MOT SO GIAI PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA CHUAN BI CHD TRi MAU GIAO K H I I M T H I N H VAO IfiP MOT TS BUI THI L A M " Abstract Transition from preschool to primary school is a journey with many new experie[.]
MOT SO GIAI PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA CHUAN BI CHD TRi MAU GIAO K H I I M THINH VAO IfiP MOT TS BUI THI L A M " Abstract: Transition from preschool to primary school is a journey with many new experiences and challenges for children witfi hearing impairment This study proposes solutions to improve the efficiency in school readiness for preschooler with hearing impairment These solutions include enhancing school readiness for children with hearing impairment; strengthening support services for family of children with hearing impairment in choosing the model of education and schools for the children; preparing for inclusive pnmary schools; and promoting participant of forces engaged in preparing to transition into hrst grade for children with hearing impairment Successful implementation of these solutions helps children ready for school and contributes to improving the quality of education for children with hearing impairment Keywords: children with hearing impairment, school readiness, solutions C huyen tiep tu tardng mam non sang tnrdng phd thdng la mot hanh trinh vdi hang loat trai nghiem m ^ v a nhdng thach aide veUie chat, xa hdi va hpc dudng dd'i vdi tre khiem thinh Do vay, mpt nhung mue tieu chinh cac chupng trinh can thiep sdm eho tre khiem thinh la to chdc eac hoat dpng chuyen tiep cdng Mpt so nghien edu ve viec chuan bj cho tre em vao ldp eua cac tacgia Nguyin Thi Hda, Tran Thi N^pc Chuc, Nguyin Anh Tuyet, Karen Kearns da khang dinh vai trd cua cdng tac doi vdi tre em Cac nghien cdu cua Bowe F.G., fiaver S.A da de xuat cac giai phap giiip tre khiem thinh thich ung tdt han vdi mdi trudng trudng tieu hpc.Tuynhien.hien chua cdnghien cuu nao decap den cac giai phap giup ehuan bj cho tre khiem thinh tot han vao Idp phu hap vdi dieu kien giao due cua nude ta hidn Vivay, nghien cuu cac giai phap nang eao hieu quachuanbj eho tre m l u giao khiem thinh vao tardng tieu hpc n h l m giiip tre ehuyenjutrudng mam non vao tmdng tieu hpc mptcach d l dang va thuan lai la mdt ddi hoi cua thyc tiln giao due tre khiem thinh hiennay L N h i r n g y e u t o a n h hirong den s y t h i c h nghi cua tre khiem thinh d t r i r d n g tieu hpc ^ Sy thieh nghi eua tre em d trudng tieu hpc ndi ehung va tre khiem thinh chju anh hudng ciia cac yeu to sau: - Bac diim ca nhan cua tri: C ach tre ddi phd vdi cang tliang va su thieh nghi de'n trudng co the khae phu thupc vao dae diem tinh each eua tre Ivlpt (ki2-412016) so tre khiem thinh dupe qua bao bpc tai gia dinh, cha me luon lo Idng tre khdnghieu, khdng ddi mat dupe vol khd khan, dieu dan den tre hay xau hd', thu minh hoactoling quamiicvenhung tinh hud'ng mdi Nhung tre thucng cd khd khan viee thieh nghi d trudng hon nhung tre khae 'Cac kl nang xa hdi va cae mdi quan he eua tre eOng la ye'u to ed anh hudng Cac nghien cdu ve giai doan ehuyen tiep cho thaiy edmd'i quan he ehat che gida syehap nhan eua ban be, cac md'i quan hethan thiet vdi mdt sd ban cung Idp va sy thich nghi den tardng cua tre Sy khdng than thiet vdi cac tre Idp, khdnq dupc chap nhan nhiing ban mdi chua cd hieu bietve khiem thinh cdthe la yeu td anh hudng den sythich nghi eua tre khiem thinh _ Tre cd anh/chj Idn tud'i hon eung cd anh huong de'n su thich nghi cua tre vao trudng tieu hpe Bdi vi, tre cd anh/chj Idn thi cha me cua tre da cd kie'n thuc va hieu biet nha't dinh ve trudng hpc va tre da tdng dupe tiep xiie, bat chudc cac hanh vi lien quan den suhpp tac, ty dieu chinh phii hpp vdi cac tinh hudng d trudng Cac tre khiem thinh cd anh/chj Idn han (bao gdm ca nhdng tre nghe binh thudng) cung hd trp tre hpe eac kTnang (KN) hpe dudng trudc vao Idp ^ - Nen tang gia dinh va trai nghiem cua tre: Khi tre cd kinh nghiem_ phong phu, kha nang ngdn ngu tot, tre se cam thay ty tin han d trudng Viet Nam, ta/dng hpe hien ehu ye'u sudyng ngon ngd * Tnrdng Oat hoc Sir pham Ha Noi Tap chi Giao due so 380 11 noi va tre khong noi di/ochoacmucdpphattnen ngon ngOnoi thap hon se gap nguy CO caotronjviecbico lap hpc tn/ong Mat khac, mtrc dp san sang di hoc lop cua tre khiem ihinh chju anh huong rat Idn tLfsah6trpcuagiadinh.Neugladinhc6sLrh6tro,c6 kehoach va cho tre tham gia cac chuong trinh chuyen tiep thitreseth ich nghitothon khivaotruongtieu hoc Vc( cac tre khiem thinh da tham gia hpc fltruong mam non se it gap kho khan hon khitre di hpc ISp ThOi gian tham gia hoc tap otrucmg mam non cang nhieu thitre cang It CO van devecac hanh vi chuyen tiep vao I6p - Sif ket noi giifa truong mam non, truong tieuhoc vacacdich vu/rdfrio/Sukhong gian doan cua cac dich vu ti6 trp nhu ho trp thinh hpc, trj lieu ngon ngQva icrt noi cung la yeu to giup tre khiem thinh vagia dinh tre itphai doi matvoinhijng thay doi va thich nghi voi moi trucfng moi de dang hon Dieu doi hoi can co su ket noi giQa tarcfng mam non, tru6ng tieuhpc va cac dich vu khac de tre luon nhan dupc suhd trp iien tuc 2.Mot so giai phap chuan bj cho tre mau giao khiem thinh vao lop 2.1 Chuan bi cho tre mau giao khiem thinh san sang vao lap I; • Ve the chat, bao gom chuan bj cho treco site khoe dam bao cho viec hpc tap dtrudng phothdng, ren iuyen vaphattrien cho tremptsoKN van dpng CO ban va mpt so'td chat van dpng Ngoai ra, cung can giao due dinh dudng,_suc khoe va suan toan cho tre ^ - Vengon ngu, can giiJp tre khiem thinh md rdng vd'n ngdn ngfl, lam quen vdi vd'n td dupc su dung o tieu hpc, chuan bi cho tre nhdng tien de hpc dpc, hpc Viet d trudng phd' thong Bac biet, giijp tre sd dung ngdn n j d d e giao tiep vc( ban be, thay cd dtrudng - Venhan thtk, hinh cho tre kha nang dinh hudng vao khdng gian, thdi gian va mdrdng hieu biet vemdi trudng xung quanh gan gui tre.Hinhthanhcho trenhung KN hpc tap ban dau nhu: nhung KN tien dpc, vietva nhiing KN ban dau vetoan MM khac, tre cung can dupc lam quen vdi triditrudng trudng hpc vanhung ngudi lam viec d dd de tre cd the'tutin, khdng bj ngo ngang hay so hai vao mdt mdi trudng mdi _ •fe/fA/xa/jp;; hinh cho tremptsoKN CO bari bao pom: each hpp tac Idp, hop tac nhdm, bietchia se, luan phien cac hoatddng Phattrien kha nang dpc lap va cac KN ca nhin nhutu quyet djnh,tulua chon hoatddng, biet quan lido dijhg canhan,may trpthinh,biet dat cau hdi, dlnghikhicd nhu cau giup tre tu tin, dpc lap hon vao trudng tieu hpc - Tam the cho tredihqc, bao gom kich thich Bng ham hieu biet, tim tdi kham pha dtrevakhoigpiiong mong mud'n dupc di hpc dtre Wient\ay,aVMtiem,Chuanphattrienlre5tuoli mdt gpiy cho gia dinh va tn/dng mam nonchuanhi nhijng KN can thiet cho tre khiem thinh vao ldp 1, Cac ndi dung chuan bj tren cd the dupc thuc hien thonj qua taicacachoaHqngdwmg mam nonnh\iha$ dpng vui choi, hpc tap^ hoatdpng sinh hoathang ngay, Trong qua trinh chuan bi cho tre vao Idp can quar triet mpt nguyen t^c CO ban la: Tre hoc dua tren t\osi dgng, thong qua cac hoatddng phong phu hapi^ duac tochuc va treduactruc tiep tht/chien.Ch\m\i\ cho tre vao Idp khdng ptiai day trudc chuongtrinh Iresehpc ma la c/juan/j/nen (an^detre hpctaptdtktii vao Idp 2.2 Tang cuang dich vi/hotragladinhtrevi lira chgn phuang thtic giao diic va truang hoc cho tre khiem thinh Mdi tre khiem thinh cd nhdng kha nang vanhu cau khac Khdng cd phuong phap tiep can d(tn Ienaocdlhethichhppvditatcatre1(hie'mthinh,mol sdtre khiem thinh caned phuong phap t i ^ can ngon ngd ndi thuan khiet, mptsd'can ca ngdn ngdndjvaki hieu; mdt sd can ngdn ngd ki hieu nhu la ngdn ngi? dau tien, mdt sd lai can nhung phuong phap khac trang idng giai doan phat trien nhat djnh Do vay, mptvan dekhaphdc tap, gay bdi rd'i cho cha me tre, giao vien vachuySn gia la van de lua ehpn phironj thuc giao due vatrudng hpc cho tre khiem thinh QuyS djnh cho van denay thupc ve cha metre vachinhtti' nhung cae nha chuyen mdn phai eung cap choclia me nhOngthdng tin, hd trp khican thiet degiup hgra quyetdjnh vadam bao r§ng tre khiem thinh dupcgeo due theo nhu cau ca nhan cua chung Hd trp gia dinh tre khiem thinh lua ehpn phuong thiic giao due va trudng hpc cho tre khiem thinh can tap trung giup cha m e tre phan tich thdng tin ve: Khanang etia trethao gdm kha nang ngdnnjii va giao tiep, nhan thuc, tinh cam xa hdi Kha nlrig ngdn nguva giao tiep can hie'u rdtre chu ye'u suiJiiig loai hinh ngdn ngd nao, ngdn ngO ki hieuhay n g t ngdndi, muc dp phat trien ngdn ngded dam baPM theo kjp dupc quatrinh hpc tap dtmdng tieu hpchC khdng Ve kha nang nhan tlidc, tre cd thetham gia vao cac hoatddng hpe tap cung vdi cac tre nghBft|lr^ thudng vacdthehieuduflc noidung hoat dpng khfiM? mOte ddcan ho trocua tre cac hoat ddng hpftp Lieu tre ed thd'ddc lap duge moitn/dng M ? vdi ddng hpe sinh hay v l n can nhieu su giup jaB giao vien, ban be Tatca cac thdng tin tren se djnli 121 Tap chi Qiao due so 380 (ki 2-412016) hudng cho giao vien,chametrong viec xac dinh mdi ta/dng hpc tap, phuong thuc giao tiep, quy md Idp hpc phu hpp vdi tre Cac phuang tht/c giao due cho tre khii'm thinh tai dja phuang: Mac du khdn^ cd nhieu lua chon ve loai hinh trudng hpc cho tre khiem thinh nhung hieu bietve cac tardng la ^eu quan trpng de'giup cha mexem xet trudng nao latrudng totnh^cho minh Hien nay, cae dja phuang thudng edba phuang thuc giaodycchinhchotrekhiemtiiinh la trudng hoanhap, tardng ban hda nhap va tardng chuyen biet Moi phuang thuc giao due deu co nhflng uu diem, han che nhatdinh vdi tdng tardng hpp tre khiem thinh cy the Phuang thuc giao tiip duac si/dung truang hgc:Ca.cinidngieu hpc cung ehung phuang thdc giao due song cd thesudungphuang tiidc giao tiep khaenhau Gia dinh tre can biet duac giao vien se diing ngdn ngdndi, ki hieu hay giaO tiep td'ng hop de giao tiep vdi tre Phuang thuc giao tiep dded phu hpp vdi kha nang ngdn ngd va kha nang hpe tap cua tre khdng? Mat khae, phuong thdc giao tiep ma nha tardng sudyng ed phd hpp vdi ki vpng eua gia dinh, kha nang hdtrptdcpng ddng khdng? St/ than thien cua moi trudng, giao viin va ban giam ft/ei/;sychap nhan eua ban be, giao vien va nhdng ngudi lam viec nha trudng la yeu td anh hudng den kha nang hoanhap va hoc tap cija tre khiem thinh dta/dng tieu hpc Do vay, can xem xet sy than Men cua moi tardng hpc tap nha trudng nhu tardng da cd h_pc sinh khuyet tat hpc hpa nhap chua? Tardng cdsan sang ddn nhan eac hoc sinh eo nhu cau dae biet khdng? Ta/dng cd the cd nhflng dieu chinh nao ve chuang trinh eho hpc sinh cd khd khan? Giao vien day hpc eae ldp hpc cd tre khiem thinh ed dupc dao tao ye giao due dac biet khdng, cd kinh nghiem hoac san sang tiep nhan tre hay khdng Ngoai ra, giao vien cua trudng cd nhan dupe sy hd trp chuyen mdn td cac taing tam hd trp giao due hda nhap khong Khanang liin kit cua nhatrudng vai cac dfch vuhdtrakhac cho tre Hien nay, mptsotrudng day tre khiem thinh cd the cd sy ket noi vdi eac djeh vy thinh hpc, djch yu can thiep, hotrp, trj lieu canhari Cd duac s y ket noi se giup cho viec thd'ng nhat npi dung, phuang phap day tre va giup dat dupc cac myc tieu giao due tot han Mpt so yeu to khac can phan tieh lya ehpn tardng hpe cho tre khiem thinh la: - Khoang each ed lien quan den VEU1 de di lai cua l!re, neu sydi lai qua vat va eho tre vagia dinh ^ieunged anh hudng nhat djnh de'n tam ly, nang lye hpe tap cda tre; - Thdiiuanghgc (ki2-4/2016) dtn/dng se anh hudng de'n eac djch vy khac ma tre khiem thinh can Uiam gia ben ngoai ta/dng hge nhu hoat dpng tri lieu ngdn ngfl va Icrt ndi, d jeh vy hdtrp ea nhan Do vay, nhu eau eae djeh vy matre dang thy huc'ng, kha nang linh hoattrong thdi Iupng hpc tap d tn/dng tieu hpc vadleu kien gia dinh tre cung la nhdng yeu td can duqe can nh^e 2.3 Chuan bi cho cac trucmg^ tieu hgc nhan tre khiem thinh hgc hoa nhap.Oe giao due cho tre khiem thinh nhung nam dau dtrudng tieu hoc dupc thuc hien cd hieu qua, doi hoi can cosy chuan bj ve mat tam li eho ban than tre khiem thinh, gia dinh tre, cac can bp, giao vien lam viec trudng va ea nhdng phy huynh cua nhatn/dng Tre em nghe binh thudng cunq can 6\jqc chuin bj nhflng hieu bietve cac ban khiem thinh detre biet caeh^dng xudung d i n vdi tre khiem thinh didp Thyc te trien khai giao due hoa nhap da eho thay ednhflng trebinhthudngkhitiiayban khiem thinh de'n lop lai so hai hoac treu choc, d e b i u Nhung hieu bietve tre khiem thinh cdthe kheo leo long ghep ndi dung hpc tap cua tre em Nhflng hieu biet can cho tatca tre em de giup tre d l dang chap nhan va tdn trpng sy da dang cupc sd'ng va xa hdi Cung can phai lam td't cdng tac chuan bj ve mat tam li cho can bp, cong nhan vien nha trudng cung nhuphy huynh trudng denhan dupc syung hd cua hpkhitrudng, \dp ed tre khiem thinh Cdphy huynh khdng mud'n minh hpc chung Idp vdi tre khiem thinh vi so tre khiem thinii se ed nhflng anh hudng khdng tot tdi minh; ednhflng can bd nhan vien tn/dng ngai giao tiep vdi tre khiem thinh vi sp khd, sp kho , vivay, can tuyen tmyen,van dpng, nang cao ntian thuc cho can bd, giao vien vacdng dong xa hpi ve nhiem vu cham sde, giao dye tre khiem thinh, ntian thde diing dan ve Ipi ich cua giao due hoa nhap ddivditrekhiem thinh Mat khac, cac trudng tiai hpc eung can dupc chuan bitam //delam quen vdi mot mdltrudng lam viec da dang vdi sytham gia cua nhieu chuyen gia vacd the CO sytham gia cua cac giao vien hd trp td trung tam hdtrpgiao dye hda nhap cua dja phuang 2.4 Huy dgng cac li/c lugng giao due tham gia chuan bicho tre khii'm thinh vao idp Hoat dpng chuyen tiep tdmau giao sang Idp cua tre khiem thinh anh huong tdi tre, gia dinh, can bp chuyen mdn, day la thdi diem nhay cam va ddi hdi sytham gia cua tatca mpi ngud^ Sutham gia cua trekhii'm thinhiCac hoatdpng chuan bi cho tre vao Idp can cd sutham gia eua tre td lap kehoach, thuc hien cae hoat dpng va dua Tap chi Giao due so 380 13 nhung quyetdjnh lien quan den jya ehpn phuong thdcgiaodycvato/dng hpc Cae kehoach, hoatddng phaixuatphattuehinh tre Strtfiamflf/acuag/ad'/n/?;Cacnhachuyenmdn can nhin nhan tre khiem thinh bacanh cua chinh gia dinh tre sy tuong tae vdi cac he thd'ng xa hdi Idn hon Gia dinh phai tham gia vao viee lap ke hoach chuan bj cho tre vao Idp Can bd chuyen mon phai nhay cam ta/dc cac nhu cau vamongmud'n cua tdng gia dinh Viec chuan bj cho tre khiem thinh vao ldp mdt cdthe diin cong nhung nd ddi tioi phai cd dupe sy hpp tae, trao dd'i thdng tin va lap ke hoaeh toan dien vdi sy giiip dd eua gia dinh Str tham gia cua chijyin gia va cac can bg cung cap djch vij, bao gom: giao vien giao dye dac biet, giao vien binh thudng, can bp quan li, chuyen gia ttilnh hpc, chuyen gia tri lieu ngdn ngflva Idi noi, can bp dieu phoi djeh vy, va nhieu chuyen gia khac tham gia cung cap djch vu eho tre khiem thinh va gia dinh ^ St/tham gia cua trudng mam non va tn/dng tieu hgc, ehuan bj eho tre khiem thinh vao Idp can dam baosykettiuagiflahaibachpcmam non vatieu hpc Cae ndi dung chuan bj cho tre khiem thinh, dae biet la ldp m i u giao tu6\ can gan ket vdi chupng trinh cua Idp Mat khac, trudng tieu hpe eung can nghien cdu kl chuang trinh ma treda dupe hoc P mam nori, hospea nhan eua tre khiem thinh tdmam nondenam rd dae diem khanang, diem manh,diem yeu cua tre, ke thfla nhung tyu ma tre da dat dupcdmamnon Suphattrien eua^trekhiem thinh la mptquatrinh lien tuc, tre ehi cd the hpc tap edng d giai doan mdi neu dupc chuan bj kTcang tu giai doan trudc do, dac biet d cac thdi diem cd sy thay doi Bai viet da trinh bay cae giai phap nang cao hieu quaehuan bi cho tre khiem thinh vao Idp Cac gia phap tap trung hdtrp eho tre vagia dinhfre,dupc thyc hien moiquan he chat che gida cae luc Iupng cd lien quan bao gom; ban than tre, gia dinh, trudng mam non, tardng tieu hpe va cac dich vu hd trp khac Thuc hien tot cac giai phap khong ctii giiip tre khiem ihinh dupc chuan bj tot hon khivao tiudng tiai hpc macdn gqjphan nang cao chat Iupng giao dye tre khiem thinh • Tai lieu tham khao Bowe F.G Birth to five: Early childhood special education New York: Deimar Publishers 200! Trin Thi Ngoc Chuc CSn chuSn hi nhung gi cho tre vao Jcfp NXB TSng hop TP HS Chi Minh 2008 Nguyfin Thj Hoa Giao due hoc mSm non NXB Dgi hgc Supham H 2011 14 Tap chi Gido dye so 380 Karen Kearns Birth to big School Pe&^ Publisher Australia, 2010 Penny Tassoni et al Early years care and education Deimar Publisher 201?: Raver S.A Early childhood special educaUon, 0-8 years: Strategies for positive outcomes New Jersey: Pearson Education 2009 Nguyin Anh Tuy€t GiSo due mam non - Nhiing vJdi de li luSn v^ thyc tiln NXB B^i hgc Suphfim H 2001, flam bao cac nhan I L (Tiep theo trang 21) dpng vien dpi ngO CBQL dang lam viee, QL ocac dja ban khd khan nhuvung eao, vung sau, cac dm tupng GD ehuyen biet, CBQL eac trudng hpc phai la mot niia GD, mpt nha QL, nha lanh dao, cd kha nang tap hap cac vien de thyc hien myc tieu GD toan dien cua nha trudng Phat trie'n pham chat, nang luc cua dpi ngu CBQLcactn/dngTHPT CO nhanh, ben vdng hay khdng phu thupc vao sy tae dong eua nhflng nhan to qua trinh hoat dpng Vj vay, can xac djnh diing eac nhan td'ay dtdngtiiiii diem, dja ban, tflng loai hinh can bd de co bien phap xuli mptcach linh hoat, sang tao, nhSm nang cao chat Iupng, hieu qua xay dyng dpi nguCBQL cac trudng THPT, dap flng yeu cau dd'i mdi car ban.toan dien GD-DT • (1) H6 Chi Minh ToSn tSp (tap 5) NXB Chinh tti Qu&c gia • Sit thdt, H.2004 (2) H6 Chi Minh Toan tSp {t|p 6), NXB Chinh iri Qud'c gia - Su thdt, H.2004 Tai li^u t h a m khao Ban Bi thir Trung ircmg Dang Chi thi s6'40-a/rV/ ngdy 15/6/2004 vi vi$c xdy d^ng ndng cao chd! tuong ddi nga nhd gido vd cdn bd qudn ligidod^c Ban Cha'p hanh Trung uang Nghi quyit si! 29-NQ/TW ngdy 4/11/2013 Hdi nghi Trung uong S khda XI vS ddi m&i cdn bdn todn diSn gido difc ^ ddo tao ddp ling yiu cdu cdng nghiSp hda, hi^n dfi hoa diiu ki$n kinh tithi trudng dinh hieing xi hdi chii nghta vd hdi nh^p qu6c ti Bp GD-DT Thong tus^ 13/2012/TT-BGDDT ngiy 6/4/2012 ban hdnh Quy dinh vi Tiiu chudn ddnh gii Irud-ng trung hpc casd', trudng trung hpcph^lhdni vd tru&ng phd thdng cd nhiiu cdp hgc (ki2-4120161 ... giai phap chuan bj cho tre mau giao khiem thinh vao lop 2.1 Chuan bi cho tre mau giao khiem thinh san sang vao lap I; • Ve the chat, bao gom chuan bj cho treco site khoe dam bao cho viec hpc tap... nonchuanhi nhijng KN can thiet cho tre khiem thinh vao ldp 1, Cac ndi dung chuan bj tren cd the dupc thuc hien thonj qua taicacachoaHqngdwmg mam nonnh\iha$ dpng vui choi, hpc tap^ hoatdpng sinh... mptvan dekhaphdc tap, gay bdi rd''i cho cha me tre, giao vien vachuySn gia la van de lua ehpn phironj thuc giao due vatrudng hpc cho tre khiem thinh QuyS djnh cho van denay thupc ve cha metre vachinhtti''