C O NGHIEN ClifU THIET KE QUY TRINH BAI HOC MON N G U VAN d TRUfiiNG PHO THONG THEO DINH H U U N G PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC HOC SINH 1 Dat van d l Quy trinh bdi hoc {Process of a lesson) dflOC hieu la trin[.]
C O NGHIEN ClifU _ THIET KE QUY TRINH BAI HOC MON N G U VAN d TRUfiiNG PHO THONG THEO DINH HUUNG PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC HOC SINH TS PHAM n m DlEU ll hoc Giao due - lihgcQulfcgiaHiNOl gidi quyet vdn de va sdng tgo; tham mi; the chit; giao tiip; Dat van d l Quy trinh bdi hoc {Process of a lesson) dflOC hieu la hap tde; tinh todn; cdng nghi thdng tin vd truyen thdng trinh tfl t i l n hinh d c bflde, eac thao tic mpt bii Vai trd eOa mdn Ngfl v i n ddi vdi vife hinh thinh nang hoc nham giflp hoc sinh (HS) hoan thinh cic muc tifu lyc cho HS dflpe nhan manh (mflc A) dfii vdl cic nang lire: Ti/hgc, gidl quyet vdn de vd sdng tgo, thdm mT, giao d i x i e djnh [l,tr 2791 Trong day hpc mdn Ngfl van, ed nhieu hinh thflc to tiep; ngoai ra, nang Iflc hpp tie cung cin dupc quan tam chfle day hpc, nhifu kieu bai hpc khae va do (mflc B) Tren cd sd do, cd t h i hiiu nang Iflc dae thu ctia mon ciJng cd nhilu quy trinh khac Nhieu cfing trinh nghien eflu da de xult "tiln trinh b i i hoe", "dc bflde Ngfl van bao gom: Goc hieu tie pham, tao lip van bin tien hanh" hoac " d u tao bai gilng"tfl gilng van dfn dpc v i sfl dung ngdn ngfl tiing V i f t Tuy nhifn, ci ba nang hieu van chuong [2] Nhin lai viec thiet ke bai day do, ta Iflc dac thfl d i u dupc hiiu d mflc dp thdng va thay quy trinh cd rit nhieu flu dilm, nhien cOng cd nhan manh cie yfu d u nhfl: Tfl hoe, tham mi, sing tao, nhflng van de d n xem xet lai, chang han nhfl quy trinh [5,tr.54-56] tao difu kifn cho viee nang ve kien thflc, nhe ve thUe 2.2 Dgc trdng eda mon Ngff vdn nha trUdng hanh va vide van dung thi rat thifu Dac biet du rit co phothdng ging nhflng cie bii day vin ehfla thoat khdi tinh trang Mdn Ngfl van d thdng theo ehflOng trinh hien gtio vien (GV) lim viee qua nhilu, cdn HS lim viec ft va hinh gdm ba phin mdn liDpc hieu (Van hpc), Tieng Wft ed phin cdn thy ddng v l T I p iim van Moi phan mfin cd nhflng daetrUng rieng Trong day hpc mdn Ngfl van, cd nhieu hlnh thfle to va dat nhflng mfle dp yfu d u rieng tiiy theo cac cap chfle day hpc, nhieu kieu bai hpc khac va dd hpc Vdi phan mdn Dpc hieu, nhit l i vdi eac ndi dung eung cd nhifu quy trinh khic Trong bai viet nay, chung tfii d l xult quy trinh ap dung cho mdt sd dang bai van hoc, difu quan trpng nhat d n dflpe quan tam la lim the nao d l HS tfl minh cd the hieu va rung d m dflpc hpc mon Ngflvan dtrfldng thfing Co sd khoa hpc cua vifc d l xult quy trinh bai ddi vdi d c gia trj van hpc, g i i tri tham mi ehfla dflng moi tie pham Cac kiln thflc v l thdi kl van hpe, tac hoc 2.1 Vdn dihinh thdnh vd phdt triin ndng liie Ngd gia, tic phlm, the loai, d n dflpe quan tam nhflng quan hon l i HS hiiu v i rung ddng dflpe trfldc vf dep vdn eho hgc sinh Khii niem ndng/fle thfldng dflpc hieu la "mdt thupc ciia hlnh tflpng trdng t i e pham tfnh t i m li phfle hop, la diem hdi tu ciia nhifu yfu td nhu Vdi phan mdn Tap lam van, d n lam thf nio de HS tri thflc, kT nang, kT xio, kinh nghifm, sfl sin sang hinh tfl minh tao lap dfldc eac loai van bin, cd van dfing va trach nhiem dao dflc"; l i ntiflng "khi nang v i bin nghi luin m i khdng phii l i chep lai hay hpe kT xio hpc dfldc hole san ed eua ca the nham giii quylt thufic long d e bai van ed san cac rinh huong xac djnh, ta sfl san sang ve dfing eO, Vdi phan mdn TiengVift, viee trang bj mdt hf thfing nang van dung d c each gili quyet van de mdt each cd cac khai niem cdng eu, h i t sflc cd bin va thilt thye rat trach nhiem va hieu qua nhflng tinh hudng linh quan trpng nhung quan trpng hdn l i HS phii bilt van hoat " [3,1^22] dung cae khai nifm cdng cu de ndi, v i f t dien dat va Theo Dy thio Chucmg trinh Tong the giio due giao tiep cd hifu qui thfing sau 2015 ctia Bp Giao due va Dao tao, ndng li/e la Cl ba phin mdn cfla mdn hpc Ngfl van ed the "kha nang thflc hifn thinh cdng hoat dong mpt khdng tach rdt, dfic lap ma d n phii hpp nhat vdi bdi d n h nhat dinh nhd sfl huy dpng tong hpp cae kifn di hfldng tdt vifc hlnh cac nang Iflc tdng t h i eho thflc, ki nang va cae thufic tinh el nhan khac nhfl hflng HS, tap trung vao viec giii quyet nhCfng v$n df/nhiem thti, niem tin, y chi, Nang lUc cua ca nhan dfldc danh vu eu the v i ed ban m i d c em sf phai doi mat g i i qua phuong thfle va kit qua hoat dpng cua ea nhan cudc sdng kht giii quyft eac van de efla cudc sfing" Trong dfl 2.3 Mdt soli thuyet vd phdOng phdp day hgc tich thio cd phin bift ning Iflc ehung, cot loi va nang Iflc die eUc thil ddi vdi tflng mdn hoc Ndng lUc chung la "nang Iflc eO 2.3.1 Mdt soli thuyet dgy hgc tich cue bin, thilt ylu ma bat kl mot ngfldi nao ctJng d n cd de Cd rat nhieu li thuyet Tam li hoe va Giao diic sdng, hpc tap v l lam viec Cac hoat ddng giao due (bao hpc gilip ta vin dung vio q u i trinh doi mdi giao due noi gdm cac mdn hpc va hoat dpng trii nghiem sang tao), chung v i day hpc mdn NgQ van ndi rieng Ding chti j vdi ning khic nhau, nhflng deu hfldng tdi muc tifu la thuylt hanh vi, thuyet nhan thflc va thuyet kiln tao,, hlnh va phat triin d e nang lUc chung eua HS"; a) Thuyet hinh vi (behavorism) cot t i m If bao gicf ndng lUcddc thil \a"nBnQ lucma mdn hoc ed flu the hinh eiing dfloc btlu hifn ngoai bang cac hanh vi.Thuyet thinh va phit trien cho HS (do die diem cua mdn hpc hanh vi co dien (tieu bieu l i J.B.Watson (1878-1958) cho do) Mdt ning Iflc ed the la nang luc dac thfl cfla nhifu rang "hoe tap l i tie ddng qua lai gifla kich thfeh va phin mon hpc khac [4, tr.6] flng" Sau B.RSkinner (1904 -1990) nhan manh moi Cac nang lyc ehung dfldc xac djnh bao gdm: TUhge; quan he gifla hanh vi v i hf qui cua chflng • KHOA HOC GIAO DUC NGHIEN CdrU I Cle li thuyet hinh vi gidi han vife nghifn ciiu eo c h l hoc tap vao cle hlnh vi b f n ngoai cd thf quan sit khach quan bing thye nghifm Chung khdng quan t i m d i n cic q u i trinh t i m If ben nhfltri g i i c d m giac tfl duy, y thflc, vi khdng t h i quan sit khach quan dflpc Bp nao dflpe eoi l i mpt hop den Nguyen t i c chung cfla thuyet hanh vt bao gdm: 1) Day hpc dflpc djnh hudng theo d e hanh vi die triing cd t h i quan sat dflpc 2) Cle qua trinh hpc tap phfle tap dflpe chia thinh mot chuoi cic bflde hpc t i p don giin, bao gdm d e hanh vi cu t h i Nhflng hinh vt phfle tap dflpe xly dyng thdng qua sfl k i t hpp d c bflde hpe t i p dPn giin; 3) GV ho trp v i khuyen khich hinh vi dflng d i n cua ngfldi hpc, tflc la se sip x i p gilng day cho ngfldi hpc dat dflpc hanh vi mong mudn m i sf dflpc dap lai trfle t i l p (khen thfldng va cdng nhin); 4) GV thfldng xuyfn difu chtnh va giam sit q u i trinh hpc tap de kiem soat tien bp hpc t i p va dilu chinh lap tiJc nhung sai lim b) Cae It thuylt nhin thfle (cognitivism) nghien eflu qua trinh nhin thflc bfn vdi tfl d c h l i mdt qua trinh xfl li thdng tin Con ngfldi tifp nhan cac thdng tin ben ngoai (dau vio) va xfl li thdng tin bfi nao ("hop den") d l dfla sin pham (diu ra) l i d c hlnh vi Thuyet nhan thflc eoi hpc tap cflng la q u i trinh xfl If thdng tin Muc dich cfla viee day hoc l i tao nhflng kha nang de ngfla hpe hiiu t h i gidi thye (kiln thflc khieh quan) Vi viy, de dat dflpe myc tieu hpc tap, khdng chi kft q u i hpe t i p m l e l q u i trinh hpc tap va qua trinh tfl dfu rat quan trpng Thuyft nhin thfle dflpc thfla nhan va flng dyng rfing rli day hpc Cle phflcmg phip, quan ^ e m day hpc dflpc die bift ehu y la day hpc gili quyft van df, day hpc djnh hu'dng hinh ddng, day hpc khim pha, day hpc theo nhdm, c)Thuylt kiln tao (constructionalism) I I loai llthuyet ehfl the, nhan manh vai trd efla chfl the nhan thflc vifc giii thich v i kiln tao tri thflc Tfl tfldng cdt Idi cfla cic If thuylt kien tao l i : Tri thflc dflpc xuat hifn thfing qua vifc chu t h i nhan thflc ty clu trfle vio he thfing bfn efla minh; tri thflc la hien tflpng chti quan Thuylt kiln tao dfl cd nhflng quan diem eye doan, nhflng nd vin dflpc flng dyng rdng rii bdi su di eao vai trd eiia chfl the nhan thflc Ngoi) cic li thuyft da trinh bay trfn dly, Lilugn dgy hgc cdn chl mdt so li thuyft khac cd t h i van dijng tot eho vifc day hpc not chung v i thift kf md hinh gid hpc ndi rifng 2.3 J2 Cdc phuang phdp dgy hge tich cUc 'Phflong phip day hpc tieh eye" II cum tfl thfldng dupe gpi chung c h o d c phflong phip, hinh thflc to chfle va nhilu cdn dupc dung vdl d c kT thuit day hpc m i dd ehfla dyng d e yeu td tfch cue Cac phfldng phip tich cyc thfldmg dupe nhic tdi nhift Day hpc gili quyft van de, day hpe tfldng tie, day hpc theo dfl in, Cic kl thuit thudng dflpc nhic tdi nhfl: Khan phfl bin, bin dfi tfl duy, bi, b l c l , KWL, tranh treo tudng, cic mlnh ghep, Cac phflcmg phap day hpe tich eye l i co sd di ta thilt k l cic b i i hpe theo quy trinh tfch cflc Quytrinli bai hpc mdn NgCrvan dtrudng thdng 3.1 Nguyin tdc di xudt a) Bdm sdt muc tiiu mdn hgc vd bdi hge eg thi Mue tifu mfin Ngfl vin dflpc xac djnh theo djnh hfldng phit trlln pham chat ning Iflc HS.Trong DUthdo Chuang trinh Tong thi gido due phd thdng cua Bd Gilo due v l Dao tao, cic pham c h i t nang lyc ehung cot Idi cin hinh thirih v i phat trlln cho HS thdng doi vdi t i t c l d c mdn da dflpc xic djnh rfi rang Vdi mdn Ngil vin, cle ning Iflc dfldc nhin manh gdm: Ty hoc gili quyet van d l v l sing tao, t h i m mT, giao tiep Muc tieu cfla b i i hpe cung dflpc xac djnh theo dinh hfldng phat triin pham c h i t nang Iflc HS.Theo do, bfn eanh vifc xae dinh muc tieu hlnh kiln thflc, kT nang, d n nhin manh hon muctieu van dung b) Bdm sdt dde tnmg, yeu cdu cOa bd mdn Ngd vdn trUdng thdng Mfin Ngfl van d thfing bao gdm ba phin mdn l i Vin hpc, Tifng Wft v i Tap lim van Ba phan mdn niy cd t h i dflOc xen kf, tfch hpp nhCmg don vj kiln thflc, kT nang thdng n h i t hfldng tdi hinh v l phit trien cho HS nhflng pham chat nang lye xac ^ n h Moi phan mfin cd nhflng die trflng rifng va dat nhflng mflc dp yeu clu rifng theo cac bic hpc, d p hpc e) Tdng cudng yeu cau tuhgc, lay ngUdi hoc Idm trung tdm Quan dilm "lly ngfldi hpc lam trung tam" da dflpe nha trfldng quan t i m tfl lau, nhflng tren thflc t l , quan diem van ehfla cd quy trinh phfl hpp de t h i hifn Vin dung quy trinh Md hinh trudng hgc mdi, chflng toi d l xuat quy trinh thilt ke cic hoat dpng ty hpc cho HS d) Van dung llnh hogt cdc phuang phdp, hinh thde td chde, kT thudt dgy hge tfch eUc Mfit sfi phflong phip day hpe tich cflc nhfl da nfu d tren se duqc tinh toin di van dung mpt cich phfl hc^ quy trinh; hoac it quy trinh cung tao dilu kien de van dyng cac phuong phap v l kT thuat day hpc tfch cue dd 3.2 Quy trinh lidi hgc 3.2.1 Chudn bf a) Xdc dinh muc tiiu Hifn nay, d c h xic djnh myetif u dUa trfn phflong difn: Kiln thflc, kT nang, thii dp De nhin manh hon djnh hfldng ning lye, chflng tfii thiy cd the dfla cich xle dinh dfla t i f n eic d p dp nhan thfle: Nhdn biit, thdng hiiu, vdn dung hoae theo cac phflong difn: Kiin thde, kindng, van dung; dd d n cot trpng myc tifu v i n dung Kifn thflc va ki nang d n dflpc lya chpn theo hfldng tinh giin v i thift thflc hPn Nhieu kifn thflc v l tie pham ey t h i hoac v l If luin vin chfldng theo ehiing tdi la q u i nang, khfing phu hpp vdi ddi tUpng dai tra b) Xdc dinh pht/angphdp, phuang tien vd cdc yiu edu ehudn bj ddi vdi GV vd HS Ngoii ra,ed t h i cung d p mdt sd thdng tin khac nhU hp ten GV, tdp, thdi gian day hoe, 3.2.2 Cdc budc tiin hdnh Budc 1: Khdi ddng Cieh md dau bai hpe truyln thdng thfldng l i : (5n ^ n h td chfle Idp (gifl trit ty, kiem tra si sd ), kilm tra b i i cu, gidi thifu b i i mdi Cic thao tic trfn dly dudng nhfl d i dat tdi mfle"kinhdien'',Tuy vly, cich vao bii nhfl trfn dfldng nhfl se phu hpp hPn vdi cich day hoc truyln thdng (lly thuylt giing lam chinh, vdl l i ^ hoc gdm nhieu HS ngdi theo hfldng chuin bi nghe gilng v l ghi chep) O l phfl hdp vdi phfldng phip day hpc tfch eye, cd t h i phii tao cic loai boat dpng nhip de (nhieu ngfldi StflZg-THiiNG 5/2016* 27 C Q NGHllNCDUgpi I I 'khffi dfing") cho nang ddng hOn, linh hoat dinh va x i hdi rdng Idn; tao eo e h l di HS sfl dyng c d r ^ nghf thdng tin hon -Thuin loi cho kiem s o i t dinh g i i k i t q u i hoe tap Budc 2: Nghiin edu vdn bdn cflaHS Nhiem vu 1) Doe hiiu vdn bdn Tuy vay, vifc flng dyng ciing d n linh hoat vl quy Trong phin Ooe hiiu van bin, llu nay, da thdi quen, GV eho -2 HS dpc trfldc Idp; sau gili nghTa trinh hay md hinh n i o eung d l bj cflng n h i c khd khan tfl khd; t i l p theo 11 mdt chuoi van d i p ve tflng clu ehfl, Tiiy theo tifrig bli hpc d l cd t h i difu chinh d e bflde cle tao dilu kifn cho viec suy dien nhieu rat chfl quan thao t i c eho phfl hpp v i ap dat Vdl mdi nhifm vy/bli t i p , d n nghien eflu de ip Trong quy trinh niy, chflng tfil d f nghj tao nhieu dyng hlnh thflc hoat ddng e i nhin, hoat ddng nhdm, hoat ddng, vf du: Trinh biy kft q u i lim vifc theo dfl I n hole boat d^ng chung c l ldp, efla cic nhdm, td ehflc thi khim phi nhflng gia trj_ npi Quy trinh trfn dly cd t h i dflpe v i n dtjng d l day dung, nghf thuit cfla tac phlm, hoae ft nhat l i thi ke, thi hpc eic bli Ngfl van theo chfldng trinh va sich giio dpcdifnclm, khoa hifn hinh bing d c h : Cudi mijc niy, GV chl can dinh thdi gian khoing -Tuan thti diing nfii dung cic bai hoe chuong 5-10 phiit de gilip HS chdt lai kiln thfle co ban ciia van trinh v i sich giao khoa hifn hlnh bin - To hpp lat cle don vj kifn thflc kT nang tfl nhdm Nhiim vu 2) ThUc hdnh bli hpe gan nhau, tao mdt bai hpc mdi tfch hpp npi Vdi mdn Vin, liu nhifm vy thye hinh cdn dfloc dung: Van hpc Tiing Vift v i Tip lim van coi nhe Bai hpc thfldng kft thfle d cho rut ehu d f v i Ket luan dinh g i i gii trj tie phlm Quy trinh bli hpc mfin Ngfl van cd nhifu ylu to Vdi nhifm vy thfle hinh, GV d n xem lai nhCfng kl phfl hpp vdi each day hpc truyen thdng, dong thdi co ning m i HS d n dflpc rfn luyfn Can giup HS bilt d c h nhflng ylu tfi mdt, tfch cflc, nhat la da tao cO chide phat lim thf nao d l hiiu dflpc hinh tflpng van hpc nhfl vay huy tinh ddc lap, nang luc hpp tic, nang lyc tfl sang GV tao d c bli t i p hoic nhifm vy (khdng phii tao, eua HS, gdp phan dap flng yfu d u doi m ^ mdn nhflng d u hdi v i n d i p thfldng gip) de thdng qua do, Ngfl vin d trfldng phd thdng HS dupe lap lai cac thao tic, ki ning nhu phan tich, gili thfeh, so sinh, suy luln, tdng hpp, TAILIIUTHAMKHAO fifldc 3: Xen ke hodc tich hgp kien thdc tieng Viet, Tap [1] Hoang Hda Binh, Nguyin Minh Thuyet (2012), Idm vdn (nlu cd) Hoat ddng niy bao gdm: Phuang phdp day hac tieng Viet nhin tif tiiu hgcHXHGiio - Phit hifn cic hifn tflpng ngdn ngfltieng V i f t tim dye Viet Nam hiiu v l riit cie kiln thflc tllng Vift [2] Phan Trpng Luln, Trflong DTnh, (2011), Phifdng • Phit hifn cie die dilm v i each tao lap van ban phdp day hoc vdn, t i p 1, NXB Oai hoc Sfl pham, tr 253Ttiy theo tflng b i i hpc d l ed the xen long hay tieh 274 hpp day tllng Vift v i Tfp i i m van [3] Bernd Meier, Nguyen Van CUdng, (2011), Casd Budc 4: Ung dung doi mdi phuang phdp dgy hoc, Trudng Gai hoc Su pham Phan flng dung ed the cd d e yeu d u dfldi dly: Ha Ndi - Trfldng Gai hpc Posdam - Cfng dyng gili quyft d e van di hoc t i p (Vi [41 Bd Gilo dye v l Gio tao, (2015), Chuang trinh dli: Doe hieu vin bin cijng the loai, cung thdi ki, ) Gido due thdng tdng the (Dy thio) - iJng dung gili quylt d c tinh hufing cudc [5] Pham Minh Difu, Bdn vi ndng luc chuyen bi^t sfing (gin hen vdi bin than HS; d e v i n de xa hdi phai mdn Ngd vdn d trudng thdng Tap ehi Gilo chfle Vift vfla sflc ) Nam,sd97,tr.54-56 Budc 5: Ddnh gid [6] Bd Giio due v i Dio tao (Vu Giao ducTmng hpcCin cfl vio mue tifu v i ndi dung bai hpc, bflde thiet kf cac ciu hdi dinh gii vdi cie mfle dp: Nhan biet Dfl I n Md hinh trfldng hpe mdi Vtft Nam), (2014), Tdi lieu tdp hudn Day hoc theo Md hinh trudng hoe mdi Viet tiam thdng hiiu, van dyng (thip v i eao) Tiiy theo t i ^ g chfl df/bii hpc v i tflng vung miln ldp 6, NXB Giio due Vift Nam, Hi Ndi de ed t h i lip ma tran eho d f kiem tra; nhifn, d c yeu d u nhin bilt v i thdng hieu khdng nen qui 50% Djnh hudng van dung quy trinh bai hpc Quy trinh trfn dly thtic chit la sfl van dyng cd bo sung quy trinh bii hoc Dy an Md hinh trudng hgc mdi tai Viit Nam (VNEN) Nd cd nhCmgfludilm sau: - Tao dilu kifn d l GV d n ddi thdi Iflpng gifla If thuyet va thUc hinh; chfl ^ hdn tdi d c hoat dfing van dijng, md rfing kiln thflc d i m bio sfl gin kit gifla bai hpc vdi thflc tien v i dmh hfldng md rpng kiln thflc sau bai hpc - Tao ed che de HS hoat ddng, tU tim kilm kien thflc va ren luyfn ki nang giim thieu tdi da phflOng phap thuyet gilng hay van dap; tao co hdi d l v i n dung cac phflong phip day hpc tich cflc - Tao CO ehl de gin lifn vifc hpc tap cCia HS vdi gia 28* CBlAODUC SUMMARY The author suggesteda process of Vietnamese language lessons at high schools towards students' competence This process Includes the following steps: Restart; 2) Looking at the text; 3) Alternating or Integrating Vietnamese knowledge, essay writing {if available); 4} Application; 5) Evaluation This process shared many factors in line with the traditional one and new positive^ factors, especially created mechanism to promote students' competences of independent working, collaboration, creative thinking making contribution to satisfying requirements of changing Vietnamese language subject at high schools Keywords: Lesson process; Vietnamese language subject; competence development ... i i hpe theo quy trinh tfch cflc Quytrinli bai hpc mdn NgCrvan dtrudng thdng 3.1 Nguyin tdc di xudt a) Bdm sdt muc tiiu mdn hgc vd bdi hge eg thi Mue tifu mfin Ngfl vin dflpc xac djnh theo djnh... manh gdm: Ty hoc gili quyet van d l v l sing tao, t h i m mT, giao tiep Muc tieu cfla b i i hpe cung dflpc xac djnh theo dinh hfldng phat triin pham c h i t nang Iflc HS .Theo do, bfn eanh vifc... nhflng tren thflc t l , quan diem van ehfla cd quy trinh phfl hpp de t h i hifn Vin dung quy trinh Md hinh trudng hgc mdi, chflng toi d l xuat quy trinh thilt ke cic hoat dpng ty hpc cho HS d)