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Pham Tiln Ddng Td chuc hogt dpng ngogi khda trong gidng day TO C H t r c HOAT D p N G N G O ^ I KHOA TRONG GIANG DAY LICH sty AN DQ & TRl/OfNG TRUNG H O C PHO THONG Phgm Tien Bong* J)di viet trinh bdy[.]
Pham Tiln Ddng Td chuc hogt dpng ngogi khda gidng day T O C H t r c H O A T D p N G N G O ^ I KHOA T R O N G GIANG DAY LICH s t y AN DQ & TRl/OfNG TRUNG H O C P H O THONG Phgm Tien Bong* J)di viet trinh bdy nhiing hinh thue td chUc hogt dgng ngogi khda ve lich sic An BQ 1-3 dgy hoc lieh sic & tru&ng phd thdng; qua dd nhdm ndng eao ehdt lugng dgy hoc bg mdn Lieh su, mat khdc giiip hgc sinh hieu sdu sde hem vk suphdt trien ciia lich suAnBd vd' nhiing ddng gdp etia nen vdn minh An Bg lick sir nhdn logi, ciing nhu nhiing dnh hu&ng eiia vdn minh An Bg den suphdt triin cua vdn hda i^iet Nam Tir khda: hoat ddng ngoai khda, lich sd An Dp, tnrdng trung hpc phi thdng S i t van de Hoat dpng ngoai khoa la mdt nhimg hinh thiirc td chiic dpy hpc mdn Lich Sli d trudng thdng, dupe thvtc hien mdt cdch cd muc dich, cd ki hoach, cd td ehdc, dupe tiin hanh suit ndm hpc nhdm gdp phdn thuc hien muc tieu cda chuong trinh mdn hpc Hoat ddng ngoai khda Id mpt mat, mdt bd phan cua viec day hpc d trudng phd thdng, dd cd viec gidng d^y mdn Lich sir Qua vi?c td chiic cdc boat ddng ngoai khda thi hpc sinh cd thi ndm rd hon, •ThS., Tmimg Dji h(ic Vinh 52 hiSu ban ve cac n^i dung lich su, djc bift Id qud trinh gidng day nhOng nOi dung ljch su ve An Dp - mdt quoc gia cd nen van minh ldu ddi vd cd nhieu ddng gdp cho ljch su nhan loai ciing nhu cd dnh hudng to ldn den su phdt trien ciia nen van hda Vi$t Nam til xua cho den Diiu ndy dupe the hien chuang trinh lich sii d tradng trung hpc phi thdng (THPT) nude ta hien vdi npi dung gidng dgy ve lich su An Dp chiim mpt dung lupng khdng hi nhd, dupe trinh bdy xuyen suit cd ljch sii Idp 10, 11 vd 12, tir thdi cdng xd nguyen thuy cho den ljch sir hien dai Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chau A Sd 11 -2015 NhGng n^i dung ve lich su An Dp dugc giang d^y chu-oTig trinh THPT ddu tranh tieu bidu cua nhdn ddn An Do chdng lai thyc dan Anh nhu Cudc khdi nghia Xipay (ten ggi nhGng don vi binh Trong chuong trinh THPT hidn nay, linh ngudi An Do qudn dpi eua thue ngi dung lich su An Do dugc trinh bay tu ddn Anh nhGng nam 1857 - 1859), sy ldp 10, nhidn phdi din thdi ky phong ddi ciia Dang Qude dgi vd phong trdo kien thi Lich su An Do mdi dugc tdeh ridng ddn tpc (1885 - 1908) Bdn eanh do, thdnh mpt chuong dpc lap chuang phdn Lich sii thi gidi hidn dgi (tu nam trmh {Chuang IV An Do thai phong kiin) 1917 din nam 1945), An D$ cimg vdi vdi dung lugng 02 bdi/12 bai cua npi dung Trung Qude Id hai nude duge saeh giao lich sG thi gidi, dieu dd dd phdn anh diing khoa dd cap rd net cudc diu tranh vai trd cda Lich su An Dp ddi vdi vdn minh giai phdng dan tdc giai doan 1918 ddn nhan logi vdi nhGng ddng gdp ve tu tudng 1939, dge bidt la nhGng boat ddng cua M tdn gido, chG viet vdn hgc, nghd thugt (kiln Gandhi vd Ddng Qude dai tnic, dieu khic, hdi hga), khoa hge ty •frong chuong trinh lich su Idp 12, mac nhidn Tu nhiing thd ky ddu Cdng nguydn du cd nhieu vdn dd vl lieh su the gidi cin din hit thdi tnmg dgi, ndn van minh An Dp trinh bay, song ndi dung vd Ljch su An Do bit diu du nhgp vd dnh hudng vao ed van dugc thd hidn kha rd net tu qud trinh viing van hda thudc Idnh thd Viet Nam hidn ddu tranh gidnh dgc lap sau Chiln tranh thd dgi (Giao Chau - Dgi Viet, Champa vd Phu gidi thu hai (1945) ddn cdng cupc xay dyng Nam) tgo ndn nhiing thdnh tyu rye rd: Phu dit nude hidn nay, nhung thdnh tyu vd Nam vd Champa trd thdnh cde tidu qude khoa hgc - ky thugt, nhiing net ndi bdt An Dp hda tidu bidu, edn ndn van minh Dai chmh sach ddi ngoai Khdng lidn ket, Viet thi cd sy gdp phan tgo dyng cua dgo trung lap cua Cdng hda An Do quan Phgt he qude te Trong chuang trinh lich su ldp 11, noi dung lich su the gidi dugc phdn chia thdnh Lich sG thd gidi can dai vd Lich sd thd gidi hien dgi (tii ndm 1917 din nam 1945), dd ndi dung vd lieh su An Do eung dugc dd eao Chuang trinh da ddnh bdi vl An Do thdi can dgi {Bdi 2, chuang I) dd ndu ldn qud trmh xdm luge An Do cua cde nude tu bdn phuong Tdy, nhGng chuydn biln vd kinh tl, chinh t r i - x a hgi An Dd dudi tde dgng eiia ehii nghia thyc ddn, d^e bidt la dd trinh bay nhGng cude Nhu vgy, nhin vdo phdn phdi chuang trinh lich su d trudng THPT, chiing ta cd the khang dinh su chu trgng dgc bidt each xdy dung chuong trinh lich su cua nude ta ddi vdi nhGng ndi dung vd lich su An Dd Tuy nhidn An Do la mdt qude gia rdng ldn, da dang va phue tap trdn nhidu lihh vyc, ed nhidu thdnh tyu to ldn vd tdn gido, trilt hgc, toan hgc, khoa hgc - ky thugt , cd nhidu nhdn vdt lich su ed ddng gdp eho lich sG nhan logi nhu M Gandhi, J.Nehru, L Gandhi , cd sy tde ddng rit Idn 53 Pham Tien Ddng Td chuc hogt ddng ngogi khda gidng dgy ddn sy phdt tridn cua nhidu qude gia dd cd Vidt Nam Vi the, thdi gian gidng dgy trdn ldp Id khdng thd truydn dat va giang gidi het cho hgc sinh hidu dugc vl dit nude - van hda - ngudi An Do, dd, vide td chuc cde hogt dgng ngoai khda vd lich su An Dp s6 gdp phdn ndng cao chat lugng gidng day bd mdn lich sG, ddng thdi khdc hga mdt cdch sdu sac hinh dnh vd nhGng gid tri van minh eua dit nude An Dp ddi vdi hgc sinh Dge sdch la hinh thue phd bidn cd hidu qua cung cap thdm kiln thiic cho hpe sinh gid npi khda, song chu ylu vdn la boat ddng ngogi khda Nd gdp phin rdn luyen eho hpe sinh kt nang, thdi quen hiing thii vd phuong phdp ldm vide vdi sdch Dd la hinh thuc don gidn, dd ldm, song lai cd hidu qud cao vd mat gido due, giao dudng vd phat tridn Trong cdng vide ndy, cin khdc phuc nhiing quan niem khdng diing, thudng cd nhung hpc sinh thich dge tieu thuydt vd hidp ljch su ban tai lidu lich su, Nhirng hinh thirc hoait dgng ngoai khoa vl Lich sir An D3 co the to chirc tdi lieu goc, hpc sinh bj thu hut vdo nhiing chi tiet li ki hdp ddn ma khdng chii y ddn day hpc ljch sir d trudng THPT nhGng kidn thuc khoa hgc Trong chuang Ld mdt hinh thuc td chiie dgy hgc, boat trinh Ljch su An Do d trudng THPT, hpc ddng ngogi khda mdn Lich su cd y nghia sinh ed thd tim dpe cac loai sdch sau: "Lich quan trgng trdn cde phuong di^n: gido sic vdn minh An Dp " eua W Durant, "5000 dudng, gido due va phat tridn hpc sinh "Tuy ndm lich sic vd vdn hda An Dp" cua A Id mpt hogt dpng ngodi lap, nhimg cdng tdc Chandra; "Viet Nam - An Dp vd cdc nude ngogi khoa vdn cd tdc dung nhu bdi npi Tdy Nam A: Nhimg moi lien hi ljch khod viec gido dudng gido due vd sic vd hien tgi" (PGS.TS Ngd Xuan Binh phdt trien hpc sinh Hogt ddng ngogi khod ehu bidn), "Lich sic An Dp" (GS Vu dgy hpc Ljch sH chu y din viec ldm Duong Ninh chii bidn); "An Dp qua cdc phong phu kien thuc, gido due tinh cdm, dgo thdi dgi" va "Tim hiiu vdn hda An Dp" due phdm chdt cita hpc sinh, gido due tinh cua Nguydn Thua Hy thdn tap the, y thuc cpng ddng trdch nhiim, 3.2 Ke chuyin lich sic yeu thich lao dpng, ren luyen tinh ky ludt vd tinh thdn tuang thdn tuang di"' Trong day Kd chuydn Id hinh thuc hoat dpng hpc ve Lich su An Dp hien nay, ehiing ta cd ngogi khda hip din, dd ldm vd cd tdc dung thd td chde cdc hinh thuc hoat ddng ngogi gido due cao Cd nhidu cdch nhu ke lgi n0i khda sau: dung mdt cudn sdch hay da dgc, mdt cdu 3.1 Dpc sdch ' Tnrong DHSP TP H Chi Minh, V i ^ Nghifin cuu giao due (2007), Ky yiu Hgi thao "Hiiu qua cua hogt dgng ngogi khod ddi vai viec ndng cao chdt lupng dgy - hpc nha truang phS thong", T?.HhCbiMinh,b.l52 54 chuydn dugc tim hiiu qua tdi lieu ndy, hay cua chinh ngudi tham gia, chiing kiln su kidn thuat Iai Trong qud trinh gidng day Lieh su An Dd d trudng THPT, gido vidn ed the sG dung cdc eau ehuyen cd lien quan ddn tdn gido vi du nhu dgo Phgt hay dgo Bd Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A So 11 - 2015 la mdn (sau ndy la dao Hmdu), cdc eau ehuyen vl cdc danh nhan nhu M.Gandhi, LNehru Sau day Id mgt sd cau chuydn Vi cupc ddi vd su nghiep cua M, Gandhi: M.Gandhi tdn that Id Mohandas Koranehand Gandhi, sinh 1869 mit nam 1948 Ong xudt than tu mdt gia dinh quan Igi xii Porbandar, thudc dang cdp Vasia, tG nam 1888 ddn 1891, M.Gandhi hgc luat d Anh vd sau dd hdnh nghd vdi tu cdch la lugt su d Nam Phi (1893-1914) Tgi Nam Phi, ldn dau tidn M.Gandhi hogt ddng ehinh tri va nhanh chdng trd thdnh ngudi lanh dao phong trao ddu tranh ciia nhdn ddn An Do chdng lai sy phdn bidt ddi xu d Nam Phi Xuit than mpt gia dinh theo dao Jaina, Gandhi dd tham nhudn tu tudng triet hpc vd gido ly eua tdn gido ndy Ong da xdy dyng dudng Idi ddu tranh cua mmh dya trdn hai nguydn tdc gido ly eua ddng Jaina la "Ahimsa" (phu dinh dieu dc) va "Satyagrgha " (kidn tri chdn ly) TG nguydn tie Ahimsa, Gandhi da hinh thdnh ldn tu tudng bit bgo dpng Nam 1915, trd vd An Dp, dugc sy dng hp ciia giai cdp tu san Gujarat, Ong thdnh lap trung tdm truydn bd tu tudng "Nhimg ngudi kien tri chdn ly"a thdnh phd Ahmahabad Trai dugc td chuc nhu mgt trudng hpc cd khodng 30 ngudi tG nhung viing qud khdc din sdng tai ddy nhu mgt gia dinh vd diu dgt mye dich cua ddi minh Id phuc vu td qude Cung tG ddy tu tudng ciia Gandhi dugc truyen ba rdng rai trdn khdp dit nude An Do Budc sang nam 1917, Gandhi tilp tuc chudn bi cho cude van ddng "Satyagraha" mdi ddi thyc dan Anh phai bai bd chd tuydn phu eho cde noi ngoai bidn gidi An Do cudc van ddng thu dugc kit qud Cudi ndm 1917 diu nam 1918, Gandhi edn tiln hdnh mgt cudc vgn ddng gdy tieng vang ldn d Champaran, lanh dgo cudc diu tranh cua edng nhdn Nhd mdy sgi Almadabab vd gianh thing lgi Nhd nhimg thing Igi lidn tiep ede cudc van ddng nay, uy tin cua Gandhi da gidnh dugc sy iing hd mdnh md eua eac phdi chu chot Gong Ddng Quoe Dgi vd cung vdi B.Tilak, dng trd ngudi lanh dao cd uy tin nhit ciia phong Gao giai phdng ddn tde An Dp Thang 11/1919, tai Hdi nghi thudng nidn cua Dang Qude Dgi hgp d Amritsa vl vin dd quydn ty trj, M.Ganhdi da dua dy dn vd chuong trinh "bdt hap tdc bdt bgo dpng" Theo M Gandhi, ngudi An Dg cd thd chdng lai ngudi Anh bdng cdch bit hgp tdc, tiy chay ede hge dudng, cde tda an, cac cdng sd, tu sd, cdc huy chuang khen tang cua ngudi Anh Ldi kdu gpi cua Gandhi vd cudc van ddng bdt hgp tac da dugc ddng ddo quan chiing hudng ung, phong Gdo dau tranh chong Anh cang phdt triln Tilp dd, M Gandhi kdu ggi "tdt cd cdc gia dinh trd lgi xe spi vd d$t vdi bdng tay " vd sau dd, kdu ggi ndng ddn phdn doi cdc loai cdy Gdng va khdng nop thue vd Iy M.Gandhi da dugc quan chiing tdn xung Id ngudi cha gid dan tpc vd tdm hdn vT dgi Danh tilng M.Gandhi tG ddy nhu mgt ngpn lua lan truyin khdp nude va dng da trd 55 Pham Tiln Ddng Td chuc hogt ddng ngogi khoa gidng dgy ndng lye dnh hudng nhat dinh phong trao ehu nghia dan tge An Do TG dau nhGng ndm 20 ciia thd ky XX, M Gandhi dugc bau lam lanh tu cua Dang Qude dgi Dudi su lanh dao cua dng, Qude dan Dai hdi duge t6 chGc Igi vdi mdt hidn phdp mdi cd muc dich Id ty ehu Tuy nhidn, phong Gao khdng thdnh vd ban thdn M.Gandhi thi bj bat vdo tu, nhung tinb than dan tdc cda dng van tidp tuc soi rpi nhan dan An Dp dau Ganh Ra td, dng tiep.tuc phdt ddng edc phong Gao bdt hgp tdc mdi, nhat Id "Phong trdo hdnh trinh mudi" De phdn d6i ngudi Anh budc ngudi ddn An Dp phdi diing mudi ciia Thyc dan Anh, ndm 1930, mac du da gin 70 tuli, Gandhi da dau mdt dodn ngudi di bd 300 km din bd bidn, miie nude bidn dd niu muoi ThG muoi ndy chdng dimg dupe nhung lgi lam diy ldn Gong cd nude tinh than "chdn himg npi hda bdi trir ngogi hda" TG day, dng tidp tuc sat cdnh ciing J.Nehru lanh dgo nhdn ddn An Dp gidnh quyen ty tri roi dpc lap eho An Dp xudng dudng ray gdn noi ehd chiec giay da rdt, trudc sy nggc nhidn eua nhung hanh khach Gen xe Mdt hanh khdch khdng kim dugc thdc mac da ldn tieng hdi dng: "Tgi lgi ldm nhu vgy? " Gandhi dap: "Mpt nguai ngheo ndo tim thdy chiec gidy tren ducmg ray thi hp se tim thay chiec thu hai vd nhu vgy hp se cd du ed ddi de dimg" Vi hdnh khdch bdo: - Tuyet vdi! It nghi ddn 3.3 Trd chai Ifch sic Trd choi lich su td chGc hogt ddng ngogi khod mdn Lich sG la mgt hinh thue hogt ddng ngoai khda gpn nhe dd td chuc, ma hap ddn hgc sinh Day khdng chi Id mdt viec gidi Gi md ddi hdi ngudi tham du phdi phdt huy ndng luc tu duy, Gi thdng mmh de gidi quyet cde vdn dd dgt Neu Gd choi khdng ddi hdi sy nd lye, khdng ddi hdi sy hogt dpng tich cyc cua tu thi Go choi dd ehua dgt ydu ciu CJ ddy cin phan bidt Gd choi lieh sG vdi vide thi thn hiiu lieh su Trd choi lieh su khdng ddi hdi hpc Mae du M Gandhi bi ban chdt bdi sinh phai biet sau rdng, chudn bi ldu dai va phan tG An gido eye doan N Godse kl, md phdi dua vdo vdn hieu biet san co 30/1/1948, nhung dng ludn duge nhdn dan cua ngudi tham dy, su thdng mmh nhanh An Dd vd nhdn logi tidn bp tdn vinh tudng Gi va tiln hdnh dudi cdc hinh thuc vui choi nhd giai Gi Hinh thGc phdi phu hgp vdi su - Mdu chimin ve long nhdn di ciia M sdi ndi cua tuoi Gd vd cd ^ nghia gido due Gandhi: Trong qua Ginh gidng day Lieh su An Cd lin Gong lue vdi budc ldn xe lua Dd d Girdng THPT, gido vidn cd thd su Mahatma Gandhi ddnh roi mdt chide giay dung Gd choi chG dd ciing eo kiln thuc xu6ng dudng ray va khdng thd ndo liy ldn eho hoe sinh duge, vi xe lua dd Idn bdnh Ong Gandhi ben cdi chile gidy cdn Igi va nem 56 Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chau A Sd 11 - 2015 day, ta cd thi thiit ke trd choi d chQ ve M.Gandhi - lanh tu cua phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tdc d An Dp Vdi cac cau hdi nhu sau: Cdu Nin vdn rainh An Dp dupe khdi nguon td ddng sdng ndo? Cdu Nin vdn mmh An D§ dnh hudng din nin van hda ndo trade ddy d miin Nam Tnmg bp cda nude ta ? Cau Thu dd cua An Dp theo tiing Anh Id gi? Cdu Phong trdo van ddng quyen cdng dan cho An Dp cuoi the ky XDC dien d nude ndo? Cau Ten cda chinh dang ldn nhit lanh dao phong trdo gidi phdng dan tde d An Dp? Td nhiing cau hdi tren, ta cd the gpi y tu chia khda nhu: Day la lanh tu ciia phong trdo van ddng quyen cdng dan cho An Dp cuoi the k^ XDC dien d Nam Phi vd la mdt nhirng lanh tu ndi tiing ciia Dang Qude dai •Nu* ^ >