DtftfvoHpC 306 2014 MM 35 Sir dung van hpc dan gian trong day hpc Ijch sir Viet Nam of trircfng THPT DANG HOANG SANG Trudng THCS & THPT TrUdng XuSn, TP Can Thd T6M TAT Do d4c diim Ifch sCr(LS) cua dSn[.]
DtftfvoHpC 306-2014 MM 35 Sir dung van hpc dan gian day hpc Ijch sir Viet Nam of trircfng THPT DANG HOANG SANG Trudng THCS & THPT TrUdng XuSn, TP Can Thd T6M TAT Do d4c diim Ifch sCr(LS) cua dSn t^c Van hgc nil chung vi Vin hgc din gian (VHDtS) ndlrl&ng d nudc ta cd kha ning biiu hign ngi dung LS rit sdu sdc Nd khdng cMcd gii trj nhu nhdng tdi llgu LS, mi cdn phin dnh dUtfe bin chat cOa tUng si/kign LS cu thi Trong bai viitndy, tic gii xin trinh biy van de sCtdi/ng VHDGphuc vy gling dgy vd hgc tgp chUdng trinh Lich sir Vl^t Nam (LSVN) - Nghien cUu trudng hgp LS ldp 10, nhdm gdp phin ndng cao chit lur/ng gling dgy vi hgc t$p mdn LS d trudng phi thdng (PT) hl4nnay I S^ CAN THIET CUA VHDG TRONp GIANG DAY mmh hga tdm luge phan dau eiia truyen DUa hiuvk truydn ChQ Ding fiychoHS thaysy "gidu co, ching thiiu thQ gi nhi'XA) eua Mai An Tidm va mdt din chay ngh^o Cd nha van Vu Ngpc Phan (1902 - 1987) tUng cho xae da la'y gai mgt k l quyen t h i TQ dd giOp HS h i l u ring: "VHDG phQC vy rit nhiiu cbo sQ hgc"{^) nghi§n cQu tae dyng cQa VHDG ddi vdi cae mdn khoa hgc xa hdi rd hdn sy phan hda giau ngheo da x u l t hien xa hdi thdi Hung VUdng ehUa that sau s i c khac ThUt vgy, giQa tri thQe LS va In thUc Van hge ndi Ngoai ra, de chQng minh cdng cy san xuat thdi Ddng chung, VHDG ndi rieng ed mdi quan hg vdi rat chat Sdn tinh t l hdn, GV ed t h i gidi thi#u tdm t i t truydn Banh che e l cho bai giang LS khdng phal rdi vap tinh trgng chQng binh day cho HS t h I y dugc vao thdi gian "khd, khd, khd", giao vien (GV) phai linh hoat sQ dyng cdng cy s i n xult tUdng ddi tlnh t l , cU d i n thdi eo mdi nhilu phUdng phap ddi mdi dgy hgc, dd sQ nghT den vige e l i thidn slnh hogt, thi lam thQc an, dyng VHDG la mdt nhQng phUdng phap nhim nang xem tai kheo d l chgn lay thU ngon v l ddn g i i n hdn cao chat lugng bai giang tdt hdn Nhu v§y, sy giSng dgy, phan tich cd tfnh chat ly VHDG la mdt phan ciia sang tac dkn gian, p h i t Uiln tuSn khdng dO d l HS hilu d i y dCi mdt v i n de v l sy kien ddi sdng nhSn dan theo phUdng thQc truyln midng LS thi VHDG phat huy dugc tac dyng tfeh eye eQa nd v l tap t h i (2), La sang tac nghe thu§t cCia nhan dan, tac Bdi vi, nhan thQc LS khdng ehi cd mdt hUdng, mdt ndi phim d5n gian p h i n anh ddi sdng vat c h i t va thd gidi dung ma la sy ket hgp, bd sung sau sac giQa e l m thg va tinh t h i n cOa ngudf dan Dd ia cudc sdng lao ddng, nhQng tu ly trf, giQa nhan thQc cam tfnh va nhan thQc ly tfnh sy kien, van de cOa ddi sdng xa hdi, cudc dau tranh cua Hieu dUijc nhUvgy, ngUdi GV LS mdi thay ro sy can thilt quin chiing chdng ap bQc va cudc c h i l n d i u cOa toan ciia VHDG dgy hgc lich sil (DHLS) d UUdng PT d i n ching ngogi xam Hign thye LS phan anh \dc hl#n phim VHDG nhQ la bd bdeh khoa toan thU ve ddi sdng nhfin dan Vi vay nd chinh la "nhQng hdn nggc qiu)^"(3), vu II MfiT SO BIEN PHAP SijT OgNG VHDG TRONG khf tinh t h i n cQa t i n g Idp nhan dfin Vide sQ dyng nhQng GIANG DAY VA HQC TAP LSVN cau ea dac, truyln thuylt, tyc ngQ, bai gilng se SLf dyng VHDG ket tnqp vdi n l u cau hdi va bai l i m tang sy "cam thy LS" cho hgc sinh (HS) thdm phan tap nhan thiiHc tinh te va sau sac hdn Trong moi tiet hgc, vide xae d|nh nhilm vy nhan ihQe TQ dac d i l m nay, VHDG cd b i n p h i n anh dUdc " d i ed ^ nghTa ra't quan trgng mang tfnh quylt djnh ddi vdi t h i n " eiia sy kien, cQa m6i thdi kjr LS ey t h i Vf dy d higu qua bai hgc Myc dich cQa vide neu nhiem vy nhan myc 'Quic gia Vdn Lang - Au Lge" cGa bai 14 Cic quic thQc la giiip HS ^ thQe dUi?c nhQng van d l cd b i n n h i t glad dgi trdn dit nudc Vl^lNam dgy v l sy phan hda c i n phai hieu v l n i m c h i c dU0e bai hgc, dieu c6 xa hdi trd nen p h i bien d thdi Ddng Sdn, sau eung nghTa la dSt tQ dau nhiem vy d l HS hinh dung d p edc sd ligu khao c l hgc d l chQng minh, GV ed t h i trUdc nhQng sy kign va hi#n tugng LS ed ban, then chot VA Hgc T A P LSVN T R I / A N G P H O THONG 36 ai^ d n phai nam dugc Thdng thudng, nhiem vy nhgn thQc duge GV neu lgn bang mgt hoac vai eau hdi trudc vap dgy bai mdi d l kich thich tU eua HS, giiip cae em suy nghT, tgp trung vao nhi3ng nhigm vy cd'tloi Cudi bai hpc, HS trIldldUdc nhQng cSu hdi dd la bai hge dat higu qua Vigo ket hgp sil dyng tai lieu VHDG vdi neu cau hdi, bai tap nhan thQc la bien phap can thiet, gdp phan lam cho bai gilng dgt hidu qua eao Vf dy, cung cap eho HS ndi dung: Cdng cu s i n xult bang ddng thau da trd nen phd bien va budc d i u lam duge edng cy bing sat, myc ciia bai 14 Cic quic gia codgl tren dit nUdc Vigt Nam, GV tdm tat ngin gpn ndi dung truyen thuyit Thanh GIdngvk sQ dyng chi tiet Thanh Gidng ygu d u : "SQ gid hay mau vS tiu vdi nhi vua ddc cho ta mgt ngi/a sit, mdt cai roi sat, mdt ao giap sdt vi mgt cii ndn sit Ta se danh tan quan giac'15) GV dat cau hdi: Tgi sap Thanh Gidng khdng ydu d u sQ gia due cho cac logi vu khf bang edng cy khac ma phai bing s a t ' Sau HS irk ldi, GV bd sung: vao thdi HCing VUdng tUdng Qng vdi giai dogn van hda Ddng Sdn nhan dan thdi CO da sii dyng dUgc edng cy bang sat mdi d "budc diu" TQ dd, glQp HS nhan thQe dugc rang nhd sQ dung cdng cy mdi ngn ngUdi Vidt eo ed dupe mdt n i n kmh t l phal triln mgnh de tQ day tao ngn nhOng chuyen b i l n to Idn v l mgt xa hdi, Vi dy, dgy bai 26 Tinh hinh xa hgi nCia dau thi kl XIX vd phong trio diu tranh cda nhan dan, muc 1, GV cd t h i dgc cho HS nghe cSu ca dao: "Con di, nhd Hy ciu nay, CQdp dim li giac, cQdp ngiy li quan"{&) Sau dd d|it chp cac em bai tap nhan thQe: Ciu ca dao trdn phin inh thQc ti gi cua xa hdi dQdng thdi? HS d l dang ngu duge: Cau ea dap la ldi cha (hoac mg) dgn eon nhd l l y edi thyc t l phO phang v l tdi ac cudp bdc da man ciia bpn quan Igi phpng kien, ndi lgn bd m^i xa'u xa va tg tham quan d igi cGa bpn dugc xem la "cdng bdc" ChP dan cau ca dap p h i n anh bd may quan Igl cang sa dpa, tham nhung trdn budc dudng suy tan cOa ehe dp phpng kiln Vi^t Nam vap thdi Nguyin Sd dijng VHDG de ndu quy lugt, riit bai hgc LS Tren cd sd tgo bilu tugng LS de hinh khai nidm, HS da cd sy khai quat ly luan, song chua phai da dUng d i y , m l can tien hanh nam quy lu|it va riit bai hgc LS Bdi vi "nghien cQu khoa hgc cung nhQ hgc tap LS phii dgt din trinh nim quy luit vi jf nghTa thQc tien cda viec hgc LS la biet vin dicing nhQng bdi hgc cda qui khQ cudc song hiSn tgi Cdng viec niy cung li mdt bg phan quan trgng cda viec phat triin tQ va nang li/c thi/c hinh cda HS"{7)LSVN cd r l t nhieu bai hgc sau sac, quy bau da dUge cae nha nghien cQu tdng k i t va due riit ra, ed san giao trinh va sach giao khoa (SGK) LS Tuy nhign, nhiem vy cOa GV khdng phli la thdng bao cho HS nhQng quy luat, bai hgc LS, ma "phii day cho HS hiiu biit nhQng sQ kidn LS, nhQng quy luat LS qua cac thdi dai chd khdng thi ndi ba hoa vi chinh trj d diy'XQ) M i t khac, SGK hien dUdc v i l t theo hudng gilm r l t nhieu p h i n ket lugn khai i-c.' H' _DfyvaHpc qudt VI vay, viee td chQe, hUdng d i n HS riit quy lu^t, bai hgc LS la mpt yeu d u khdng t h i thilu Song, khdng p h l i tae pham VHDG nap cung ed thI'sQ dyng d l rdt bai hpe LS Dieu ddi hdi GV can p h l i d i u tU nhilu cdng sQc viec lya chpn tae p h i m VHDG, Vf dy, mudn cho HS d l dang rut dugc bai hgc ve sy doan k i t , thdng nhat cudc dau tranh gian kho, quyet li#t de glQ nUde va dyng nUdo, GV khdng t h i khdng dan truyen Thinh Gidng, hay nhQng d u ca dao nhU; "Nhiiu diiu phu liy gid gQdng, NgQdi mgt nQde phii thQcing cdng" "Biu di thQdng liy bi cdng, Tuy ring khac giing nhQng chung mdt gidn" "Mgt ciy iim ching nen non, Ba ciy chum Igi n§n hdn ndi cao"(9) Qua day, GV cho HS mdt bdi hgc dat gia cOa cha dng d l lai: Mudn tdn tgi huge cac vign dgi gia dinh dan toe Vidt Nam p h l i cd ket Igi vdi nhau, ed nhu d u dum bgc l l n nhau, phai thye sy thUdng ygu nhau, Tinh ygu thUdng dugc vun dap tQ gia dinh, hg hang d i n lang gieng, thdn xdm va md rdng ca dat nUdc Tt( dd, HS hilu dugo bai hpe v l each ddi xQ eae (ndi quan hg xa hdi L l y mdt vl du khac Mudn cho HS nhan thQc sau sic dugc truyln thdng yeu nUdc dau tranh anh dung cua ngudi phy nQ Vi^t Nam, GV ed t h i hdi HS bang mdt cau tyc ngQ: "Tijc ngQ Viet Nam cd ciu: "Giac din nhd din bi phii danh"{-\0), bang truyin thing lich sd din tdc, hay nSu vi chdng minh qua nhQng si/ kien ijch sd mi em biet?" Cd the cho HS bai tgp v l nha hoac t h i o lu|in tren ldp dudi sy hudng d i n ciia GV, Vdi bai tap nhan thilc nay, GV ed the kiem tra kien thQe HS mdt each he thdng va khoa hpc, Cau tue ngQ d l dang di vao long HS bdi si/ cd dpng va hinh anh het sQe eu t h i , Sau HS cd ciu tra Idi, GV giup eho HS hieu rd eau tyc ngQ ndi len tmh t h i n , >? chf va quyet tam chdng xam lugc giQ nha gifl nude ciia nhan dan ta Nd ddng thdi cQng la kinh nghiem, tdng k i t Ijch sQ ma'y nghin nam cua dan toe Vigt Nam Day la chan 1]^ ciia Ijch sQ Viet Nam Trai qua lich sif lau dai, nhan dan ta da bac phen "Giac din nhi din bi phii danh"va ddnh thing quan xam lUdc hdn minh g i p bgi cac nfl anh hCing dan tdc: Hai Ba TrUng, Ba Trieu, nO tudng Tay Sdn Bin Thj Xudn, da lam rgng ngdi chSn If dd, Dan ba, phy nQ xa hgi phong k i l n xUa van thudng duge coi ta phai yeu Vige ddnh giac thUdng xem la viec ehinh eua dan dng, nam gidi NhUng "nghiin cQu xi hgi Vidt Nam, ta se ngac nhiSn vl rndt dieu trii ngUdc vi vai trd cda ngQdi phy nQ: si/ bieu hien md nhgt hay ving bdng xa hdi vd vj tri tht/c si/ cda hg di dQ0c ijch sQ xae nhgn vi dUpc khing djnh bang nhdng truyen thuyit hay biiu tQdn^{^^) TQ "phli" d day nhin mgnh den cai t i t yeu: dan ba, phy nQ la phai yeu nhung gap phai hoan canh "giSc d i n nha", quan xam IQde keo vap bd coi thi dan ba, phy nQ cung tran, giap mgt vdi quan cUdp nude, cUdp nha TQ "phai" cdn dien dgt quylt tam aanh giac cua phy nQ Sijf dyng VHDG de kiem tra va danh gia ket qu^ hgc tgp c^a HS Viec kiem tra, danh gia ket qua hpc tgp ciia HS D^yvaHpC 37 so 6-2014 qua trinh dgy hpe cd tam quan trgng dac bidt, Nd la "khSu cuii edng, dSng thdi khdi diu cho mdt ehu trinh khdp kin tiip theo vdi mdt chit lugng eao hon cda qui trinh giao dyc°^^2) K i l m tra, danh gia khdng phai IQe nao eung thyc hign mdt each may mdc la ygu eau HS t r i ldi cdc cau hoi SGK hoac tQ "ngan hang d l thi" cd s i n vl nhu vay se d l lap Igi va nham chan ChiJ trUdng ddi mdi kilm tra, ddnh gia d ve ndi dung l l n hinh thQc hien cho phep ngQdi GV linh hogt, sang tgo hdn Do dd v i l e sQ dyng tai lieu VHDG d l kilm tra, ddnh gia k i t q u i hpc tap ciia HS DHLS cung la mdt bien phdp c i n thilt Vf du, sau dgy xong bai 18 Cdng cugc xay dtfng vi phdt triin kinh ti cic thikiX- XV de kilm tra kiln thile HS, GV dgo cau ca dao: "Ddi vua Thdi Ti, Thdi Tdng; Thde Ida diy ding trSu ching buSn in"vk hdi: Cau ca dao trdn ndi Idn d i l u gl? HS d l dang t r i ldi rang cku ca dao phan anh n i n kinh te ndng nghiep Vl#t Nam thdi phong kien cac the kl X - XV phat triln N h i nUdc phong kiln ludn quan tam d i n eae edng trinh trj thOy, thiy ldi nham bao ve san xult, md rdng rudng ddng, gia tang eae logi cay trdng, phyc vy cudc sdng ngUdi dan cang ndng cao, Dieu dd oho thIy chfnh sach trpng ndng cCia nha nUdc phong k i l n giai dogn ngy thyc sy dgt k i t q u i tit, D l kilm tra migng hay viet, sau dgy xong bai 28 Truyin thing yeu nudc cda ddn tdc VlgtNam thdi phong klin, GV ed the eho HS k i l m tra bing cau hdi: "Qua cac truydn Thinh Tin Vidn vi Thinh Gidng-, em rdt dQdc bii hgc gl cho Ijch sCf din tgc ta?" HS se nhd Igl hai truygn trgn va d l dang cho rang, nhin tQ gdc dd LS va van hda hinh anh cua Sdn Tinh {tUc Thanh Tan Vien) chfnh la hinh I n h phan anh nang lye tri thuy eua cQ dan Vi^t ed D l cd t h i q u i n cU va lap nghiep dgc theo lUu vyc nhQng sdng Idn dQ dgi nhu sdng Hdng va sdng Ma, ygu d u d i u tien la p h l i b i l t trj thuy Va hdn hit, "tn thdy - nhiSm vu chd yeu vd quan trgng nhit cda qui trinh chinh phi^c thien nhidn se ching bao gid thdnh cdng niu khi! doin kit cda d xi hdi rdng Idn khong dugc thQdng xuyin chim Io vun dip'X^3) Od chfnh la Idi khuyen chgn ve y thQe xay dyng khdi doan k i t d l chinn phyc thien nhldn va tgo l i p cudc sdng am no Cdn truygn Thinh Gidng cd gid trj nhU mdt khUc trang cave LS chdng ngogi xam Nd ndi vdi mudn ddi r i n g , van nudc lam nguy, chiln thing ch! thudc v l nhQng b i l t t£kp hgp, huy ddng sQc mgnh eung nhu trf tue cQa todn d i n Qua bai kiem tra neu da sd HS h i l u dugc nhQ vay, thi viee k i t hgp bien phdp trgn v l cd b i n dgt du