i thong trudng tieu hpc va trung hpe, la he thong cac trUdng cao dang, dgi hpc SU ddi eiJa eic viin dgi hpc My danh dau sy phit triln vUpt bic cua nUde My, chung l i bilu tUpng eho phim chit sang tgo My Tie dpng cua dgi hpc l i n n i n kinh t l - v i n hda l i tryc tilp nhat tat e i eac t h i c h l giio dye, bdi chung tgo ngudn nhin lye vdi trinh dd, ky ning lao dong cao eung Qng cho nhu eiu phat trien kinh te, v i n hda x i hpi, eung cap giao vien cho cac bic hpe thdng, dong thdi cung elp eac sang kiln v i giai phap edng nghi cho n i n san xuat xa hdi, chgy dua d i n dau v i o t h i gidi Nlu nhU eae dgi hpc Anh cdn mang nang truyen thong Oxford Cambridge vdi tinh than dao tgo "euitivaled men", "learned" v i "civil sen/ant" cdn kha de dat vdl tinh than Humboldt DQc, thi ngUdi My da mgnh dgn tilp thu tinh than NhQng c i i ten Michigan, Han/ard, Cornell, John Hopkins da djnh dgng tfnh chat My ciia dgi hpc bang cich k i t hdp trilt ly dao tgo trie viit eua Anh v i truyen thdng nghiin eQu khoa hpe ciia dgi hpc DQe vdi eic t h i c h l dan chu hien ton IQc b i y gid Ogi hpe My t i ndi san xuat tri thJc, ma tn thUe la nguon iQc d i u tau eua tang trudng kinh te Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) bio c i o Khoa hge: Bien gidi v6 tin (1946) d i vl vigc nghiin cQu cd b i n nhu l i chile miy trp tim cho eie tiln bd edng nghi§p, c i c nghiin eQu cd ban dd dupc tgo tU cac dgi hpc Tlnh thin bien CUdng, tmh thin T i y tiln cua nude My lfnh vuc phat triln giio dye dai hpc thyc sy nd rp mUa git thinh qua tu khoang 1945 d i n 1975 Ch? tfnh tU 1960 d i n 1975 s l trudng dgi hpe d i ting ddt biln tU 1040 l i n 3005, sinh viin nhgp hpe tang tU 3.6 triiu len 9,4 triiu, trudc dd, nim 1900 68 '%^-: • -^sm ch?cd 237.592 sinh vien nhip hpc, nam 1950 la 1,5 trieu sinh viin, dua nudc My budc vio thdi ky dgi hpc phye vy x i hpi v i biln t h i k^ 20 la t h i k^ cQa dgi hpc My Ve nguon glc, dgi hpc My l i sy ehat Ipe tlnh hoa trilt hpc khai sing va tQ ehilu siu eiia truyen tiling nhin vin phUdng Tiy SU tien hda cDa sQ mgng dgi hpe tQ ren luyin tinh thin, Idng md dgo, tinh hog d i n phye vy sy hQu dyng va din ehii hda hUdng tdi sy khai sing cQatim hdn, sy sing cQa mye dich, sy sing sQg eiia tu va sy sing ciia 111 sing Nd l i tnjng tim ciia sy d l i mdi sing kiln (innovation), ngudi ta khdng thi hinh dung nli nifa sau the ky 20 vdl eh? ehUa tdi 5% din sd t h i gidi, dgi hpc My chilm 50% so bang sang ehe, sQ ddi ciia cac t h i c h l da dgi hpc dUpe vf nhU nhQng "thanh bang cua tn thQc", dgi hpe d i thye sy dinh hinh khudn miu quoc gia NQa sau the kS/ 20, trudc y i u ciu phit triln ciia nen sin xult tU nin kinh t l cdng nghiip bude qua nen kinh t l dich vy, v i tilp dd la tQ kinh t l djch vy sang kinh te tri thUc va toan ciu hda, nhan thQc ve nhi trUdng v i vai trd ciia n6 xa hoi da c6 nhiJng thay del mang tfnh budc ngoit Cd the khii quit tU tudng elt Idi eiia nha trudng My hai ky nguyin chuyin dli, tCf cdng cy eua nen kinh t l edng nghiip trd cdng ey ciia nin kinh t l dich vy, va trd thinh t i i s i n eiia nen kinh te tri thQe Dd la tu tudng xem nhi trudng, bat ed ioai nio diu binh ding vi ii tii sin quf' biu cOa dit nude, hdn niia, nhi tn/dng l i ndi ngudl ta tham gia d l trudng thinh, d l tilp nhan ed hdi dgt, nin no khdng nhlt thilt phii lay mat dat lam tnj sd m i ed the dat len mgng Internet, dit lin khdng gian diin toin dim may nhd vin dyng cdng nghi thong tin va truyen thdng Cdng nghi Ihdng tin d i ding hiln cho xa h$i hl§n dgi mdt kilu nhi trudng mdi ehua tQng ed tiln 1$ la "nhi trudng io" Nhi trudng My hiin dgi van tiep tyc tinh thin dupe tieh luy, nd khong mit di chQe ning c6ng ey eho nhi nudc nhim tri v i phit triln chu nghTa tU ban Mic dQ cd sy ding dgng v l logi hinh, song v l thyc chit trudng hpe My l i mang tfnh dia phUPng, tfnh da dgng, tfnh ty ehii, tfnh thj trudng, tfnh phi tip trung mgnh me Diy la dilm khac ctia nhi trudng My so vdi nhi trudng nPl cac h i thing giio dye tip trung Co the khai quit mdt s l die dilm ciia nha trUdng mdi d My nhU sau: Thd nhit, dd la nPi cung cip mdi trUdng tip trung vio hpc tip mdt each sang tgo tdt nhat t h i gidi, da dgng va phong phO nhat va phu hpp vdi tQng trUdng hpc cy the; nOi cd mye tieu rd rang, nPi giao lUu lu tudng vdl (khoan dung), ndi trin diy tinh than chfnh nghTa ndi cd k} luit nghiim minh, ndi quan tim din va ndi h^i ty vui v i , Thd hai, trUdng hpc phii l i npi t h i hiin tap trung sy vin dyng co hieu qu& cac tyu khoa hpc mdi nhat, Qng dyng mgnh me cdng nghi thdng tin va truyen thdng; noi ed ehUdng trinh hpc tip nhat quan; ndi cung cfip nguon tU lieu phong phu; ndi hdi ty nhOng nhi giao giao, nhi quin tri vdi tim nhln r$ng md •^ thQe da van hda, ning lyc de xuat va thye hien myc tiiu xult sic Thd ba trUdng hpe phii l i ndi hoan toin binh ding, la ndi diln tgp phong phu eho vige thyc hinh din ehu, sin sang tgo mpi ed hdi hpc tap cho mpi ddi tupng ngUdl hpc; cung d p cic d|eh vy giao dye d l giii quylt k|p thdi cie ddi hdi ciia cdng ddng, cQa dit nudc c i v l trUdc mit v i liu dii Thd tu, trudng hpc cin l i ndi an toan nhit, tien tdi diy lui bgo lyc, nghiin ngip, xung dpt, bd hpc; ren luygn cac phim chit dgo dQe ed bin thit thi, tdn trpng, l l phep, trich nhiim, bilt ding cim chia s i , bilt ty kilm ehl, ky lugt, kiin nhin, bilt hi sinh eong hiln, ed sy ket nil ehat che vdi gia dinh, c|ng ding, dit nude v i t h i gidi d l dio tgo ning lyc thich Qng ning ddi m$t vdi cie thich IhQc mdi eho ngudi hpc s^ msm^m s68-2oi4 DmjmHpc Nhi Irudng la vang trin cCra cpng dong, cho nen vai trd ciia nha giao la hit sQc quan trpng, chung tdi se phin tfch tU tudng ve nhi giio d mye k l tilp Quan niem ve nha giao NQa sau t h i ky 20, c i c thinh tQu Wioa hpc v l tilp thu kle'n thQe v i sy v i n d$ng ciia thye tiln xa hdi My da tQng bude p h i bd quan dilm cu v l tri thQc Cy t h i l i tQ bd quan diem nhan mgnh tfnh ddng gdi, bj budc chat vio nhOng hinh thQc eo djnh cCra tri thUc Sy hinh tri thQc ndi chii t h i d i ed su thay doi, tri thQc khdng the dQng Igi d vl^c 'Ihu gom" roi tai sQ dyng theo mye dfch tUdng lai, m i tri thUe l i sy kiln Igo cCia chu the trUdc hoan cinh, bin thin sy kiln tgo tri thQc lam s i n sinh tri thUc mdi, vdi thudc tfnh mdi VI the, sy hinh thinh tri thQe la khdng t h i chuyin giao trpn gdi, kh6ng the rdt kien thQc tQ nha giao v i o ngUdi hpc, vai trd eua nha giio la hd trp, tu v i n , gpi md, t l chQc, hUdng din d l ngudl hpc chiem ITnh k^ ning thau hda kiln thQe, ky ning ty hpe d l ed ning lyc ty d i l mdi c l u trQe v i nin ting hpc v i n Tu tudng cot Idi v l n h i giao d My dupe the hi^n nhQng diem sau: Thd nhit, xult phat tQ quan dilm binh dang va din chQ, ngudi My cho rang, n h i giio trUdc hit l i mot ngudi hp eln dUpc tdn trpng nhu nhQng e i nhin ddc lap va tu each nghi nghipp thdng qua hiiu q u i edng viie eiia hp Khing djnh lgi quan dilm niy, d l khdi phai gan eho nghe nghiep niy nhQng ly tudng m i thye t l l i khdng bao gid dgt dUpc Trong truyen thing, cd thdi kJ' ngudi My mac du danh g i i eao vai trd cOa giio dye nhUng d i ch? xem giing dgy l i mpt edng viec kem hip din nhi giao dupc hinh dung l i nhQng ngudl lam viie vio ban ngiy, phy nQ dim nhin, thu nhip thip Nifa sau t h i k^ 20, viec chuyin doi sang md hinh giao dye djeh vy, vai trd eiia nhi giio v i nghe giing dgy mdi dupe ehu y v i va dinh g i i cao Quan diem cQa ngUdl My v l n h i giao phii la ngUdi lam viee "hieu qui" Theo James H Strongle, n h i khoa hpc v l ehinh sach giao dye tgi Hiip hdi Giam s i t v i Xiy dyng ehUPng trinh giao dye cQa Hoa ky, eac phlm ehit v l m$t eon ngudl, Qng xQ x i hpi va c i m xue eiia giio viin inh hudng rlt ldn den hiiu q u i dgy hpe cQa hp 6ng cho ring, eie giao viin hiiu q u i thUdng t h i hien sy quan tim ngUdi hpc theo each ma hp cd t h i cim nhin dupe, long nhl^t tlnh v i nang tgo ddng lyc, bilt khdi day nhQng gl tit dgp ndi hpc sinh thdng qua sy Cing h$ v i khuyin khich, bilt ling nghe, bilt thau hilu v i hilu rd hpe sinh v l nhu ciu, nguy§n vpng, Ude muon eita ngUdi hpc, hp ludn giao tilp thin mit v i cdng bang, hp ed thil dd tieh eye v l nghi nghiip v i cudc sing, bilt ehiem nghiim v l sy nghiep v i hpe tip suit ddi, tin tudng v i dgt ky vpng ldn vao ngudl hpe Ong vilt: "Vupt lin trin c i sy quan t i m , mdt giio viin hiiu q u i thilt t§p dupc sy thau hilu va tin e§y vdi hpc sinh bing cieh nhin mgnh, lam miu, v i ludn t h i hiin sy cing bing v i tdn trpng" (James H Stronge, 2011, tr 43) Thd hai, til ch6 khing djnh vai trd hing d i u cua giio dye va xem giio dye l i m$t nginh chuyin trich, mdt nghi nghiip thyc sy, ngUdi MJ eho ring, nha giao phii ia ngudi thyc t i i thyc hpe v i cd t h i truyin thy dupc tri thQc cho ngudi khic, tQc I i nhQng ngUdi cd t l ehit cao Bio eio Chinh phu diuin bj cho dio tgo giio vien thi ky XX/(1986) ciia Dien d i n Giio dye v i Kinh t l Carnergie ch? rd: "Giio vien eln nim cho thit tit cie qui iuit ciia h i thing ty nhlSn v i xa h l i , hilu dupe cin iSy nhQng thdng tin gl v i v i n dung nhQng thdng tin i y nhU t h i nio, cin ed ning lye giup dd hpc sinh giii thieh nhOng dilu mp h i , nim bit dupe chin II, ed ning lyc bdi dudng cho hpc Dgi/t-rtHty S68-2Q14 ;0M^^^^^K^ ^:A sinh cd dude sQc sing tgo thye sy, ed ning lyc eung hpp tie vdi cdng sy d l hoin thinh nhiim vy Ngudi giao viin edn phii hpc t i p khlng ngQng hp c i n bilt eii gl la tri thQc phii tinh thdng, cd dupe tQ d i u v i v i n dyng nhQng tri thQe i y d l giup dd ngUdl khic nhu t h i nio N l u ngUdi giao viin dgy cho ngUdi khic bilt each suy nghT ddc lip thi trudc tiin m)nh cung phii da bilt suy nghT ddc lip Phii ddc lip dupe hinh ddng, v i cung hpp t i c dupe vdi ngudi khie, dua dupc nhOng phan doin mang tinh m i u chit Ngudi giio viin cdn c i n l i ngUdi hpc s i u bilt rdng v i cd kiln thQc uydn thim" (LQ Dgt, Chu Man Sinh chQ biin, 2010, tr 493-494) N lye eua nudc My culi t h i kjf 20 l i biln nghe dgy hpc trd thinh mdt nghi dupe tdn trpng han, cy t h i la ap dyng tiiu chuin cao hdn d l i vdi nghi dgy hpc, ehu trpng dio tgo ddi ngO giio viin, ting lUPng v i c h l dai ngd (de bgt, tu each nghi nghiip suit ddi), xiy dyng c h l dd chUe danh giio viin, khuyin khfeh nhQng giao viin dgy hpe khdng hiiu qui ehuyin semg lim nghi khic, thu hut hpe sinh xult sac lam nghe dgy hpc, ning cao ehit IUpng bli dUdng giio viin Ddi vdi nha giio d giao dye bic cao, nude My khuyin khfeh ty hpe thu§t d l hinh thinh m|t ddi ngu giing viin vQa cd t h i dim nh^n tit nhit nhi|m vy giing dgy, vQa cd t h i ty theo dull cic dy an nghiin cQu Nghiin cQu, giing dgy v i phye vy cdng ding I i ba vai trd quan trpng nhlt eiia giing viin cic dgi hpc MJ, TWiJa, sy phit triln eiia nin kinh t l ngiy cing dya trin tri thQc v i ky ning mdt t h i gidi dang thay d l i cilia toin eiu hda, vl viy, n h i giio eln phii dupc dao tgo bii bin d l cd thi xie lip dupe tim nhln rdng md v i chfnh xie v l giing dgy chuyin nghiip Oy ban Dio tgo giao viin thudc Viin hin lim giio dye quic gla My cho ring, ngudl giio viin MS" mdi ein "Hilu bilt v l ngudl hpc v i sy phat triln eiia hp bll einh x i hdi (vlic hpc tip, phit triln eon ngudi ng6n ngfl), hilu bilt v l ndi dung mdn hpc v i myc tiiu cQa chUdng trinh hpc (myc tliu v i myc dieh giio dye ciia vlic dgy ky ning, ndi dung mdn hpe), hilu bilt v l vi$e giing dgy (dgy ndi dung mdn hpe, dgy nhilu dgng hpc trd khie nhau, dinh gii, quin ly- ldp hpe)" (ViSn Han lim Giio dye Qudc gia My, 2012, tr 21) Thd tu, mdt giio due phit tnin theo xu hUdng xa hdi hpe t&p v i hpe tip suit ddi, nhi giao ein trd nhQng ehuyin gia phin Ting nhanh, ddng vai trd hinh miu (role model) v l ty hpc, tlnh yiu chin If sy say m i j i m viie sing tgo v i tnjyln eim hQng dd cho ngudi hpc De nhi giio lim dupe dilu niy, nUdc My eye kjf coi trpng vi$c dao tgo, bdi dudng, phin b l v i trpng dyng nhQng giio viin chit lUpng cao Muln viy, tafdc tien phii thay doi cP elu giio dye sU phgm, cy thi cie ehUdng trinh dao tgo giao vien phii dUpe xiy dyng tQ nhQng gi nhi giao can phii hpc v i tU cich hp hpc, hpe d l dgy, hpe v l thyc hinh bing thyc hanh, hpc tQ thyc tign v i tQ ngUdi khie, tinh thdng vin dyng phudng phip dgy hpc phu hpp vdi eac tlnh hulng xQ ly cic vin d l phQc tgp dgy hpe eho nhilu dli tupng ngudi hpc Thd nim nudc M^ d$c biit coi trpng vai trd cOa vign dgi hpc, vl viy quan dilm v l nhi giio lim vi^c cac viin dgi hpc nhin dupe ky vpng Idn tQ xa hftl v i dit nude, nhi giio dupe quan mim l i ngudl ein bd tri thQc m^t mdi tn/dng ty hpc thuit, da dgng t i l ning v i chgy dua chit xim trin quy md toin clu, hogt ddng ciia hp dupc dinh gii trin bin vai trd thing nhlt vdl nhau: Mdt li ning lyc theo dull tri thQc mdi, ty thim dd, nghiin cQu theo phUdng phip chuyin nghidp, theo cic chuin myc khoa hpc nghiim ngit d l thye hiin eic nghiin cQu bit lu§n l i nd hudng v l diu bing cich dd tgo v i nudi dudng tlnh thin phit hiin, sing tgo khoa hpc; Hai li hogt ddng giii thfch cie hidn tUpng ddc lip, dly dQ v i ehfnh xie, xem x i t sy phit triln cQa tri thQc chuyin mdn bing thdng sang nhilu ITnh w^c, bien gidi khoa hpe v i bilt dat nhQng tri thQe tdng phin m6t ting t h i cOa tri thQe toin bd, ning phin biit v i ting hpp cic nghien cCfu vio mpt m l hinh trf tu§ tdn hdn; Ba li hogl ddng hiin thye hda tri thUe mdi, gin nghiin cQu vdl Qng dyng, biln tri thQe mdi thinh cdng cy phye vy eong ddng, tham gia xiy d^ig v i phin biin sy phit triln thyc tiin cudc song trin tinh thin xiy dyng phgm vl hilu bilt ma minh tinh ttidng; Bin li giing dgy sing tgo d l mdt mit tnjyln thdng cae hilu bilt khoa hpe da dUpc kilm ehUng vio cic t h i h i hpc g i i tri dio tgo cho hp phUdng phip tu khoa hpc va trao cho hp tinh thin say me nghiin cQu hudng din nhQng chin trdi tri thQe rSng md Thd siu, nin giao dye k} nguyin hiu hiin dgi chQ trpng din hilu bilt cd sd, din vl0c hinh thinh eie chii thi chfnh trj x i hpi khdng nhOng cd nang tham gia vio ddi sing nghi nghiip, m i edn trd nhOng cdng din sing cd trieh nhigm, lUdng tri, ytiiQeWioan dung v i ning thfch Qng, hogt ddng dgy hpc cQa nhi giio trin tit e i mpi phUdng di§n ludn l i sd hudng din, tQc l i trd ve vdi ndi him xua nhlt ciia no - nghi thuit dgy hpc, vt viy lao ddng eiia hp khdng ddn thuin l i mdt cflng viie kilm sing nudi thin, m i cin dupe nhin thQe nhU mdt bin phan xa hdi mdt logi nghTa vy hing diu cQa x i hdi, dgy hpc mai mii l i mdt thiSn chUc dgo dUe Trong Tin diiu sdphgm cda (d/(1897), trilt gia John Dewey tQng khSng djnh: "Ngudi thiy khdng ehl ddn giin tham gla vao viie rdn luyin e i nhin, m i ngudl thiy cdn tham gia vio vlic hinh thinh ddi sing xa hOi dung nghTa Mdi ngudl thiy nSn nhin thUc ro phim gii nghi nghiip cOa minh; ring l i mdt nd bdc xa hdi dupe giao neng nhiim vy tri trit ty x i hdi thieh hpp va dim bio sy phit triln xa hdi dung din Theo eich niy, ngudi thiy mai mii l i nhi tiSn tri cQa Thupng d l dfch thyc va l i ngUdi trp giio vUPng quIe dieh thyc eiia Thupng d l " (Reginal D Archambault, 2012, tr 559) Frank H T Rhodes (1926- ), nguyin ehii tjeh Dgi hpe Cornell viet: "Bdi vl tic ddng siu sic cda nd d l i vdi e i nhin sinh viin lin xa hdi, dgy hpc khdng bao gid ed t h i chl l i m$t cdng vide lim cdng i n lUdng, dii nd ed yiu clu eao din diu; thim chl khdng t h i ch? l i mdt nghi (career), diii nd chuyin nghiip tdi mQc nao Dli vdl nhQng giio su gidi nhlt, dgy hpc la mdt thiin chQc dgo dQc (moral vocation) Nd l i dgo dUe vl nd c l ging phit triln khdng ch? sy thdng hilu, m i c i Idng t i n tyy; nd inh hudng v i d[nh hinh khdng chl tri thQe, m i c i '^ chl; nd lien quan d i n vi^c nu5i dUdng khdng ch! tri de, m i e i trii tim" (Frank H.T Rhodes , 2009, tr 175176) Diy khdng phii i i dilm riing cd quan nidm v l ngudi thiy cQa nUde My, tat c i c i c nin giio dye tU XUa din nay, khdng nin giio dye nic dinh g i i thip v| t h i dgo dQc, tri t u i v i vin hda cda ngudl thiy Quan ni^m v^ ngircTl hQC Tu tudng v i ngudi hpc nQa cull t h i k^ 20 d nUde MJ t h i hiin d eie quan diem sau: Thd nhit c i c thinh tyu khoa hpc niy sinh vio nQa culi t h i k9 20 da dua nhQng bing chQng thuylt phye giii phdng giio dye khdi nh$n thUc lu$n tabularasa, tQe l i tQ bd quan dilm cho ring, eon ngudi sinh gilng nhu mOt "philn d i tring" m i hogt ddng ed thi ty vilt lin dd c i c kmh nghidm Cic nghidn cUu v l bd nio, h$ thin kinh, h i thing phin xg, dl tnjyln hpc, tri tui, tiln hda d i chl ring, bd miy hpc t i p d ngUdl phUc tgp hdn rit nhilu so vdi sy hinh dung khoa hpc tnide dd s6 8-2014 DaijvciIJpc Bd miy hpe t i p d ngudi la mdt he thing thin kinh trung Udng cDa ba giai dogn tiln hda khac (bd sat, ddng vat cd vO, nao ngudi) va he flilng than kinh ngogi bien (nam glie quan va cae ndron), hogt ddng cOa bd nao eon ngudi mang tfnh ning ddng, kha ning tri t u i va hpe tip^ hinh thinh k h i sdm t r i em, hpc tap cd t h i lam thay doi cac thudc tfnh nhin thQe d b i nao, v i viic hpe d moi ngUdi la phong phu, da dgng ngudi cd nhieu dgng trf khdn v i hp se hpc t i p t i t nhit vdi dgng tri Ididn Uu trdi tilm ning cua minh Dilu ed nghTa, ngudi hpe I i thue t h i chQ dpng v i hp hpc c i i mdi dya tren tilm nang, dilu hp da b i l t tin tudng, theo each cua hp Thd hai, nen giio dye My ehuyin d i l tQ giao dye tinh hoa sang giao dye dgi chung v i phye vy, ngudi hpc trd khach hang, ngUdi tieu dung, thy hudng eae dieh vu giio dye, vi vgy, vai trd trung tam eiia ngudi hpc ngiy cang dupe khlng djnh, quan h i ngUdi dgy ngudi hpe da ed sy thay doi so vdi truyen thong, ngUdi dgy trd thinh ngudi hudng dan thye sy, ngudi hpe trd ngudi chii ddng thilt k l v i thyc hanh sy hpe t i p Thd ba, eQng vdi nhQng thinh tyu ve kinh t l , vi#c dan ehQ hda ddi sing x i hdi d My d i md rdng ed hdi tilp ein giao dye eho nhilu ting ldp nhin dan, khdng edn gidl hgn, phan bietvl dd tuli gidi tinh, myc dfch di hpe Giao dye khdng cdn la die quyln die Ipi eua mdt nhdm thilu s l nao dd xa hdi Thd td, sy phit triln cQa khoa hpc edng nghe, die biit l i cdng nghi thdng tin v i truyen thdng da tgo kho tang tri thQc khlng l l , s l IUpng tri thQc mdi ting Idn nhanh ehdng, dd, ngudi hpc khdng cd dQ thdi gian d l tfch luy diy dQ cie kiln thQe dd, viee tfch luy kiln thQc theo kieu chat dong da trd nin vd dyng ehfnh vl t h i , ngUdl hpc cin ty hinh thinh kjf ning ty hpc, ning lyc hpc tip sudt ddi, xa hdi dl vio xu t h i hpc t i p khdng the dio ngupc hpc tip cd Qng dyng cdng nghi thdng tin v i truyin thdng cang trd thinh phi biln T/Jt/nim, toin elu hda da trd mdt xu t h i khich quan, d l thinh dgt xu the dd, ngUdl hpc khdng nhQng phii tlnh thdng, lam chu mpt ITnh vye kiln thQe cit Idi, ning lye ty thay d l i d l fhleh nghi vdl nhQng biln d l i nhanh ehdng, tham ehf chUa tQng cd tien le cQathe gidl hiin nay, m i cdn c i n cd sy hilu bilt rdng md v l vin hda, sy hilu bilt quic t l , y thQc khoan dung van hda, tinh thin trach nhiim d l i vdi nhQng v i n d l mang tinh toan c l u Mot so' (Tiip theo trang 62) Tham gia nhifng budi chuygn S i cau lac bo ho3c diln dan tir hpc NhOng bull tpa d i m va ngoii n h i tnJdng v l ty hpc se la ndi hQu fch d l sinh viin g|it h i i dUdc nhOng kiln thQe va kinh nghigm ve ty hpc Neu nhU nhOng bull ehuyin d l tpa d i m diln thdi gian ngin, thudng l i mdt bull hoic mdt vai ngiy vdi thdng tin cd dpng thi nhQng eiu lge bd se cho phep ngudi tham gia dupe cd nhilu thdi gian d l trao doi, r i n luydn nhQng v i n d l ty hpc Ngoii ra, hiin nhQng diSn d i n trSn mgng cung la mdt ndi sinh viin ed t h i khai thic dupc nhOng thdng tin hQu fch eho vlic hpc Van dung tri thiJc vao thirc te ViSc ap dyng nhQng kiln thQc v i o thye t l se giUp sinh viin hieu rd nhQng v i n d l ly thuylt v i ngUpc Igi, thyc t l se phit sinh nhilu v i n d l ma sinh viin c i n phii ty tim hilu d l giii quylt chQng Sy t i e ddng qua lgi niy s§ l i mdt y l u t l tich eye vide glOp sinh viin thiy dU(?c y nghTa eiia nhUng kiln thQe da hpe v i cd thim ddng IQe, hUdng di ty hpc Ngoai ra, khoing cich giQa \^ thuylt v i thyc tiSn eung cho sinh viin mdt e i i nhin khii quit v l t i m quan trpng cQa viee khdng ngUng ty hpe d l hilu, theo kjp, dip Qng hay lim cliii nhQng sy thay d l i khlng ngQng cQa I h l gidl xung quanh Kiln thUc trin ldp hpc ch? l i ed b i n v i nin ting Vide md rdng, dio s i u chii y l u l i tQ ty hpc Tuy tQng mdn hpc v^n d l , nhu c l u , thdi dilm, mi vl|c vin dyng dupe tiln hinh vdl nhQng cieh khie Dd ed the l i viie di khio sit, thi nghl$m hay xQ \