P a i ^ l l H p C so 10 2014 ig g * ^ ^ a ^ 45 JS Ren luyen nang life day hoc giai toan of tieu hoc cho sinh vien nganh giao due tieu hgc NGUYEN MINH QUAN TrUdng Ogi hpe Tien Giang Ning lyc dgy hpe l[.]
P a i ^ l l H p C so 10-2014 ig g - * ^ ^ a ^ 45 JS Ren luyen nang life day hoc giai toan of tieu hoc cho sinh vien nganh giao due tieu hgc NGUYEN MINH QUAN TrUdng Ogi hpe Tien Giang N ing lyc dgy hpe l i t l hdp d c phim chit cua giao viin d o glm tn thQc ehuySn mdn nghifp vu, kT ning, kT xio nghi nghipp cQa giio viSn qui trinh dgy hpe NhU vgy, ning lyc dgy hpc dgy giil toan tilu hpc l i ning thye hipn d trieh nhiim v i higu qua d c hinh dpng, glil quyet d c nhipm vy, v i n d l nhOngtinhhulng khie tiiupc ITnh vyc dgy hpc giai toin d tilu hpc ti'Sn cO sd hilu bilt, kT ning, kTxio v i kinh nghlfm cung nhUsysin sing hanh dpng nhim dim bio cho hogt dpng dgy hpe glii toin d tilu hpc dgt kit qui eao Ding thdl, ning lyc dgy hpc glii toin d tilu hpc l i mPt bP ph$n quan trpng tgo nSn ning lyc dgy hpe T d n d tilu hpc bdi d Ttlu hpc, phin Idn ttidl gian hpe toin cQa hpc smh l i d l giil cic bii tip toin O l cd dupe nhQng ning lye dgy hpc giil toin d n thilt, sinh ViSn nginh Giio dye tilu hpe dupe trang b| nhilu ning lyc bp ph§n nhu: ning lyc t l chQe dgy hpe glii toan, ning lye dinh g i i hogt dpng glal toin cua hpe sinh, nang IQc sif dyng ngdn ngQ toin hpe hiiu qui, Trong dd, ning lyc giai toin d tilu hpc l i mpt phin khdng t h i thilu Vife rin luyen ning lyc giii toin d tilu hpc cho sinh viSn nginh Giio dye tilu hpc dupe thyc hl$n chCi y l u thdng qua hpc phin Thyc hinh giai t d n d Tilu hpe" Bai viet niy se d l eip d i n viec rin luyen ning lyc dgy hpe giii toin d tilu hpc cho sinh viSn nginh Giio dye tilu hpc thdng qua vlge rin luypn eho sinh viin ning lye giil toin d tilu hpe Ning lyc giil toin d tilu hpc bao glm viie thye hiSn thinh tfigo d e kT ning: {1} Xie djnh dung dgng toin; (2) Xac dinh phUdng phip glil phu hpp; (3) Thye hipn bii gl^ hoan chlnh; (4) Khai thic v i md ring bii toin M§i ki d n g ddi hdi smh viSn phii d phupng phip v i thdl gian rin luySn nhlt djnh mdi d till tid ttiinh d n g lyc Sau diy l i mpt s l bi$n phip d l rin luyin d c kJ ning nSu tiln cho sinh viin nginh Giio dye tilu hpe I XAC D|NH DUNG DANG TOAN Cd 15 dgng toin ed d n tiong chypng trinh mdn Toin d n l u hpc: (1) Vilt sd, dpc s l , d u tgo s l : {2) Thye hl|n d c phSp tinh (dng tii^, nhin, chia); {3} So sinh sd; {4) Cic bii tijin ddn v l y nghTa cQa phSp d h g ; (5) Cic bii toin ddn v l y nghta eQa phip trir; (6) Cie b i i t d n ddn v l y nghTa cQa phip nhin; (7) Cic bii t d n ddn v l y ngh^ d a phip dia, (6) Cie bai toin ddn ve quan he giOa d e thinh phin v i kit qui phSp tfnh; (9) Tim s l tiung binh d n g ; (10) Cac bai toin cd b i n ve tf s l v i tl s l phin ti^m; (11) Cic b i i t d n dgng tim hai s l bilt kit qua cQa hai phep tinh; (12) Cie bii toin hpp glil bang hai phip tfnh; (13) Cie d i toin i p dyng quy tie hinh hpe; {14) Cic bii toin chuyin dpng deu; {15) Mdt s l dgng toin khic (xem ljch, xem ding h6,_) Nlu cht dQng lgi d mQc chuin kiln thOc, kT ning theo quy djnh cQa Bp Giio dye v i Dio tgo tht chl d n dgy cho hpc sinh glil d e bii toin sich giio khoa l i dgt ehuin Tuy nhiin, toin d tilu hpc khdng ddn thuin nhu viy D l phit triln kiln thOc, tu va ning lye eQa hpc sinh, d n phii dgy thSm eho d e em mdt s l dgng toin khac Cd t h i k l din nhU: - Tim hai s l bilt ting v i hipu cQa chQng - Tim hai s l bilt ting v i ti sd cQa chQng - Tim h^ sd bilt hlpu v i tf s6 ciia ehQng - T d n ve dgi lupng fl IS thuin - T d n v l dgi IUpng tf l i nghjch D l glQp sinh viSn cd t h i xac djnh dQng dgng mpt bii toan d tieu hpc, giang viSn giang dgy hpc phin nSn: (1) Cung e ^ oho sinh vlSn hS thing phin logi d e dgng toin d tilu hpc mdt d e h dly dQ, chi tilt kem theo vl dy minh hpa cy till {2) Cho sinh vlSn thUc hinh phin dgng d c bai toan ChUPng tiinh Sich giio khoa Toin tQ Idp d i n ldp theo h i thong phin logi m i giang viSn eung d p (3) Cho sinh viSn thao luan, phin tieh tQng dgng loin, die trung cP ban d l nhin bai toan thudc dgng dd (4) Cung d p them mdt s l bii toin ngoii Sieh giio khoa T d n tilu hpc cho sinh viin nhin dgng v i phin logi II XAC DINH PHl/dNG PHAP GIAI PHU HOP Sau xie djnh dUpc d c dgng toin BUdc tilp theo l i xie djnh phUdng phip giil phQ hpp Khdng It sinh viin nginh Giio dye tilu hpc giai bii toin ldp 5: "Hai s l d ting l i 2009 v i hifu l i 163 Tim hai s l dd." NhU sauTheo de bii ta cd a + b = 2009(1) a - b = 163(2) TQ(1) suy ra: a = 2009 - D 46 The a = 2009 - b vao {2), ta cd: 0 - b - b = 163 2009 - 163 = 2.b b=1846:2 b = g23 Suy ra: a = 2009 - 923 =1086 Vgy hai s l d ntimla 10B6 va 923 B i i giai dung, nhiSn khdng phu hpp vdi hpe sinh tilu hpc! tieu hpc, b i i toin thudc dgng: Tim hai sd biet ting va hiiu cQa ehOng B i i toin hpc sinh tieu hpe ed phuong phip giii eye kl ddn gian va ngan gpn hdn b i i glii trin rit nhllu S I ldn l i : (2009 + 163): = 1086 Sd be l i ; (2009 - 163) ; = 923 Dap so; 1086 va 923 TO dd, chting ta thay ring viSe giai mdt bai toan d t i l u hpc khdng phii l i khd, m i e i i khd l i glai bang phudng phip n i o d l hpe smh tieu hpe ed t h i hilu va glil bai t o i n mdt each ngan gpn v i d l hilu nhit v l so lupng cae phUdng phap glil toan d tieu hpe cQng ed nhQng y kiln khae nhau, theo quan diem eua eie tie gia Da sd cie tie gia eho rang de giai d c bai toin dgi b'i Sich giio khoa thi eh? ein - phuPng phip l i dQ Tuy nhlSn, d l glil cie b i i toan phit tnen, toan ning cao d tieu hpc thi d n bo sung thim nhilu phudng phap giai khac nQa Hien nay, cd 17 phUdng phap giii toin dupc sQ dyng giai toin tilu hpc Od l i : (1) PhUPng phap sP dd dogn thing; (2) PhUdng phap rQt v l ddn vj; (3) PhUdng phip tf so; (4) PhUdng phap ehia tf IS; (5) PhUdng phap thay t h i ; (6) PhUdng phip khQ; (7) PhQOng phip gia thiet tgm; (8) PhUdng phip tlnh ngupe tQ cull; (9) Phupng phip dQng ehQ thay so; (10) Phudng phip Met ke; (11) PhUdng phip diSn tfeh; (12) PhUdng phip bieu Ven; (13) PhUdng phip Ong dung nguySn If Dl-rfch-li; {14) PhUdng phap lap bang; (15) PhUdng phap Graph; (16) PhUdng phip iya chpn tlnh hulng v i (17) PhUPng phip suy luan dPn gian D l glQp sinh viSn n i m vOng v i lya chpn phUdng phap glil phu hpp, eie bien phip d l giQp giang viSn ren luyen kT ning oho sinh vien dupc dUa la: (1) Cho sinh vien thao lugn, flm hieu xem cd bao nhieu phUdng phip glai toan thudng dupe sQ dyng glai toin d tieu hpe (2) Giing vien he thdng lgi k i t qua thao luan cQa sinh vien v i hudng d i n sinh vien flm hieu 17 phUdng phap giil toin thudng dUpc sQ dyng d tilu hpc (3) Cho sinh vien thyc hinh flm hieu quy trinh glal bai toan theo tQng phUdng phip va tim eie bai toan cd the glai bing phUdng phip dd III THI/C HIEN BAI GIA) HOAN CHJNH Budc thQ qua trinh ren luyen nang lUe giai toin tilu hpc eho smh vien nganh Giio due tilu hpc l i thyc hipn b i i giai mdt each hoin chfnh Can luu y cho smh vien eich trinh bay mpt b i i giii cd he thdng, chfnh x i e va khoa hpc Neu can thilt, e i n ySu can smh vien ed han mot quyen vd de trinh b i i eac b i i glal toin d tilu hpc nhU mdt hpc sinh tieu hpc Dilu sS giup eho sinh vien vQa rSn luySn cho minh tfnh can thin, chfnh xae vOa cd the glQp smh viSn ren ehQ vilt v i each trinh bai dgp mat, khoa hpc Giang vlSn cung c i n chu y mdt sd ldi trinh b i y S010-2014 Dtft^yaHpC Idi giai eQa sinh viSn nhU: ghi d c p h i p tlnh giai khdng chfnh xac, ghi d u Idi giai, ghi d i p s d , - C i c chi tiet n i y nhd nhung neu khdng chlnh sQa cho sinh viSn se rai d l l i m cho sinh vien y lgi rang minh l i m dung va dl dgy t h i t sy thi lung tQng khdng b i l t phal trinh bai mdt b i i giai bai t o i n d ldi van nhU t h i nao Mpt s l kinh nghiSm vide hudng d i n sinh vlSn thyc hien b i i giai toan tieu hpc xin dUdc ehia se nhUsau: (1) Cung cap cho sinh viSn cac bai giii t o i n cQa hpc sinh tieu hpe dUdc trinh bay sgeh dpp, rd ring, chfnh xac, (2) Cho sinh vlSn thuc hanh giai e i e b i i toan theo dOn j phUdng phap giai, sau trinh b i i Igi v i o v6 mpt cieh cin t h i n , dung nhU trinh b i y b i i giai cOa hpc sinh tieu hpc (3) Kjp thdi theo ddi v i sQa chQa nhQng sai sdt, I6i q u i trinh trinh bay bai g l i i ciia sinh v i i n IV KHAI T H A C VA Md RQNG BAI TOAN KT ning giai toan khdng chl dOng lgi d ba bUde tren, ngudi sinh viSn nginh G i i o dye tieu hpc trd giio vien tieu hpe giang dgy bd mdn T o i n cdn p h i i cd them lo' nang khai thac v i md rdng b i i toafi Viee khai t h i e v i md rpng bai toan nhim mue dich: - Hinh thinh k i l n thOc toan hpc cho hpcslnh Trortg chUdng trinh mdn Toan d tieu hpe, eie k i l n thQe toin hpc khdng phii chi dUpc hinh qua cae b i i hinh thinh k i l n thQc mdi, ma cdn dQde hinh thinh viec glai c i c b i i toan - CQng c l k i l n thQc cho hpc sinh Mpt nhOng myc dfeh cQa vlpc glil toin l i cCing cd cac k i l n thOc toan hpc cho hpe smh t i l u hpe Ngoii k i l n thOe t o i n hpc, vi^c glai mdt b i i toan d tieu hpc edn ed t h i ed y nghTa d l giao dye cho eae em mpt kT nang s i n g , mdt npi dung giio dye nao dd - Tgo cac bai toan mdi, ning cao trinh dd giii toan cQa hpc sinh Bang each g i i u dl, thSm hoie bdt mdt hoac mpt v i i dO kien n i o dd de tgo nhQng b i i t o i n mdi hoSc dya v i o bai toan dd de sang t i c mdt b i i t o i n tudng \\f VlSe ren luyen kT nang khai thae v i md rpng bai toan cho sinh ViSn nganh Giio due tilu hpe cd t h i dupe thiic hien bang c i c cieh sau: (1) TQ mdt bii toin da giai xong, giang viin yiu d u smh vien sing tic mpt b i i toan tUdng ty bai toan da giai bang d e h d e h nhu: ttiay doi dQ kien, them, bdt dQ kign bii tisin,(2) Giing viSn dUa mdt ndi dung kiln thQc toan hpc, y6u cau sinh vien sang tie mdt bai toan {tQ thyc tien hogc tCl nOt bd Toan) de hinh cho hpc sinh tieu hpe kiln thQe (3) Giang viSn dUa d c ySu d u d l sang tie mdt d l toin, Chang hgn: sing tie de toan tO day tfnh sau: 28 - {28 - 24) x va yeu clu smh vien suy nghTdl dUa d l toin, sau dP trinh bay bii giai cua bai toin (4) Khuyen khfch sinh viSn sang tao d e bii toin d n(l dung to thyc tiln d l toin hpc trd nSn g i n gQl hdn Vdl nhOng biin phap v i kinh nghlSm nhu trin, ehOng t6i nhin thiy rang viee ren luySn nang luc giil toin d tilu hpc ttn sinh viSn nginh Giio dye tilu hpe dgt dupe nhQng hl§u qui nhlt dmh D i y chf l i mdt nang lyc bd phin h i thing cic nang lyc eua ngudi giio viSn tilu hpc sau Qua bii v^ nay, chQng tdi rlt mong nhin dupe sy ddng gdp eQa cic b^n dong nghiep d l cQngti^aod l i thSm ve v i n d l ma b i i vilt di cap tdt ... giai eQa sinh viSn nhU: ghi d c p h i p tlnh giai khdng chfnh xac, ghi d u Idi giai, ghi d i p s d , - C i c chi tiet n i y nhd nhung neu khdng chlnh sQa cho sinh viSn se rai d l l i m cho sinh vien... n sinh vlSn thyc hien b i i giai toan tieu hpc xin dUdc ehia se nhUsau: (1) Cung cap cho sinh viSn cac bai giii t o i n cQa hpc sinh tieu hpe dUdc trinh bay sgeh dpp, rd ring, chfnh xac, (2) Cho. .. luan dPn gian D l glQp sinh viSn n i m vOng v i lya chpn phUdng phap glil phu hpp, eie bien phip d l giQp giang viSn ren luyen kT ning oho sinh vien dupc dUa la: (1) Cho sinh vien thao lugn, flm