KiiY D i e m IRINH HHOi DIN TII HOC CHO SINH VIEN SO PHAM SINH HOC TS VU OINH LUAN'''' Abstract During teacher traming at pedagogical universities under credit based system, the self study guideline for[.]
KiiY Die m IRINH HHOi DIN TII HOC CHO SINH VIEN SO PHAM SINH HOC TS V U O I N H L U A N ' A b s t r a c t : During teacher traming at pedagogical universities under credit-based system, the self-study guideline for students is essential for students to lifelong study to continuously improve their qualifications and capacity to meet occupational needs Although there have many studies of students' study, but no study has given appropriate training students of Biology Teachers how to self^study Based on theories of learning activities, the role of teaching-supporting materials, we build self-learning process guideline for students on the basis of the specific use to teach the abstract, experimental teachings have brought positive initial results Reward: Guided self-study process: Credit System: I.Trongthdidaingay nay, tmdng dai hpe (DH) khdng thetrang bi cho sinh vien (SV) day du nhdng kien thuc, kTnang, nang lue can thiet dehp CO thesan sang cho edng viee h/ong lai Bdi vi, cusau 4-5 nam IU(?ng tri ttidc cua nhan loai tang gap doi, vi vay bat dau hpc DH hay sau tot nghiep ttii si/lae hau eua S V so vdi lupn^ tri ttide nhan loai ciJng khdng dupc cai thien dang ke Do do, trudng DH can trang bi kha nang tu hpc (TH) cho SV Luat Giao due (2005) ghi: "Phuffngphap dao teo tnnh dgcao ding, trinh DH phai coi trgng boi dudng y thuc til giac hgc ^p, ning luc TH, tt/nghien cdu, phit trien tuduy sing tao, ren luyen kinang ffiuchanh, tao dieu kien cho ngudi hpc Mm gia nghien cdu, thuc nghiem, dng dung' (1; tt 32-33) Quy che dao tao theo lipe che tin chi quy djnh van de tt/ hpe ddng vai trd quan trpng giup SV iinh hpi kien tiiuc mdn hpe eung nhu phat huy nang luc cua ban ttian dudi su hudng d i n cua giang vien (G VJ Do do, rat can ed phUPng phap hay quy trinh cu thede ren luyen TH cho SVde hpc TH cdhieu qua Thuc tehien nay, hoatdpng tt/hpc cua SV ndi chung va SV cae Tmdng DH t h u Dau Mptvampt s o ' t m ^ g OH khac edn han che, ttong dd SV chua danh nhieu then gian cho viec TH, chua xay dung va ren luyen kT nang TH cho ban ttian, hinh thdc TH va quy trinh day TIH cdn chua hpp li Chinh vi vay, viec nghien cuu van de TH eua SV ndi chung vaSV nganh supham Sinh hpc ndi rieng dedexuatquy ttinh tochuc hoatdwigTH eho SV gdp phan narig cao ket qua hpe t ^ va chat lupng dao tao la van de edtinh cap thiet Vi le do, tham khao cac quy trinhTH da dupc congbd'eua eac tacgia nude, chung toi eaitienvaxaydungquytrinhTH eho SV nganh su pham Sinh hpc 42 Tap chi Gido due so 369 Genetic material TH va van de xay d u n g quy trinh TH 2.1 Tuhgc.Bac Ho-tam guong TH Idn va hpc tap suot dd^dade "5 yeu cau cua quattinh TH: Mot la: Trong viee TH, dieu quan trpng hang dau la xac djnh rd rnuc dieh hpe tap va xay dung dpng CO hpctip dung d i n ; Wa/7a: Phai tt/ minh lao dpng de tao dieu kien cho vieetuhpcsuotddi; Sa/a.'MuonTH tiianh cong, phai cd kehoach s i p xep tiidi plan hpe tap, phai ben bl, kien tri thuc hien kehoach den cung,khdng lui budc tmdc mpl trd ngai; Bon la: Phai triet de tan dun^ mpi hoan canh, mpi phuong tten, mpi hinh ttiuc de TH; Nim li:Hoc den dau, sue luyen tap,ttiuchanh de'ndd"(2;fr9b-91) Nhu vay theo Bac, TH la qua trinh ea nhan doc lap, tim toi kien thdc, hpc di doi vdi hanh tinh doc lap lien quan vd^ quan niem v e s u dpe lap viec lua chpn muedich, lira chpn nhung dudng va phuong tien giai quyet nhdng van de dat ra.TH la hinh ttidc hpc edtinh chatca nhan ban ttian ngudi hpe ndli/c thue hien Ban chat TH la hoat dpng nhan thdc dpe lap cua ngudi hpc Kien fridc khong nhan ttide dupc ttjrngoai vao malaketquacuaviec lam ben frong, mptviee lam cua minh vdi minh ttjt laTH cua ngud^ hpe Nhuvay,TH la mpthoatdpng mang tinh chatca nhan mpt each ro ret To chdc hoat dpng THnhutti^ nao cho co hieu qua la cdn phu ttiupe vao dac di^'m tam sinh li, nang luc frittje, dac diem ttnh cam,ttiai dp ea nhan, theo khuynh hudng va kha nang, ttiy theo trinh dp nhan thdc cua ban ttian ve nhiem vu va trach nhiem, cuoi cung la ttieo tiidi quen va lam viec dpe lap * TnrilRgfiai hgc Tliii Dau Mot -(kil-11/2015) Mac du chua di den mot khai niem thd'ng nhat ve TH, son^ eac tac gia nghien cuu v l T H deu di den quan diem chung la: THIi hoatdong doihoicoy thdc tugiic cao, mang tinh doc lap, ca nhin phaico hai dp dung, CO he Uiong kinang TH, the hien sutim toi sang tgo, tudieu khien, trdieu chinh, b/kiem tra viec hgc cua chinh minh Cd ttie coi TH la qua ttinh ca nhan tt/giac, tt/li/e, tich cue Unh hpi nhdng van de da dupc dat cupe sdng b i n g hanh dpng cua chinh minh dedatdupe nhdng muc dich nhat djnh Decodupetrithuc khoa hpc, kTnang, kTxao mpt each hethong, edtinh khai quat, ngucri phai tien hanh hoatdpng hpc Trong quatrinh thue hien hoatdpng hpc, ngudi can tich cue TH Dieu dang luu y la viee ITnh hpi hethdng tri ttidc khoa hpc cua hpe sinh, S V chl CO the ed dupe cdday du nhdng dieu kien sau: - Ngudi hpc phai tu giae ve m uc dieh hpc tap va tich cue thuc hien muc dieh dd; - Qua trinh 66 phai dupc thue hien dudi su dieu khien, hudng dan cua nha giao due qua mot quy trinh hpp li dd, kT nang dpe tai lieu giao trinh de n i m vflng kien ttiuc la then chot Thuc te'viec hudng dan S V TH hiai doi vdi GV cdn dang gap nhieu lung tung, hieu qua day hoc thap Vi vay, can chu y ren luyen nhung kTnang TH coban cho SV quatrinh day hpe TH, xay dung quy trinh hudng dan TH cho SV day hpc mpt hpc phan cu tiie Trong nghien cdu, ehung tdi de cap TH dudisu hudng din cua G V, van de phu hpp vdi quy che dao tao ttieo hpc chetin ehl dcac trudngDH hien 2.3 Thuc trang tochuc hoat dgng TH cho S V cwaGf Qua phdng van G V , ^ e u tta SVva ketqua cdng bo "Kiyeu hgi thao khoa hgc Bdi dddng nang luc TH cho S V Tn/dng DH Thu Dau Mgt, Uiang 02/2015' chung tdi nhan ttiay: Da so GV deu nhan tilde dupc y nghTa, tam quan trpng cija hoatdpng TH phuong tiiuc dao tao theo he Uiong tin ciii va hp da xae dinh dung nhihig kTnang TH co ban can ehu y ren luy&n cho SV qua trinh giang day Trong ludt, tim y ehinh Tddd, SV biet dat cac cau/7o/fra'0 ng'^n(CHTLN),6a/rapn/jd(BTN)ttJ'cacCH,BTda eho Phan biet cae tiianh phan kienttluc frong chuong trinh: khainiem,quyluat(d!nh luat), phuong phap va van dung Tuhetti6ngcau/?ci'Vj/?AHy/t-Qc/?cn(CHNLC) d i cdtta Idi cac CHTLN,BTNmacacCHNLC dupe xay dungtt>nhung CH, BT nay; SV phan biet dupe eac thuat ngu khac eua khai niem, nam vflng khai niem Vi du vert CH d budc hudng den cae CHTLN sau; /) Vat cha't di truyen phai co cic ^eu chuan nao?; 2) Nhdng chit huu canao Uioa man cac tieu chuih cua vit chi'tdi truyen?; 3) Ket luin quan 2.4 Xay dung quy trinh TH cho SV Tren eO sdphan tieh cac quytrinh TH hien cd d i ^ vao eosd li luan cua hoatdpng day hpc, vaitrdcua eau (CH), bai tap (BT) day hpe, ehung tdi tien hanli xay dung quy trinh budc hudng d i n SV TH hpc phan Di truyen hpc - Chuang3 Ban chatcua vatchiidi truyen (4; fr 79-124) Day la mpt chuong khd ttong Di tmyen hpc ndi rieng, Sinh hpc ndi chung vdi hinh ttidc TH CO hudng dan cua GV Bddcl Gidi ffiieu giao trinh CO ban, cung cap he rftd/jpCW,erc/]oSl'.Heth6ngCH,BTnaytiiudnq la nhdng CH,BT cudi chuong tac gia giao trinh de ngh i GV can cuvao de cuong ehi tiet ttiam khao cac Nhu vay, viec hpc tap chi xay d rioi nao ma giao trinh khae cdlien quan ehpn Ipc nhflng CH, nhdng hanh dpng cua ngudi dupe dieu khien bdi BT can thiet giao cho S V tu nghien cflu Bdi vi thue muc dich tugiac la ITnh hdi nhflng tri thdc, kTnang, kT chat CH, BT ma hoa ndl dung giao trinh, viee hdi va xao, nhdng phuong ttidc hanh vi, nhflng dang hanh tra Id^ CH, giai BT mang lai kien th de, KN va nang luc dpngnhatdinh eon ngucri cdyttidcvacd kha nang ma chuong trinh, giao trinh yeu cau d S V Vi du gidi dieu khien, dieu chinh hanh dpng eua ban than tiiieu SV su dun^ Giao ttinh Di tmyen hpc eua Vu 2^ Cac liinh thuc TH TH la hoat dpng doc lap Due Luu, Nguyen Minh Cdng vdi cac CH tt/ luan; chiem ITnh kien thdc, kTnang, kTxac.va kinh nghian 1)Anh (cht) hay tiinh bay nhdng thinghiem chdng to Ijch suxa hpl loai ngucri ndi chung va cua chinh ban A DN li Cff Sff vit chat di tmyen chu yeu ffmdcdg than ngudi hpc Theo Thai Duy Tuyen: "Co nhieu phin tu?; 2) Vi ADN thoa man cac tieu chuih each TH khac nhau: - TH dudi sdhddhg dan cua cua vatchitditruyen ?;3) Chdng minh sulaiban cua thay nhu: TH cua hgc sinh, S V, thuc tap sinh, nghien ADN diin ffieo phuang Uidc ban bao toan?; cdu sinh ; - TH khong co suhudng dan cua thay: 4) Ngddi^ co Uie xac dinh trinh b/cacnucieotitUong Tnfdng hgp ffiuong lien quan den nhdng nguai ADN bing cich nao ?; 5) GiaiUiich ADN co chieu dai dabwng nhu thay - co giao, nhung nha khoa gip nhieu lan kich Uiudc tebao nhung van nam ggn hgc; - TH cuge song: Thudng gap a cac nhi tebio ?; 6) Chung minh nhiem sac Uie(NS T) ii van, cac nha kinh te, cac nha chinh trixa hgi (3; casa vat chat di tmyen a cap tebao? fr 302-303) Budc2.SVIamviecdoclap.S'^ dqc1a\\\m:6tx (ki 1-11/2015)- Tap chi Gido due so 369 43 tigng cua thinghiem GrOfi&i la gi? L igiai?; 4) Ket luin quan cua thinghiem A Hershey- M Chase li gi? Li giai?; 5} Trinh bay cac cffsffchdng^ to ADN ia cffsdvitcua sinh vit nhin chuih ?; 6) Ket iuan quan cua ffii nghiem Meselson - Stahlla gi? Li giai? 7) Tai phuang phap enzym hoc cua Sanger (1977) laixac dinh dugc tnnh tucua ADN ?; 8) Co cic yeu to nio quydjnh suda dang cua ADN, yeu to nao la quan nhat?; 9) Yeu to nio quyet dinh suda dang ADN cua loai?; 10) GiaiUiich ciu tnicsieuxoin cua NST, y nghia cua no?; 11) Caching chdng chdng toNSTIacasdvitchatditmyenacip tebio? Tdcac CH cdtheGV cung cap cho SV he thd'ng CHNLCtuongxflngdeSVtienhanhttiaoluan nhom Buoc Thao luan nhom bang cic CHNLC da chgn Qua thao luan nit tri thflc ehung, thue hien phuong phap hpc tap hpp tac eau fra Idi la ketqua cua ttiao luan mang tinh tap ttie, G V can yeu cau SV rut ngin nhat cau tra Idi ma van diin dat 6\sqz day du thdng tin Day la budc rat quan trpng, sau chinh xachoacacCHTLN,BTN,thiviecligiai cac phuong an dung hoac sai cua CHNLC cdtae dung ren luyen tuduychoSVratldn.dday,GV can tochdc ChoSV ttiao luan va li giai cae phuong an, de cho hp hieu sau sic van de hon Cd nhieu tinh hud'ng xay ttiao luan li giai phuong an saLCan danh gia eao eac y kien ye li giai ehinh xac eac phuong an sai, chflng td SV nam sau sac van de Vai trd ttpng tai cua G V lue rat quan Lpi the cua thao luan CHNLC la lam cho SV ttie hien rd mflc dp nhan thuc Nhu vay, CO th&' tap cho SV eojdi suy nghT nhieu chieu hon cung mpt van de Vi du cau budc 2, cd ttie ed CHNLC tuong ung la: Yeu tdquyetdinh suda dang ADN cua biila:A Solugngcua cic nucleoli; B Thanh phan cic bai nucleotit; C Trat tu sip xep cua cac nucleo& (chgn C); D Cac loaiHen ket hoa hgc cua ADN Neu SV chpn phuong an A, de nghj giai ttiich solupng nucleotitcijacac cattietrong loai ttiudng bing tai ehung lai khac nhau? Neu chpn phuong an Btiiigiai thich latile A+T/G+X la on djnh vdi eac eathe loai? Neu chpn phuong an D thi giai ttiich chinh la he quacua phuang an A Phuong an Ola dung, yeu cau giai ttiich tai dung? Va can cd ket luan:Chinhtratti/sip xep cua nucleotit tao nen alen khac cua cung mpt gen Theochungtoi, bing each sudung CHNLC, SV ed ttil hgc cai dung cai sai va bing cii sai, va da ren luyen loi tu duyhpi tu va phan ki eho SV Budc He thong hoa cic kieh thdc bing ban khainiem (BDKN), sffdofSD) ban dotu (BDTD) 44 Tap chi Gido due so 369 hoac graph hoa (Gr) SV biet phan cap cac loai khai niem tren co sd dd biet md'i quan he giua cac khai niem, kien thdc theo quy trinh dupc GV hudnp d i n Tfl eac dang he thong lida ma SV cd the hoan thien cac loai kien ttiuc can n i m dupc giao ttinh Vi du BDKN dudf day cdttiegiup SV hoan ttiien st/ hieu biet cua minh ve gen, mpt khai niem tmng t i m cua chuong Ban chat cua vat chat di tmyen Budc Van dung Uong thuc te, tdgiaicicBT,tu kiem tra danh gia duoi su chi dao cua G V Suttidng hieu npi dung kien ttiflc duoc tiie hien d muc cao la kha nang van dung kien ttitic mdi dd vao giai quyet eac tinh huong khae ve li thuyet, ttit/c tien san xuat, ddi song, chinh la phat trien nang luc cho SV Sau li giai cac phuong an dung sai, ehinh xac hoa tri thdc mtSri, viee van dyng chung duoc GV cac CH, BT tren Idp hay ve nha, nham kiem tra tri thdc cua SV, dieu chinh each day hpc cho tdng ca nhan va nhdm SV Nham cung co tri ttidc mdi hoan ttiien dmuc ttiong hieu sang tao hon, cac CH, BT eho SV phai dam bao eho tiB idi SV phai van dung kien ttiflc d nhungtinh huong k h ^ velittiuyethay giai ttiich nhflng van de thuc tien ddi song Muc thap la nhutig tinh huong ma CHNLC da dua ra, cac mdc dd eao hon n i m ngoai nhdng van de ma SV da thao luan, ngoalcacphuong an cua CHNLC,tatnhien la nhflng CH tuluan hay BT,tham chidung mptCHNLC khac ed kha nang sudung frong khau dn tap, eung c cungsedem lai hieu quatiehci/c Vidu phuong phap taeh chiet ADN, dien di, PCR, lai phan tti, xae djnh trinh tu ADN ed y nghTa nhu ttie nao vdi di tmyen va cong nghe sinh hpe hien Ap dung quy trinh nay, chung tdi datienhanh ttii/c nghiem tren SV va cd ket qua ttn eay oca phan tich dinh tinh va djnh lucflig day hpe chuang Ban (Xem li^ trang 41) •(kil-11/2015) ... coban cho SV quatrinh day hpe TH, xay dung quy trinh hudng dan TH cho SV day hpc mpt hpc phan cu tiie Trong nghien cdu, ehung tdi de cap TH dudisu hudng din cua G V, van de phu hpp vdi quy che... dung quy trinh TH cho SV Tren eO sdphan tieh cac quytrinh TH hien cd d i ^ vao eosd li luan cua hoatdpng day hpc, vaitrdcua eau (CH), bai tap (BT) day hpe, ehung tdi tien hanli xay dung quy trinh... sau chinh xachoacacCHTLN,BTN,thiviecligiai cac phuong an dung hoac sai cua CHNLC cdtae dung ren luyen tuduychoSVratldn.dday,GV can tochdc ChoSV ttiao luan va li giai cae phuong an, de cho hp hieu