O T R U O N G T R U N G H O C P H O T H O N G O TS NGUYEN THANH NHAN* 1 Ljch si) (LS) la bdn than cua hien thyc khach quan Trdi qua qua trinh ddu tranh vi su sinh ton vd phdt trien, con ngudi da de Iq[.]
O T R U O N G T R U N G H O C O Ljch si) (LS) la bdn than cua hien thyc khach quan Trdi qua qua trinh ddu tranh vi su sinh ton vd phdt trien, ngudi da de Iqi nhung ddu vet, chung minh cho qua khu co that thdi dqi minh; mot nhung ddu vet Id di tich lich su (DTLS) «Trong cac khoa hoc khao co, bao ton - bdo tang khdi niem Di tkh Id de chi nhdng vet tich cdn sot lgi cua mot thai da qua Thdi da qua ndi chung khdng de Iqi cho chung ta horn mot cdi gi cdn nguyen ven"(l) GS Phan Ngoc Lien, gido trinh Phuong phap day hoc lich su (DHLS), cho rdng: di tich thuoc nhom dd dung true quan hien vdt, day Id nguon tdi lieu gdc rdt cd gid trj, gom nhung hien vdt Id vdt chdt nhu nhd cua, thdnh gudch, Idng tdm, dinh chua, tugng ddi Cd di tich cdn ndi tren mat ddt, cd di tich chim sdu Idng ddt hay bi ngdp nude (2) Nhu vdy, «Tieu chi ddu tien de xdc dinh mdt DTLS Id no phdi co thuc tu trudc vd luu giu den nay, bao gid cung gdn lien, phdn dnh, ghi nhdn, minh chung mot su kien, nhdn vdt LS, dgc biet Id nhung su kien LS ldn, quan trong" (3) Su dung di tich DHLS Id rdt can thiet vd cd y nghTa vd cung to ldn Su dung cd hieu qua di tich dgy hoc giup hoc sinh (HS) cd phuong tien de nhdn thuc cdc su kien qua khu; tqo duqc bieu tuang cy the, chinh xdc, sinh ddng ve cdc sy kien, nhdn vdt LS, gdp phdn khdc phyc tinh trang «hien dqi hoa LS"; bd sung nhung tri thuc md HS dd tiep thu tren Idp; rut nhung ket ludn khdi qudt, phdt hien quy ludt van ddng, phdt trien cua LS Mat khdc, su dyng di tich dgy hoc gdp phdn boi dudng tu tudng tinh cam, dqo due vd phdt trien nhdn each cho HS, nhu: gido dye truyen thdng, Idng kinh yeu, khdm phyc, biet an ddi vdi cdc anh ddn tdc tung phyc vy cho Iqi ich nhdn ddn; boi dudng HS y thuc ton vd bdo ve DTLS Bdi «DTLS - van hoa Id nhung ddu dn cua mot thdi dqi Thdi dqi nao vdi trinh phdt trien kinh te van hoa nhu the ndo, deu co the nhin thdy khd rd cdc di Tap chi Giao due so (k • 6/2011) P H O T H O N G TS NGUYEN THANH NHAN* tich Vi vdy, ta cd the ndi, di tich Id nhung tdm guang cua LS" (4) Su dyng di tich DHLS cdn gdp phdn phdt huy ndng lyc hoqt ddng tu ddc lap cho HS, ren luyen kT ndng quan sat, ddnh gid, phdn tich vd rut ket ludn khoa hoc vd tqo duqc sy thu hoc tap Thua Thien Hue, manh ddt keo ddi tu sdng O Lau den deo Hdi Vdn, dja danh dd chung kien biet bao thdng tram cua LS; nai hdi ty cua hdu het cdc nen vdn hda dd tung ton tqi tren ddt nude Viet Nam; cung Id nai ghi ddu dn ve nhung sy kien ldn cua LS ddn tdc Vi vdy, Thua Thien Hue dang luu giu mdt he thdng di tich da dang Tuy nhien, bdi viet chi lay vi dy cy the qua viec day hoc LS Viet Nam tu 1919-1975 d trudng Trung hoc phd thdng He thdng cdc DTLS Thua Thien Hue cd the su dyng DHLS Trong sach DTLS van hoa Thua Thien Hue (Bdo tang Td'ng hqp Thua Thien Hue) dd trinh bay he thdng di tich duqc Bd Vdn hda thdng tin xep hang (tinh den 2002) nhu sau: Di tich luu niem Bde Hd, gom: Di tich luu niem thdi nien thieu Bde Hd tqi ngdi nhd 112, Mai Thuc Loan (TP Hue); Nhd luu niem Bde Ho d Duang No, dinh Duang No, Trudng Qudc hoc Hue; DTLS each mang, gom: Di tich luu niem tdi dc Khu chin ham vd nhd Ngd Dinh Cdn; Dja dgo Khu uy Trj Thien Hue, dinh Bdn Mdn, dinh Hda Phong, dinh Vdn The, dudng Ho Chi Minh tren dja phdn tinh Thua Thien Hue, Di tich luu niem Xu uy Trung ki tqi ngdi nhd sd 95C - Phan Ddng Luu (Hue), Nhd luu niem ddng chi Nguyin Chi Dieu, Trudng KT nghe thyc hdnh; Di tich luu niem danh nhdn, gdm: Lang md Tran Thuc Nhdn, Lang md Tran Van Ky, Lang md - Nhd tha Ddng Huy Tru, Lang md - Nhd thd Nguyin Khoa Chiem Nguyin Khoa Ddng, Lang md Nguyen Cu Trinh, Ngdi md chung hai nhd yeu nude Thdi Phien Tran Cao Vdn, Nhd d - Lang md - Nhd thd vd NghTa dja mang ten Phan Bdi Chau, Nhd thd * Truong Dai hoc sir pham - Dai hoc Hue Lang mg Nguyen Tri Phuang, Nha tha - Lang md nhd tha Tuy Ly Vuong, Phii tha Ton That Thuyet; DTLS, gom: Thdp doi Liiu Cdc, Nui Bdn; Nganh nghe truyen thdng, gom: Thanh Binh tCr dudng, Lang md yd Tu dudng Kim hoan tdc, Lang mg vd Nhd thd Ong td nghe due dong; Di tich kien true nghe thuat: Chua Gidc Luang, Chua Thdnh Duyen, Cdu ngdi Thanh Todn, dinh An Truyen, dinh chua Thuy Duong, dinh Lgi The, dinh Dg Le, dinh MT Lgi, dinh Phu Xudn, dinh Thu LI, dinh vd mieu khai canh The Lgi Thuang, dinh Van Xd Su dung DTLS - van hda dgy hgc LS Gido vien (GV) cdn quan triet mdt sd nguyen tdc, nhu: ddm bdo myc tieu bdi hoc tren cd ba mat kien thuc, bdi dudng tu tudng tinh cam vd ren luyen kT ndng hoc tap cho HS; ddm bdo tinh khoa hoc (quan nhdt); ddm bdo tinh Ddng, the hien tu tudng, quan diem cua GV lua chgn, su dyng di tich; ddm bdo tinh su phgm de phu hqp vdi chuang trinh, ndi dung ca bdn, yeu cdu bdi hoc, trinh dd HS vd thuc tien dja phuong; ddm bdo phdt huy tinh tich cue nhqn thuc cho HS Su dyng DTLS - van hda Thua Thien Hue DHLS d trudng phd thdng, GV cd the tien hdnh mdt sd trudng hqp: 1) Su dyng tai lieu lien quan DTLS - van hoa Thua Thien Hue bai hoc noi khoa tren lap Day Id viec Idm cd y nghTa ddi vdi qua trinh day hoc, bdi, cdc tdi lieu Id bdng chung khoa hoc, phong phu, cy the ve sy kien LS Tren ca sd dd, HS cd the ndm vung bdn chdt sy kien, hinh thdnh khdi niem, neu quy ludt, rut bdi hoc LS Trong trudng hqp nay, GV cd the su dyng tu lieu ve di tich dudi cdc bien phap sau: - Phyc che mo hinh di tich da mdt (dya tren ca sd tdi lieu vd tranh dnh cdn luu giu duqc) phyc vy cho ndi dung bdi hoc; - Su dyng tai lieu ket hqp voi phuong tien day hoc hien dqi (may tinh, may chieu vd mot sd phdn mem tien ich) de trinh chieu hinh dnh nhdm tang tinh tryc quan, sinh ddng Chang han, gidng ve phong trao each mang 19301935, GV cd the su dyng dnh nhd luu niem ddng chi Nguyen Chi Dieu vd dogn tu lieu cuon «Chi lao tu" ndi ve dung cua mdt chien sT each mang trudc phien tda «Dqi hinh dqc biet" cua thyc ddn Phap nam 1933; - Su dyng tai lieu phan anh nqi dung di tich de thiet ke bai tap LS giup HS hieu rd nhung van de, sy kien, nhdn vdt LS GV cd the yeu cdu HS xdc djnh tren bdn do, sa cdc di tich lien quan den mdt giai doan LS cy the Chdng han, day ve phong trao dan chu 1936-1939, yeu cdu HS xdc djnh tren bdn dd Thua Thien Hue (dang bdn cam) vj tri cua ca guan Xu uy Trung ky thdi ki 19361939, try sd tda bdo Ddn, Nhd luu niem ddng chi Nguyin Chi Dieu hodc yeu cdu HS suu tdm tdi lieu de xdy dyng ho sa dudi dgng mieu td, tudng thudt phdn dnh ndi dung di tich Vi dy, dgy ve budi ddu hogt ddng cua Nguyen Ai Qudc (tu ndm 1911-1918), GV cd the suu tdm nhung cdu chuyen ve thdi nien thieu cua Bde Ho sdng tren ddt Hue (cd lien quan den di tich 112 Mai Thuc Loan vd dinh Duong No) 2) Su dyng DTLS - van hoa Thua Thien Hue bai hoc LS nqi khoa tqi thyc dia, GV can chgn vdn de vd dja diem vdi sd tiet hoc vd dieu kien tien hdnh GV cdn chudn bi cho HS chu ddo ve tu tudng, kien thuc chuyen mdn, dja diem, dung tryc quan vd each thuc td chuc tien hdnh Trong trudng hqp, neu hudng ddn di tich thyc hien, GV phdi trao ddi vdi hq myc tieu, ndi dung vd tien trinh bdi hoc Chang hgn, dgy ve Cach mgng thdng Tdm - 1945, d Hue, GV cd the tien hdnh bdi hoc tgi Ngq Mdn, nai chung kien I I thoai vj cua vua Bao Dgi, ddnh ddu sy sup dd* hoan todn cua che dd quan chu chuyen che d nude ta Ngodi viec tien hdnh cdu true bdi hoc ndi khoa, GV cd the suu tdm nhung cdu chuyen nhieu sach noi ve viec van ddng vua Bdo Dgi thoai vj, diin bien budi II (neu cd the cho HS diin lgi sy kien noi tren) Nhu vdy, HS se thu vdi budi hoc tqi di tich Hodc day ve Cuoc tien cdng va ndi day xuan Mau Than, GV cd the tien hdnh bdi hoc tqi Bia tudng niem chien cong cua 11 co gai song Huong dd chien ddu anh dung day lui mdt tieu doan dich (duqc Bde Ho gui thu khen ngai) De cd gid gidng sinh ddng, GV cd the mdi nhdn chung cdn sdng ke chuyen hodc suu tdm nhung mdu chuyen ve khdng chudn bj vd chien ddu anh dung cua cdc chj cuon Hue Xuan 68 (Thdnh uy Hue - 2002) 3) Su dyng DTLS - van hoa Thua Thien Huede bien soqn cac tiet LS dia phuong quy dinh chuong trinh Td chuc cho HS suu tdm tdi lieu ve cdc di tich de bien soqn gido an LS dia phuang Qua dd cd the giup HS budc ddu Idm quen vdi nghien cuu khoa hoc vd y thuc duqc day Id cdng viec quan trong, cd y nghTa quyet djnh Khi bien soqn bdi gidng LS Thua Thien Hue, GV chu y tham khao cdc loai tdi lieu, dd cd tdi lieu di tich (bdi gidng phdi mang tinh thdng su chu khdng phdi Id chuyen su) GV phdi chu y trinh Tap chi Giao due so 263 (k, i 6/201 n bay day du cac giai doan phat trien cua LS dja phuang, lam ro mdi lien he giua LS dja phuong vai LS dan toe Chang han, d Thua Thien Hue, GV co the thiet ke bdi gidng theo cdc chu de: Thua Thien Hue each mgng Thdng Tdm 1945, Thua Thien Hue khdng chien chong MT cuu nuac (1954-1975) Vdi chu de Thua Thien Hue each mgng Thang Tam - 1945, bdi gidng co the co cdc myc sau: Bdi canh LS, dien bien vd tdc dgng cua each mgng thdng Tdm d Thua Thien Hue ddi vdi thdng lgi chung cua each mang cd nude Moi sy kien lien guan den diin bien each mgng thdng Tdm deu diin mdt khdng gian, thdi gian cy the, dd, tgi day cd nhieu DTLS van cdn ton tgi, nhu: Tda Khdm su Trung ky (nay Id trudng Dgi hgc su phgm Hue), Sdn van dgng Tu Do (nai diin cudc mft tinh dong chi Td Huu - Chu tjch Uy ban khdi nghTa tuyen bd xda bd chinh quyen thyc ddn phong kien vd thdnh lap chinh quyen each mang cua tinh Thua Thien vd thdnh phd Hue), Dgi Noi (nai thdnh lap chinh quyen bu nhin Tran Trong Kim, cudc van ddng vua Bdo Dqi thodi vj), Cua Ngg Mdn (nai diin I I thodi vj) Viec su dyng tdi lieu lien quan den cdc di tich giup HS cd cdi nhin day dii, sinh ddng, hdp dan ve cdng tdc chudn bi cung nhu khdng hdo cua nhung diin each mgng d Cd dd 4) Su dyng DTLS - van hoa Thua Thien Huede tien hanh mot so hogt dong ngogi khoa, GV cd the tien hdnh dudi nhung hinh thuc sau: - To chuc trd choi LS Vi dy, td chuc cho HS tham quan nhd tudng niem dong chi Nguyin Chi Dieu, GV cd the td chuc trd chai gidi dap «0 chu hi an", vdi tu hdng dqc Id nhdn vdt Nguyin Chi Dieu vd cdu hdi cho cdc tu hdng ngang lien quan den phong trao nhu: Hoang Anh, Nguyin Chi Thanh, Td Huu, Hdi Trieu, bdo Sdng Huang tyc ban, bdo Nhanh lua Hodc td chuc trd chai nhdm tim hieu sy lien quan giua dja danh vdi cdc sy kien, nhdn vdt LS, vi dy, to chuc trd chai ve nguon (tim hieu each mang thdng Tdm - 1945 d Thua Thien Hue), GV yeu cdu HS tim hieu tdi lieu de trd ldi cdc sy kien cd lien quan den dja danh (sdn van ddng Ty Do, Ngq Mdn, Dam Cdu Hai), nhdn vdt (Phan Tu Lang, Td Huu, Ton Quang Phiet, Tran Trong Kim, Bdo Dgi, Hoang Anh, Tran Huy Lieu ) Vdi hogt ddng ngoai khoa nhu vdy se giup HS cd thu nghien cuu, suu tdm tdi lieu, hieu sdu han LS dja phuang, nhdt Id cdc sy kien cd lien quan den di tich Tap chi Giao due so pa i • 6/201 p - Tdchuc noi chuyen, ke chuyen LS Vi dy, ndi ve tdi dc cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem ddi vdi each mgng mien Nam, GV cd the su dyng tdi lieu khao td ve cdc di tich Chin ham, Lao Thua Phu vd cdc cdu chuyen, ket hqp vdi nhung hinh dnh ndi ve canh lao tu hd khdc vdi nhung nhyc hinh, tra tan man rq ddnh cho cdc chien sT cdng sdn Dieu dd khdng chi giup HS cd bieu tuang rd rdng ve tdi dc cua chinh quyen hq Ngd, md cdn hun due HS Idng cam thu ddi vdi bgn bdn nude - Td chuc cho HS tham quan DTLS - van hda De budi tham quan di tich cd hieu qua, cdn thudc nhieu yeu td nhu: cdng tdc chudn bj, each thuc td' chuc, kiem tra ket qua thu nhqn sau tham quan Nhung, yeu td khdng kem phdn quan tdc ddng den ket qua hoc tap Id phdi biet khai thac tdi da tdi lieu lien quan den hien vdt, sy kien, nhdn vdt; biet dan ddt HS di tu biet den hieu vd hieu sdu sdc cdc sy kien lien quan den di tich - Tdchuc dg hdi LS Hinh thuc neu td chuc tdt se cd y nghTa gido dye rdt ldn vd gdp phdn thyc hien phuang chdm dgy hoc gdn lien vdi thyc tiin, nhd trudng gdn lien vdi xd hdi Chang hgn, td chuc dq hdi LS vdi chu de «Phong trao ddu tranh cua HS, sinh vien Hue khdng chien chong MTcuu nude", GV cd the td chuc mdt cdc nai, nhu: try sd Td'ng hdi sinh vien, HS Hue, Trudng Qudc H o c , Ngodi phdn trang tri de tgo khdng I I hdi nhu: tranh dnh cdc cudc xudng dudng cua HS, sinh vien Hue; td chuc vdn nghe; to chuc giao luu vdi cdc nhdn chung dd tham gia phong trao; ke chuyen ve mdt vdi nhdn vdt tieu bieu (tdm guang hi sinh cua liet sT - nhd gido Ngd Kha); td' chuc xen ke mdt sd trd choi LS GV cdn cd the yeu cdu HS nghien cuu tdi lieu ve sy chi dgo cua Tong hdi ddi vdi phong trao, mdt sd cudc xudng dudng tieu bieu giup HS hieu day du ve mdt giai dogn LS sdi ddng Ddng thdi, bdi dudng cho HS tinh than yeu nude, y chi qudt cudng chong ngogi xam dd hun due gua nhieu the he cha anh di trudc • (1) Tran Quoc Vuong - Mai Dinh Yen "Cac di tich va th canh mdi sinh" Tap chi Xua vd Nay, s6 thang 4/1997 (2) Phan Ngoc Lien (chu bien) - Trjnh Dinh Tung Nguyen Thj Coi Phutrng phap day hoc ljch su, tap NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2002 (3) Hoang Thanh Hai Sii dung di tich lich sii dgy hgc lich su ddn tgc d truong trung hoc ca sd Luan an Tie'n si Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Ndi 1999 (4) Phan Khanh Bao tang - Di tich - Le hoi NXB Thdng tin, H 1992 ... LS Vi dy, ndi ve tdi dc cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem ddi vdi each mgng mien Nam, GV cd the su dyng tdi lieu khao td ve cdc di tich Chin ham, Lao Thua Phu vd cdc cdu chuyen, ket hqp vdi nhung... dong; Di tich kien true nghe thuat: Chua Gidc Luang, Chua Thdnh Duyen, Cdu ngdi Thanh Todn, dinh An Truyen, dinh chua Thuy Duong, dinh Lgi The, dinh Dg Le, dinh MT Lgi, dinh Phu Xudn, dinh Thu... quan trong, cd y nghTa quyet djnh Khi bien soqn bdi gidng LS Thua Thien Hue, GV chu y tham khao cdc loai tdi lieu, dd cd tdi lieu di tich (bdi gidng phdi mang tinh thdng su chu khdng phdi Id