JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOT 10 18173/2354 1075 2015 0003 Educational Sci , 2015, Vol 60, No I, pp 20 29 This paper is available online at http //stdb hnue edu vn G I A I P H A P D I N H H U O N G N[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2015, Vol 60, No I, pp 20-29 This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn DOT: 10.18173/2354-1075.2015-0003 GIAI PHAP D I N H H U O N G N G U I HOC T R O N G MOI T R U I N G DAY H O C T R U C T U Y E N N g u y e n Thi Hfldng G i a n g Viin Suphgm Ky thudt, Trudng Dgi hgc Bdeh khoa Hd Ndi Tdm lat Trong the ki XXT - thdi dai cua ki nguyen so va ihdng tin - day hoc irUc luyin trd mot hinh thflc day hoc tat yeu Tuy nhien, nhflng thay ddi [fl day hoc giap mat sang day hpc trUc tuyen dai nhieu bai toan khd cho ngUdi day ngUcii hoc va ca nhflng chuyen gia Ihiet ke khda hoc Mdi nhflng thach thflc de tnen khai day hpc trUc tuyen hieu qua la tim each thflc de hd trp ngUdi hpc lam quen vdi mdi IrUdng mdi, djnh hudng ho hoc tap phii hdp vdi nang lUc, dac diem hoc lap cua ho Vi vay, muc di'ch chinh cua bai bao la dUa cac giai phap sU pham viec thilt kl mdi trUdng day hoc trUc tuyin phii hdp vdi dac tinh cua sinh vien, dd mau khao sat la sinh vien kT thuat cua trUdng Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha Ndi Ket qua nghien cflu dl xuat nhom cac phUdng phap - phUdng tien day hoc trUc tuyin, tao nen nhflng moi trUdng hoc tap true tuyin thich flng vdi dac trUng ciia tflng nhdm ngUdi hoc, gop phan nang cao chat lUdng ciia cac khda hpc trUc tuyen hien nayi 7M* khda: E-learning cdng nghe dgy hgc true luyen dinh hudng ngudi hoc phong cdeh hgc lap triic luyen Mb dau Day hpc trUc tuyin ddi tfl d i u nhflng ndm 1990 d i n dUdc phdt tnen khd manh me d nhieu to chflc gido due, cac cd sd dao tao cung nhu cac doanh nghiep Trong g i n hai thap ki qua, lUdng sinh vien tham gia cac khda hpc trUc tuyin va cdc khda hpc kit hdp tang dang ke bdi giao due trUc tuyen cung cap kha nang Iruy cap tang cUdng, sU linh ddng va thuan lien cho ngUdi hoc Tuy nhien, theo nghiin cflu ciia Diaz [ I ], day hpc irflc tuyin cung cd mdt ban che chinh dd la ti II bd hoc eao, ti le hoan va cdng cfla ngUdi hoe trUc tuyin thap hdn ngudi hoc cua cac khda hpc giap mat Nguyin nhan chfnh cua ban che la qua trinh day hoc liUc tuyin cd nhilu thay ddi cd ban v i phUdng phap, binh thflc td chflc, phUdng lien day hpc so vdi day hoc giap mat V i l e bd hoc cua ngUdi hpc inJc tuyen x u i t phdt tfl nhflng thach thflc ma ngUdi hpc ddi mat vdi cac mdi trUdng hpc tap true tuyen hoac mdi trUdng hoc tap kit hdp, dd la ngUdi hoc khdng hil'u vl sU khde b i l l gifla mdi trudng hoc tap IrUc tuyen vd cac khda hpc giap mat truyin Ihdng, hdn nfla, ngfldi hpc khdng cd cac kT nang de hpc hieu qua cac khda hoe trflc tuyin vd cac khda hoc k l l bdp Ben canh dd, sU chuyen ddi irong day hoe tti Idp hoc giap mat cd hudng dan eua gido viin sang tu bpc true Uiyin khdng diln d l dang Trong Idp hoc truyen Ihdng, ngUdi hpc phii ihudc vap giao v i l n v l ddng cd hpc tap, sU budng ddn, thill lap muc dich, gidm sat liln irinh, tir danh gia Ngiiy nhan hai: 15/10/2014, Ngay nhan dang' 27/01/2015 Lien he: Nguyin Thi HifOng Gung, e-mail- giang.nguycnlhihuong@husi edu.vn Gidi phdp dinh hudng ngudi hgc Irong mdi truiing day hoc Iriic luyin V ^ va bilu qua hpc tap cua ngUdi bpc NgUdc lai, ngUdi hpc irUc luyen can cd trach nhiem hdn qua irinh bpc tap cua riing bp tliy nhiin, nhilu ngUdi hpe IrUc tuyen khdng chuan bi hoac khdng san sang de ihue hien nhu vay bdi nhflng ngUdi hpc trUdng Ihanh dd cd nhflng kT nang hpc tap la san pham eua nhieu nam phat tril'n vd hinh ihdi quen Irong Idp hoe giap mat Do dd, sU tbanb cdng cua ngudt hoe va viec tri sd Ifldng ngUdi hoc trd mpt khdi diu quan trpng nhit cho cac cd sd dao tao cung cap cdc khda hoc true tuyen Vi vay, ngUdi hpc can dfldc chuan bi de hpc cac khda bpc irUc myln, ddng thdi hp can dUdc djnh hudng sudl qua trinh bpc lap nham mue dfch giup bp cdng cac khda hpc Dd la li cdn cd mdi IrUdng hpc tap djnh bUdng cho ngUdi hoe irUe tuyin Pban tilp theo, tac gia xin dl cap den If luan va cdng nghl day hoe true myen, lam cd sd de thilt kl mdi irUdng day bpc trUc tuyin dUdc dinh hUdng phu bdp vdi tflng nbdm ngUdi hdc Noi dung nghien cihi 2.1 Li luan va cong nghe day hpc triTc tuyen Nhu da dinb nghia d bai bao [2], day hpc trUc myin Id binh Ihflc day hoe tich hdp cac flng dung ciia CNTT&TT vao vile phdn phdi cac bai hpc thdng qua internet Ngay nay, mang internet va cac dich vu cua nd da bung nd va cd san mpi boat ddng xa hdi, irong dd cd giao due Do dd hau hit cac ldp bpc deu cd the sfl dung internet va cac phUdng lien dien tfl d mpt mflc dd nhil dinh Vi vay, mpt Idp hpc sfl dung hinh ihflc day hpc true luyin hay khdng phu thupc vao ba lieu chi cd ban: Mflc dp truyen tai kiln thflc qua internet (thdng qua chien lUdc/phUdng phap sU pham dUdc thilt ki); Ti le hpc lieu dien tfl dfldc sfl dung khda hpc (hpc bdng phUdng tien day hoc hien dai); Mflc dp linh dpng vl khdng-lhdi gian gifla thiy va trd (mdi trfldng day bpc) Can cfl vao ba lieu chf nay, Allen [3] cho rang trUdng hpc cd the cung cap cae khda bpc inrc myln theo nhilu each thflc khde nhU: Khda hoe giap mat dila trin web (tl le ndi dung dUdc phan phdi true tuyin khoang tfl 1% tdi 29%), khda bpc kit hdp gidp mat va true myin (ti le tfl 30% Idi 79%), khda hoc true tuyin (iT II ndy tfl 80% trd lin) Kit qua la mpl khda bpc dfldc gpi Id khda bpc IrUc myin li le cac ndi dung hpc tap dUdc phdn phdi IrUc tuyen qua inlernei pbai ifl 80% trd lin Ld mdt binh thfle day hpe dUa trin nhflng lUu eua internet va mang viln ihdng, qua trinh day hpc trUc tuyen vdn mang ban chat eua qua trinh day hpc thdng thudng Vi vay, van dung quan diem vi cdng nghl day hpc [4], ed the dinh nghTa cdng nghl day hpc IrUc tuyin nhU sau: Cdng nghi dgy hgc true tuyen Id mdi he ihdng phuang lien dgy hoc true luyin phuang phdp dgy hoc tnfc tuyin vd ki ndng dgy hoc true tuyen nham vdn dung nhimg qui luat ciia idm It hgc gido due hoc, tdc ddng vao ngudi hgc trite tuyin, tgo nen mdt nhdn each xdc dinh Nbu vay, qua trinh day hoe true luyen Iheo liep can cdng nghe se pbai dam bao cac nguyen lac [4] thdng nhal gifla: Tfnh khoa hpc va tfnh cdng nghe, tfnh kha tbi va tinb hieu qua, linh luan thu nguyin tie vdi tfnh dpc lap sang tao Nhflng nguyen lac se tbiet lap cac mdi quan he gifla ba phan phUdng tien day hpe true myln, phUdng phap day hpc true myen va ki nang day hpc trUe tuyen Iheo quy lual "vdi mdi nhiem vu hay edng vile can lam, cd the xdc dinh dUdc mdt lap hdp phUdng tien va pbUdng phap cbo chi can ki nang tac nghilp (tflc la kT nang sfl dung phfldng tiln va phfldng phap) dat mfle tdi thieu cin thilt Id se dam bao lam dfldc (kha thi), cdn niu kT nang dd cdng thuan thuc, tdi mflc kT xao hoac hdn nfla, idi mflc sang lao, Ihi cdng cd the lam tdt, tflc la hieu qua cang cao (theo nghTa cua tiiu ciji dd djnh), tdi mflc cd the cai tiln phUdng lien va phUdng phap hien ed hoac gdp phan phat minh, sang chi pbUdng tiln va phUdng phdp mdi Tap hdp phUdng tiln va pbUdng phap mdi, vdi mdt ki nang tae nghilp tdi thieu can thiet mdi, lai cho phep dat mflc kha thi mdi, cao hdn trUdc (hoac ndi Id lam kha tbi va tam kT ndng mdi, cao hdn)." Nguyin Thi Hudng Giang Vl vay, Irong day hpc IrUc tuyin, mdi quan he ndy dUdc md la cu ihe nhU sau: v i mat vai li, phUdng lien day hoc true tuyin dUdc phan loai Ihanh hai ting cd ban Tang la cac da phUdng lien (mulilmedia) nhu van ban (lext), dm (audio), hinh anh tTnh, hoat hinh, phim, Ird chdi, md phdng mang thdng tin ve ndi dung hpe tap Da phUdng tien cd the coi \a nhflng phin Ihdng tin bat nhan cua mdi bai hpc; tang la cac dich vu internet de truyen tai Ihdng tin tdi ngUdi hpc nhu Thu diln tfl, trang web, dien dan, tin nhan, xem phim trUc tuyin, mang xa hpi, hpi ngh] trUc tuyen Nlu nhu day hpc truyen thdng, ngUdi giao vien se truyen tai npi dung hoe tap irflc tilp tbi irong day hoc IrUc tuyin, phUdng tiln day hoc se vfla chfla dflng ndi dung hpc tap, vfla thay the chflc nang truyen lai npi dung ciia gido viln tdi ngUdi hpc Kit qua la, he thdng phUdng lien day bpc true tuyin ddng mdt vai trd Ihilt yiu mdi trudng hoc tap trUc luyin, bdi nd vfla la phUdng tien, vfla lich hdp phUdng phap theo quan dii'm day hoc truyin thong Vile cung cap cac da phUdng tien qua dich vu miernet dUdc tiln hanh qua cdc boat ddng bpc lap dUOc thill kl budng ldi ngUdi hoc Cac boat ddng hoc lap la cac thdnb pban dUdc cau tnic sU pham mpt bdi bpc true myen Va cudi ciing, cdc bai bpc trUc luyen dUdc id hdp vdi tbanb mdt khda hpc irUc tuyin theo nhflng chiln lUdc sU pham eu the Qud trinh kit hdp lien dUdc tbiet kl dua tren mue lieu cua khda hpc, cac dac trUng cua ngUdi hpc, ddc diem khoa hoc cua ndi dung can truyen tai Dd chinh la ban chit cua phUdng phdp day hoc true tuyin Vi vay, phUdng phdp day hpc irUc luyin cd the bieu la phUdng phap tbiet kl cdc da phUdng tien, cdeh thflc sfl dung cac dich vu internet de tiuyin lai ndi dung tdi ngUdi hoc liifc tuyen va la cac chiln lUdc sU pham de td chflc mdt khda bpc trflc tuyen Day hpc irUc tuyin chfnh la mdt loai hinh dich vu internet flng dung gido due, cac ki nang day hpc irUc tuyen mang nhflng dac trUng neng, phu hdp vdi ngUdi hpc irUc tuyin vd dap flng mdi tnJdng flng dung ICT Do dd, ki nang day hoc Irflc tuyen chfnh lit cac ki ndng sfl dung va ihiil kl phfldng tien day hpc hien dai, kT ndng sfl dung cac dich vu internet chia se kiln ihflc, kT nang day - tu hoc Vdi nhflng cd sd If luan vd cdng nghl day IHIL* irUc tuyin nay, viec dinh hUdng ngUdi hpc irUc tuyen dat nhflng ylu cau khac bilt thill kc cac khda hpc trflc luyin, lao nin nhflng ddc trflng cd ban cua cdng nghe day hpc true luyen theo liep can dmh budng ngUdi hoc 2.2 NhUng dac trUng cd ban cua cong nghe day hoc trUc tuyen theo tiep can dinh hu6ng ngUcfi hoc De Ihilt kl dUdc cac khda hpc trUc myln dam bao tinh djnh hudng thi'ch ngbi theo dac irUng cua ngUdi hpc, qua irinh day hpc theo liep cdn cdng nghl cin dam bao: - Ve phuang liin dgy hgc irife luyen Nhflng Iitu cua cdng nghe Ihdng tin va truyin thdng dd dem den cho ngudi nhflng san pham da phUdng tien hap dan, nhflng dich vu inlernei rat phong phu, da dang Tuy nhiin, mdi ngUdi diing cung cd nhflng thdi quen, sd Ihich, kT nang sfl dung khac Nhflng dich vu inlernei vdi vai trd la phUdng lien day bpc imc luyin cd the tao mdt mdi inJdng hpc tap edng tac (sfl dung cdc dich vu mang xa hdi nhu Facebook, Wiki, Forum ) hay cd the la mdi trudng hpc tap tu nghiin cihi dpc lap (chang han nhU Webquest) hoae ed the Id mdi tixfdng hudng din day du (chang han nhu bai giang chuan SCORM) Vi vay, viec lUa ehpn cac kil'u dich vu internet de thiil kl khda hpe thich nghi can can cfl vao dac ining (vi tdm li, thdi quen, sd thieh, nang lUc ) cua tflng nhdm ngUdi hpc - Dot vdi phitang phdp day hgc true luyin Mac dii hd trd cdc dae tinh ca nhdn hda n^udi dung vl dja dii'm, thdi gian, ddi tUdng nhUng cdc khda hoc liUc tuyin dUdc ddnh gia cdn thiiu tinh thich flng trdng chia se ndi dung, tai lieu hpc tap NgUdi hpc trUc tuyin Id ngUdi hpc da dang ve trinh dd, bdi vay eac khda hoc khdng the qua kbit khe vl ylu ciu Irinh dp ddi vdi ngudi hpc tham gia khda bpc tnJc tuyin, Cdc khda hpc can dUdc phat trien de cho phep "ai ed nhu ciu hpc diu Gidi phdp dinh hudng ngifdi hoc Irong nidi irirdng dii\ hat in/t iii\en dfldc thda man" Do dd cd the ndi "khdng cd hpc trd ddt, ma chi vi khdng cd each truyen tai ndi dung phii hdp tdi ngUdi hpc" Ndi khac di, mpi ngUdi d moi trinh dd deu cd the tham gia khda hoc bo ed nguyen vong Kit qua la, cac khda hoc trUc tuyin phdi cd pbUdng phap iruyin tai ndi dung Ihich flng vdi tflng ddi lUdng ngUdi hoc, Ylu cau ddi hdi pbai tiln hanh phan loai ngUdi hpc trdng hpc tap irUc luyln Qua irinh IhUdng dUa tren cac md hinh phan loai ngUdi hoc dd trinh bay d bai bao [5] Cdc md hinh sfl dung nhflng cdn cfl khac phan loai ngUdi hpc Tuy nhiin, de phai trien cac chien lUdc djnh hUdng ngUdi hpc trUc luyln can phai lUa chpn cac md binh gan vdi ddc li'nb eiia ngfldi hoc true tuyin (dUa tren cac dac irung tam li, ddng lUc vd ki nang xa hdi tUdng ldc irin mang) Theo Margaret Maitinez [6], md hinh djnh hUdng hpc lap LOM ta mdt md hinh dUdc xay dUng dUa Uln nhflng nghien cflU ve ngudi hoc true tuyen Vi vay, md binh LOM hoan loan phu hdp de de xudt cac phUiing phdp day hpe trUc tuyen theo tilp can djnh hudng ngUdi hpc - Cdc kindng dgy hgc irife luyen Hoc lap IrUc tuyen yeu cau mpl tap cac ki ndng khac vdi hpc tap Irong mdi injdng giap mat nhU kT nang tm hpc va mdt sd kT nang hanh vi Theo Clark va Mayer [7], ngUdi bpc true tuyen can cd cac kT ndng sieu nhdn ihflc Cdc kT nang chinh la kha ndng thiet lap cac muc dfch hoc lap de quyll dinh lam Ihl nao dal tdi cac muc dich dd, va thUc biln nhflng diiu chinh cdn thiet Nhflng ngUdi hoc ngheo kT nang silu nhdn ihflc cdn nhilu hudng dan bdn nhflng ngUdi hoc giau kT nang silu nhan thflc cd xu bUdng lU hoan ihtin Vile thilt lap kT nang ndy dUdc md ta nhU cac pham chat ciia "ngUdi hoc lU hUdng dan" Danh gia nhflng ngfldi hoc tbanb cdng cac khda hoc tiUc myen Pillay [8] cho rang, cac kT nang quan trpng can ihiet d ngUdi hoc true luyen la kha nang lUa chpn cac ird giup hpc tap mdt each dung dan, viec quan ti thdi gian bieu qua va kha nang lap tiung qua trinh hpc Vi vay, de trd giup ngudi bpc true tuyin edng cac khda hoc, cac mdi trudng dinh hudng phai phat trien cac kT nang day hpc "lU hUdng ddn" d ngUdi hoc Qua nhflng phdn tfcb ve ba phan cd ban ciia cdng nghe day hoc true tuyen dl' hinh mdi trfldng dinh hfldng hpc tap, vile tim hil'u dac tiTfng bpc tap cua tflng nhdm ngUdi hpc theo md binh LOM se cung cap cd sd lUa ehpn cdc phUdng lien, pbUdng phdp va kT nang day hpc cu the dung mdi irUdng dinb hUdng Vi vay, ndi dung liep theo gidi thieu kit qua khao sal IhUc trang hpc tap cua sinh viln cac nganh ki ihuat theo cdc nhdm ngUdi hpc, phdn loai bdi LOM 2.3 Nhung phong each hoc tap dien hinh cua sinh vien cac nganh kT thuat Cac tieu chi de khao sat phong each hoc tap Dua tren nhflng de xual cua Margaret Martinez vl md binh dmh bUdng ngUdi hoc, vile khao sdt dac irUng cua ngUdi bpc dUa tren bdn nhdm phong each: Sang tao, thuc hien, tuan lenh va chdng ddi Trong dd, viec ma hda thang gia trj ciia tflng nhdm phong cdeh dUde md ta d bang sau: Nhdm phong each Sdng lao Thuc hien Tuan lenh Chdng ddi Thang gia Iri Nhflng dac tmng cho tflng nhdm ngfldi hpc dUdc khao sat Ihdng qua bang bdi, ndi dung bang hdi de cap den 10 tinh hudng ma ngfldi hpc da trai nghiem qua Irinh hpc tap cua minh: I- Khi nao thi ngUdi bpc se lap irung vdo hoc ldp; 2- Ho chu ddng hpc hoan canh nao; 3NgUdi hoe quylt lam hpc d mflc dd nao; 4- Cac kieu nhiem vu hpc tap ma ngUdi hoc lUa chon; 523 Nguyen Thj Huong Giang Cach thfle ngUdi hoc giai quyit nhiem vu hpc tap eua minh; 6- Su nd lUc hoc tap; 7- Tfnh Ifl chiu Irach nhiem hpc lap eua mdi ca nhan ngUdi hoc; 8- PhUdng thfle tac ddng cua mdi trUdng bpc lap anh hUdng tdi vile hoe nhu the nao; 9- Su phu thudc ciia ngUdi hpc vao mdi IrUdng; lO-Kil'u mdi trUdng bpc tap ma ngUdi hpc Ua thich - Doi tuang khao sdt D e dac irung cho smh v i l n nhdm nganh ki thuat, nghien cthi dd liin hanh khao sat cac sinh viln cua irudng Dai hoc Bdch Khoa Ha Ndi lam dai diln - Kich thudc mau Vdi dp chfnh xdc £• = 123 va dp tin cay la = % , phUdng sai mau d i i u ehinh la s = d^ = (0 85)^ Ta cd the xdc dinh sd lUdng mau sinh viln c i n khao sal nhu sau: D o = 9'>'7rnln (n = \ti X d" - Ap dung cdng Ihflc xac dinh sd lUdng mau n 1,962 X Q^g^i 0,1232 I D o dd, ta se chpn sd lUdng mau Id 187 sinh viln Bach Khoa de liin hanh khao sat - Kit qud khao sdt K i t qua khao sat dUdc pban lich bdng p h i m m i m SPSS TT 10 Bdng Khao sdt chung vi kii'u phong each dien hinh dUa trin Ift tiiu chi khao sdt Std.Error Std N Mean Deviation of Mean Missing Valiii Khi nao th'i ngirdi hoc se tiip 2,1016 0,05117 0,69973 187 trung vao hoc tap Ngucli hgc chii dong hoc 187 1,7594 0,04555 0,62291 hoan canh nao Ngifdi hoc quygt tam hoc cl 1,8824 187 0,08014 1,09596 mile tjo nao Cac Itieu nhiem vu hoc tap 187 1,5882 0,06283 0,85915 ma ngUdl hoc lua chon Cach thilc ngudi hpc giai 187 quy§t nhiem vu hoc tap ciia 1,9786 0,06823 0,93301 minh Su no life hpc tap 186 2,0484 0,06659 0,90812 Ti'nh tij chiu trach nhiem hoc tap ciia moi ca 187 ,.1743 0,04606 0,62989 nhan ngudi hoc PhUdng thiic tac (Jong ciJa moi trudng hoc tap anh 187 0,07628 2,5455 1,04306 hudng t6i viec hgc nhu the Tieu chi nag SiJ phiJ thupc ciia ngUdi hgc vag moi tnfdng Ki£u moi trudng hgc tap ma ngUdi hpc ua thi'ch "lYung binh chung 187 1,7487 0,06047 187 1,9679 0,06014 0,82243 1,8995 0,061746 0,844118 0,82692 Gidi phdp dinh hudng ngudi hgc irong mdi irUdng day hgc IrUc luyin Kit qua khao sat cbo thay gia trj trung binh cua 9/10 lieu chi tap trung quanh gia in (irfl lilu chi 7), tfle la nhin chung sinh vien DHBKHN Ihudc nbdm ngUdi hoc IhUc biln NgUdi hpc IhUc bien la nhiJng ngUdi hpc trUc tuyen tiem nang bdi cac ki ndng hpc tap chu ddng, Ua cpng tdc va lam vile nbdm Day la mdt dieu kiln thuan ldi de tril'n khai binh thflc day hpc tnic myln cho sinb viln DHBKfTN Bang Thong ki tan suat cua tiing nhom phong each the hiin qua 10 tieu chi Sang Thuc Tuan Chong Total hien lenh Khi nao thi ngUdi hoc se Idp Frequenc) -SQ 115 35 187 trang vao hgc lap Percent 16 61.5 18,7 3.7 100 Ngitdi hoc chii dong hgc Irong Frequency 60 116 187 hoan canh nao Percent 32.1 62 3.7 2,1 100 NgUtii hoc qoycl lam hoc d Frequency 94 51 12 10 187 miic nao Percent 50.3 27.3 6.4 16 iOO Cue kieu nhiem vu hgc lap ma Frequency 114 45 19 187 ngUdi hoc \\Sa chgn Percent 61 24.1 10.2 4,8 100 Cach thiic ngudi hoc giai quyel Frequency 76 46 58 187 nhiem vu \\at tap ciia minh Percent 40.6 24.6 31 3.7 100 Frequency 53 90 24 19 186 Su no lUc hgc tap Percent 28.3 48.1 12.8 10.2 99.5 Ti'nh UI chiu trach nhiem Frequency 129 49 187 hoc tap ciia moi ca nhan ngUcIi Percent 69 26.2 3.2 1.6 100 Phitdng thiic lac dgng ciia moi Frequency 31 70 39 47 187 tniting hoc tap anh hudng tdi viec hoc nhu the nao Percent 16.6 37.4 20,9 1.5.1 100 Su phu thugc ciia ngufli hgc Frequency 83 78 16 10 187 vao moi tnfdng Percent 44.4 41,7 8.6 5.3 100 Kieu moi tnrdng hoc tap ma Frequency 54 97 24 12 187 ngitdi hoc ita thich Percent 28.9 51.9 12.R 6.4 100 Total 724 756 240 146 1866 Trung binh chung Frequency Total 100 38.8 40.5 12.9 7.8 Percent Mi.„i„e 0.5 Kit qua khao sal tan suat cua tflng nhdm ngudi hpc qua 10 lieu chi cho thay, ti le chiem Idn nhat la ngUdi bpc ihuc hien, chilm 40,5% lUdng ngUdi hoc khao sat Kel qua phu bdp vdi kit qua vl phong each hpc tap dien binh Ti II ngUdi hpc sang tao dflng thfl hai, chiim 38,8% lUdng ngUdi hpc khao sat Hai kit qua cho thay sinh viln DHBKHN da phan la nhflng ngUdi hpc thflc hien va sang tao Diiu eho thay hp la nhflng ngUdi hpc chu ddng, cd kha nang tu bpc idl vdi bai phong each hoc tap dien hinh la thicb tu nghien cflu ddc lap va thich lam vile nhdm Ben canh dd, cd khoang 12,9% lUdng sinh vien la ngUdi bpc tuan lenh, va khoang 7,8% lUpng sinh vien la ngudi hpc chdng ddi Qua dd eho thay, linh da dang irong phong each hpc tap cua sinh vien De dam bao li II Ihanh cdng hpc lap va giam ti II bd hoc, mdi trudng hoc tap irUc tuyin can dfldc thilt kl linh boat, thich flng vdi tflng nhdm ngUdi hoc dUdc thdng kl Nham dap flng kha nang dinh hfldng cho Iflng nbdm ngUdi hoc ke tren, dac trUng hpc tap cua bdn nhdm ngUdi hoc se quyel djnh loai hinh cdng cu hpc lap tao nin mdi trudng tUdng flng Vi vay, pban cudi cua bai bao xin de cap cac chiln lUdc sU pham gan vdi cac cdng cu bpc lap true tuyen cu the cho tflng nhdm nhdm ngudi hoc trUc tuyen Nguyin Thi Hunng Giang 2.4 De xuat cac chien Itfdc sir pham dinh hirdng moi triTcfng trrfc tuyen Dl xuat phUdng thflc dinh hUdng ngudi hpc day hoc trUc luyin flng dung md hinh dinh hudng hpc tap LOIVI dUdc md la d bai bao [5] cho thay, vile phan phdi cac ndi dung hoc tap se difdc chia Ihdnh b6n phUdng ihflc khac lUdng flng vdi bon nhdm nguili hoc ke tren Trong mdi md-dun dinh hfldng hpc lap, mdi ngUdi hpc ie hoc mpl mdi trUdng phii hdp dUdc thiet kl theo chiin lUdc day hpc thich nghi vdi ddc tinh ciia nhdm ngUdi hpc dd, TrUdc gidi lhi?u cdc pbUdng an thilt ki cho tflng nhdm, bai bao xin de cap tdi cau triic vd dac trUng cua tflng kieu mdi trUdng hoe tap tiUc tuyin: Moi trtidng hgc tap cdng tdc Hoc tap cpng tac Id mol chiln lUdc day - hoc u'ch cUc, dd cac vien tham gia boat dong vd hoc tap ciing nhflng nhdm nhd (mdi nhdm bao gdm cdc thdnh vien cd Irinh dp va kha nang khac nhau) nhdm mue dich phat trien sU hieu bill va chilm linh mpt ndi dung hoc tap nao dd Vi vay, dac irUng cdng nghl cua mdi IrUdng hoc tap cdng tac bao gom: - vi phuang lien day hoc Sfl dung cac dich vu mang xa hpi de lao mdi inrilng thao luan theo nbdm nhu Facebook, Forum, Wiki , - Ve phuang phdp dav hgc: To chflc cac boat ddng nhdm theo dinh hUdng nhU sfl dung thao luan nhdm cbo viec hoc tap, Ihiet kl cac boat ddng hoc tdp ddi hdi sinh vien IhUc hien chflc nang Irong nbdm nbU nghien cflu linh hudng, nhung van gifl dUdc irdcb nhilin cd nhdn va ddng ihdi rang budc dUdc boat ddng cua da sd eac sinh viln ldp - Vikindng dgy hoc: Phdi trien cac tinh hudng hoc tap lien quan din sU phu thudc lich cue, tu ehiu trach nhiim, dUa vd nhan thdng tin phan hdi, sfl dung hdp li cac ki ndng cpng tac, lU danh gia nhdm mdt each deu ddn Moi trudng hoc tap tU nghien cdu doe lap La mdi IrUdng hpc tap dUdc thiet ke theo dinh hudng dieu tia, nghiin cflxi dd hau hll hoac tat ca thdng tin ma ngUdi hoc lU lam vile vdi hoac tU lim kilm Ifl cac djch vu inlernei Cac dac lining cdng nghl cua mdi trUdng la: - Ve phuang tiin dgy hgc: Cac dich vu Tntenet dl' chia se va tim kiim tai lilu, vi du nhU Webquest - Vi phuang phdp dgy hgc Sfl dung phUdng phap day hoc du an, mang tinh chat nghien cflu ddc lap - vi kindng dgy hgc: Hoat ddng hpc tap chii dan dUtlc bao irCim bdi mol nhiem vu khd Ihi va Ihu vj Nhiem vu hpe tap dUdc thiel kl ylu edu tU d mflc cao bdn khdng chi ddn gian la sfl long bdp Dilu bao gdm td'ng hop, phdn tich, giai quyet van di, sU sang tao va ddnh gia Moi trUdng hudng ddn day dd La mdi trUdng sfl dung cac bai giang da phUdng liln cd vai trd thay Ihi chflc nang cua ngUdi giao vien giang bai Cac dac Inlng cdng nghl ciia mdi irudng la: - Vi phuang lien dgy hoc: Bai giang da phUdng lien, chang han nhu bdi gidng.SCORM - Vi phuang phdp dgy hoc: Sfl dung phUdng phap day hoc thuyll trinh minh hoa iheu diin djch hoac quy nap, cd hUdng ddn chi tilt kit hdp vdi cac Irdc nghiem cd phan hdi Ngudi hpc dUde ddn dat de linh hpi kiln thfle nhu tren mot Idp hoc cd gido vien - vi kindng dgy hgc: KT nang ti'ch hdp da phUdng tiln va tbiet ke cac lUdng lac cd hudng dan cho ngfldi hpc Can cfl vao cac cau true ddc trung cua tflng kieu mdi irudng, ta cd cac de xuat cbo tflng nhdm ngfldi hpc cu the nh'u sau: Gidi phdp dinh hitt'ing ngifdi hgc Irong mdi Irifdng dii\ hot IrUc luyin Bdng Nhdm ngUdi hgc Dac diem hoc tap moi trrfftng trUc tuyen [6] NgUbi hoc sang tao Ngtfdi hoc thirc hien Ngirdi hoc tuan lenh Ngudi hoc chong doi Cd cac ki nang hpc tap phflc tap: Chu ddng, tu hoc khdng can hudng dan tu danh gia va doc lap Nhflng ki nang cd the lam ho cdng la ngitdi hoc IrUc luyen Ngudi hpc sang tao sfl dung kha nang tu dinh hudng, lap ke hoach chiln iUdc va lif loan dien dc nd lUc dat tdi cac muc dich dai han Nhflng ngudi hoc thUttng ihUc hien mot each lieu ITnh, sang tan va kien Iri cam kel cao Ngudi hoc thuc hien la nhflng ngirdi hoc trifc tuyin cd ki nang, day la nhflng ngUdi hoc dicn hinh chii dpng vii tu hudng dan cac tinh hudng hoc tap gia Iri Mat khac ho can stf hd trd tif cac giao vien hoac hu5n luyen vien dc thilt lap cac muc dich ciia ho hoac cSn cac phan thudng ben ngoai de tao dttng ddng cd cho cac muc tieu can hoiin Dien hinh la nhflng ngUdi hoc thudng EU ngan han, hUdng theo dU an, nhflng ngUcJi dat dUdc mot each co he thong va cd kha nang vdi cac muc dich va nhiem vu hpc tap lieu chuan tfl truns binh din cao Ngirdi hoc man lenh la ngUdi hoc true tuyen it cdng hdi vi hp phu thupc nhilu vao chSi lUdng va sd iUdng cac hd trd tfl mdi trUdng vii cac mdi quan he xa hoi Ho thich dUa viio cac hudng dan ro rang va cac bitdc ddn gian dunc cung cap bdi cac giao vien Moi trudng hpc lap true tuyen phflc lap se lam ho thit bai Nhflng ngirdi hoc thudng lien quan tdi sU an toan, an ninh va chap nhan Ngudi hoc chong doi thieu nhflng niem tin cd ban cu the niem tin la mot phan thill ylu ctia cac qua irinh dinh hudng khac Chang ban nhU ho cd the nghi ngd gia in ve muc tieu dat dUdc dircfc thiet lap bdi ngUcii khac Ho CO the khong the chap nhan hoac thich dat dUdc cac muc tieu diTdc thiel lap bdi ngudi khac Cuoi ciing, hp khdng the tin rang qua trinh hpc tap hoc thual va nhflng dilu dat dirdc cd the giiip hp dat dUdc nhflng muc dich ca nhan Nhflng muc dich ca nhan cua ngUdi hoc chdng ddi xung dot manh me vdi cac muc dich hoc tap dUiic thilt lap va hd trd bdi ngUdi khac NgUdi hoc thudng xuyen chong ddi chiu dUng nhflng thdt hai dai han lap lai tfl cac sai lam, ldi hoc ihuat, thieu cong va cac llnh huong thdt bai Nhflng ngUdi hoc khong the tin vao giao due thdng thudng hoac cac tinh huong hoc thual nhir la cac anh hudng tich cUc, can thilt hay yeu ihich tron^cudc song ciia hp Kieu moi truiing hoc tap dinh hudng chinh Moi trudng hoc lap dUa tren nghien cihi doc lap Mdi irUdng hpc tap cdng tac Moi Irudng hirdng dan diy du Hdn hdp cac kieu mni trudng danh cho sang lao hoac thuc hien Ttf bang chien lUdc sU pham de xuat ta thay: - Kieu mdi trudng bpc tap cua ngUdi bpc sang lao la mdi irUdng hpc tap tu nghien cflu Do dd cd the sfl dung Webquest de phat Irien mdi IrUdng Ddy Id mdi trUdng cung cap cho ngUdi bpc nhflng yeu cau bpc lap theo tinh huong nghiin ctfu, hUdng d5n ngudi hpc tra ci?u, dpc cac lai lieu trin mang de tU minh kham pha kiln thflc, tU hinh tbanb va ren luyln ki nang cung nhu thai 27 Nguyen Thi HUdng Giang dp Bin canh viec thiit kl nhiem vu, tiin trinh ciia qua trinh hpc theo dinh budng nghien cflu^nay, chiin lUdc sU pham quan nhat dl kiem snal ngUdi hoc trnng mdi trUdng Webquesl nam d cdng eu danh gia dUdc tbiet kl mdi Webquesl - Kieu mdi trUdng hpe lap cua ngUdi hpc ihuc hien la mdi trUdng hpc tap cdng tac, thao luan nhdm cd hfldng dan cua giao viln Do dd cd the sfl dung Wiki, Forum, Facebook de phat men mdi IrUdng Day la nhflng cdng cu mang xa hdi cho phep ngUdi hudng dan cung nhU ngUdi hoc cung chia se kien thflc, cac tdi lieu hpc lap va ciing ihdo ludn, trao ddi de giai quyet cac ylu cau bpc lap Khi xdy dUng kjch ban day hoc dua Irln tinh hudng than luan hdp li, ngUdi day hoan loan cd the thiit lap mdi trUdng hpe tdp tiUc tuyin cdng lac phu hdp vdi nhdm ngUdi hgc thuc hien - Kieu mdi irUdng hpc lap ciia ngUdi hpc tuan lenh la mdi irUdng hpe tap ed hudng dan, giam sdt cao Bdi ngUdi hpc man llnh hoan loan tin tudng vao sU day bao cfla ngUdi day Nen khdng gi Idl hdn mpt bai giang vdi day du cac ldi giang, minh hpa, md phdng, cac cau hdi, cac phan hdi Vi vay, mdi trUdng hoc tap cho ngUdi bpc tuan llnh nin dupe xay dUng tren nen tang phat trien bai giang da phUdng lien - Ddi vdi ngUdi hpc chdng ddi, dac tinh lam li khdng dn dmh, thiiu niem tin cd ban vao cac budng dan cua giao viln nen mdi tnrdng hoe lap nin de linh boat gifla hat kil'u mdi irUdng la ngUdi bpc sang lao vd ngUdi hpc tbUc hien, han chi sfl dting mdi trudng cd hudng dan day dii doi vdi nbdm ngUdi hpc Cung vdi cac cdng cu chuyen bill cho tflng kieu mdi trfldng irln, mdi irudng dinh hudng hpc tap tiTte luyin edn dUdc ho trd bdi cdc cdng cu hnc tap true luyln nhU Online Chal, Virtual Classroom, Email, SMS, Search Tools, Andex nhdm giup ngfldi hpc cd the dao sau kiln thflc, kham pha cac phfldng thflc bpc tdp Irln mang, phai tril'n cac ki nang tin hoc trflc luyln, ddng thdi ddp flng yeu cua mdi trfldng hpc tap irUc tuyin, dd ehinh la kha ndng phdt trien eac ki nang "ni hudng dan" d ngUdi hpc Ket luan Y nghTa khoa hpc cua bai bao dUdc the hien d ba kit qua nghien eflu cd ban: (I) Phan lich dfldc ylu cau cua mdi trfldng dinb hudng hoc tap, (2) Khao sat dUdc cac phong each hoc lap dien binh eua sinh vien ki thudt Ihdng qua dai diln mau la sinh vien DHBKHN va (3) De xual cac chien lUdc sU pham eu the flng vdi iflng phong each hpc lap diln hinh, dap flng yeu cau ciia moi trfldng djnh hfldng hpc lap trflc luyen Nhflng kit qua nghiin ciJu se la cd sd sU pham de tnen khai cac khda hpc trtlc tuyen thich nghi vdi tflng nhdm ngUdi hpe dUdc phan loai theo md hinh LOM Hi vpng, vdi nhflng de xuat nay, ngUdi hpc irUc tuyin se ed the cd cac mdi tiardng hpc tap linh ddng vl khdng gian, thcJi gian, doi IUdng va thich nghi vl ndi dung, phuong phdp vdi phong each, dac irung hoc tap cua ban than ngudi hpc Nhd dd, ngUdi bpc irUc tuyin se hflng thu hdn vdi cac khda bpc trUc tuyin, giam ti II bd hpe, tfl dd gdp phan nang cao chat lUdng cac khda hpc iruc tuyen TAI LIED THAM KHAO [I] David P, Diaz, 2002 Online Drop Rales Revisited, The Technology Source [2] Nguyen Thi Huong Giang, 2013 Evaluation of Online Instructional Model for Teaching Hands-On Techniccd Skills International Engineering and Technical Education Conference 11-2013, ISBN: 978-0-646-59658-7 [3] I Elaine Allen, Jeff Seaman, 2010 Class Differences - Online Education in the United States, Babson Survey Research Group and The Sloan Consortium Gidi phdp dinh hUt'Jng ngudi hgc irong mdi Inidng day ht>c Iriic luyin [4] Nguyen Xuan Lae, Tang Van Hoan, 2013 Tiep can edng nghi dgy hoc Co hgc dng dung Ki ylu Hdi nghi loan quoc vi Giang day cdc mdn Cd hpc Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh [5] Nguyen Tbi Huong Giang, 2013 Classification of leanicrs in an adaptive learning management system Journal of science of HNUE, Vol 58, No pp i 59-165 [6] Margaret Martinez, What is personalized learning? The e-learning developers' Journal (5-2002) [7] Clark R., Mayer R., 2004 E-Leaming and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning CA, USA Pfeiffer [8] Pillay H., Irving K., Tones M., 2007 Validation of the diagno.stic tool for assessing Teriiarv students' readiness for online learning Higher Education Research & Development, 26:2, 217-23 ABSTRACT Solutions for learning orientation in an online environment The 21*' Cenmry is the age of digital and information technology and online learning is now the norm However, many difficulties will be encountered when an aiiempi is made lo make the change from face-to-face teaching to online teaching Teachers, educational experts and management personnel must cope with many challenges when attempting to implement online courses effectively Designing an online course that can serve every learner is a key interest In this paper are proposed pedagogical solutions based on HUST's smdenl learning style survey which aim to create an adaptive and effective online learning environment and improve the quality of online courses Keywords: E-learning, online learning, online learning style, online learning orienlalion ... dac irUng cua ngUdi bpc dUa tren bdn nhdm phong each: Sang tao, thuc hien, tuan lenh va chdng ddi Trong dd, viec ma hda thang gia trj ciia tflng nhdm phong cdeh dUde md ta d bang sau: Nhdm phong... dung hoc tap se difdc chia Ihdnh b6n phUdng ihflc khac lUdng flng vdi bon nhdm nguili hoc ke tren Trong mdi md-dun dinh hfldng hpc lap, mdi ngUdi hpc ie hoc mpl mdi trUdng phii hdp dUdc thiet kl