Khoa hoc Gido due Ngli en i DOI fntS\ TRONG MOI TRlTffNG DAY HOC DIEN TIT VAN DE TUT DUY VA PHAT TRIEN DOI NGO • TS TRAN THj THAI HA Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam 1 Md dau Chung ta dang bode di tron[.]
Ngli e n :i Khoa hoc Gido due- DOI fntS\ TRONG MOI TRlTffNG DAY - HOC DIEN TIT: VAN DE TUT DUY VA PHAT TRIEN DOI NGO • TS TRAN THj THAI HA Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam Md dau Chung ta dang bode di mdt kl nguyen day bien dpng, phQc tap va thach thQc Cac quan diem tie'p can mang tinh tTnh tai, it thyc tien, tap trung vao ndi dung cu the se khdng edn thieh hdp Einstein da tyng ndi, nhOng van de trpng dai dang thach thQc chQng ta se khdng the giai quye't dope bang chinh trinh dp to da tao nd Trong bdi canh hien Siemen da md ta viec bpc phai mang ca tinh xa hpi, phi chinh quy, lien tuc, va g i n vdi cac boat dpng cudc sdng hang (Siemen, 2006)'' Hpe tap xa hdi hien dai xua't hien nhQng dae tinh mdi, nhong ddi hdi mdi, dan den sy can thiet phai thay ddi to Day - Hpe Ben eanh dd, sy phat trie'n cua edng nghe thdng tin (ICT) ed tac dpng manh me tdi dang thye eung nho cau true eua qua trinh giao due E-learning2 cung cap cho mdi ngodi mdt phOPng each hpe tap rieng biet, linh boat, tao cO hpi hpe tap theo nhu eau va giam thieu chi phi Mat manh hPn ca cua e-learning dd la each hpe ca the hda, theo nhu cau, eho phep ngodi hpe lya chpn va xem lai npi dung nho bp mong mudn, nhien, mat yeu hdn ca dd la nd ed the tao sy khdng c h i c c h i n , sinh nbOng nguy ed cho ngodi hoc, nhat la ddi vdi ddi toong hpe sinh chOa cd sy chua'n bj tdt ve kha nang ty lap, ty chu, ty dieu khien dope hanh vi eua minh Trong pham vi bai viet nay, tac gia khdng di sau va trOc tie'p ve e-learning hay ICT, ma de cap den mdt sd van de quan trpng can ehu y sQ dung ICT hay e-learning day - bpc Day - hoc moi trodng dien to Sy phat trien manh me eua edng nghe va may tinh khien ehung trd cdng cu giao due day tiem nang, khdng chi vi ngudn thdng tin phong phQ ma nd cdn md rdng kha nang eua eon ngodi cung nhO nhOng tinh hud'ng eho viee toong tac xa hdi n h i m hd trp qua trinh hoc tap, va chinh nd cOng tao nen nhQng thay ddi quan trpng Mdt mat nd tao nhong thach thQc Idn cho tat ca mpi ngOdi de thich nghi vdi hoan canh Do dd, hpe tap can dope thyc hien sudt cudc ddi va nang IQc hoc tap ca nhan thyc sQ la can thiet (Tran, 2008) Mat khac, y nghTa cua giao due va dao tao mang lai la rat idn Vdi elearning, hoc tap cd the ddc lap ve thdi gian, khdng gian va mpi giai doan cua cudc ddi 2.1 NhOng thay ddi day- hqc bang e-learning Quan niem ve tri thUe chuyen tif "cai gi la dung" sang "tdi cd the lam gi" Dieu da tao nhQng dae tinh mdi eho viec hpe tap mdt xa hpi dya tren tri thQc Trong thdi dai bung nd thdng tin nbo hien nay, tri thQc la mdt nhong khai niem phQc tap nha't Theo Dunn va Morgan (1987), tri thQc khdng chi la nhong cai da dope edng nhan bdi cac nha khoa hpe theo quan die'm truyen thdng ma nd cdn la ket qua cua so trai nghiem, xQli thdng tin cua mdi ngodi Thdng tin ty nd khdng cd gia tri va nd ed gia trj chi kbi nd dope xQ li va trd tri thQc Do vay, qua trinh hpe tap cung la mdt qua trinh thiet lap va tao gia trj eho thdng tin Triet li ve giao due eung nhu mue tieu giao due da va dang chuyen doi tif "chu trqng ndi dung" sang "dinh hudng qua trinh" Giao due truyen thdng tap trung vao npi dung hpe tap, hpe eai gi Song, thdi dai thdng tin ddi hdi ngOdi, nhong ngOdi hpe cd nang lye, phai bieu va n i m b i t dope qua trinh hpe tap, hpe nho the nao Thdng tin nbO mdt ddng chay ludn bien ddi, va giao due vi the cung khdng the tTnh tai '' Siemen, G (2006): Knowledge and Our Structures of Learning http://www.elearnspace.org/Ar1icles/educa.htm (accessed 02/02/2007) _ t^ Hoc qua mang hoac qua cac ptiJong tien dien tCf 34 ,> yfc\ KHGD so 45, thdng - 2009 cuu Phuang phap giao due cd su chuyen ddi ve mat nguyen It tu tap trung vao 'day' sang tap trung vao "hoc" Vai trd eua giao vien va bpc sinh cd so thay dd'i dae biet Giao due truyen thdng vdi giao vien la trung tam dope ehuyen sang mdi trodng hpe tap khae biet ma d dd ndi dung cung nho phQPng phap hoc tap dope thiet ke hodng den ngodi hpe Vai trd giao vien chuyen dan sang trp giup, quan li mdi trOdng hpe tap, tao dpng CP cho viec bpc tap ChQc nang co ban cua viee "day" d day la tao nen mdt mdi trodng hoe tap an toan, ben vQng, phong phu va sang tao 2.2 Tinh supham va e-learning Cd the ndi, li luan day hpe, hay tinh so pham (didactics) dope xem nbo la 'linh hdn eua to ve day bpc" (Westbery Hopmann, va Riquarts, 2000, p.ix) Cac hoc gia ngodi DUc nho K Westphalen, K Prey, hay B Gundem da sQ dung to de ehi 'Viec day hpe, giao vien, giao due" Khoa hpe nghien cQu ve li thuyet va thOc tien cua viec day - hpe chinh la ITnh vpe cC ban nha't cua didactics Tdm lope eae quan diem cua mdt sd hpe gia ndi tieng nho Klafki, Jank va Meyer, Kron, didactics cd the xem nho viec giai quyet eae eau hdi sau; 1) Day va hpe eai gi? (Phoong dien ndi dung) 2) "Npi dung" dd dope day va hpe nhu the 'nao? (PhOPng dien phQPng phap va phOdng tien cdng nghe de td chOc viee day) 3) Tai "npi dung"d d dope day va hpe? (PhQpng dien muc dieh, muc tieu) Trong djnh nghTa cua minh, Clark va Mayer (2003) eung md ta e-learning theo quan diem li luan day hpe Mpt each n g i n gpn, tO elearning thi "e" chi van de "nho the nao" - ndi dung hpe dOPc sd hda va vay cd the lOu giQ d dang dien tQ; tO learning'1 ien quan den t a i g i " - ndi dung va phOPng phap giup eho hpe vien hpe tap, va 'tai s a o " - chi muc dieh de giup cho ea nhan dat dooc muc tieu giao due hoae giup eho eae td ehOc hinh va nang eao ui nang nghe nghiep Tuy nhien, thiet ke cac khda hoc e-learning se la khiem khuyet neu chi xem "e'hho la viee sd hda (electronic) ndi dung day hpe, nd can ddi hdi bon the nQa ve tinh nhan van, tinh so pham, c h i n g han nho viec Idi cudn ngodi hoe (engagement), nang cao viee hpe tap KHGD so 45, thdng - 2009 • Khoa hoc Gido due (enhancement), sy de dang sQ dung (ease), va phat huy nang lyc eua ngodi hpe (empowerment) (Roffe, 2002) Viee ddi mdi giao due vdi sy hd trp eua edng nghe ddi hdi sy rang bude eua ea hai mat kT thuat va phOPng phap luan, va ehi bang each thi cdng nghe mdi ed the trd phopng thQc tdt cho giao due 2.3 NhQng thach thut cua viec day- hqc moi trudng dien tur Du ed rat nhieu Qu viet, e-learning eung tao nhong thach thOe Idn eho giao due, nho: - Sy lung tung viee quyet djnh ehien lope eho viec lya chpn phopng tien va edng nghe de td chQc day hpe Trong bdi eanh day -hpe theo hinh thQc e-learning, eae xu hodng ehuyen ddi viee hpe can phai dope can nhic va xem xet kT lodng quyet djnh sQ dung phOPng tien, edng nghe day hpe Mat khae, day khdng ehi la van de so pham ma ca van de dieu kien ngodi va co sd vat chat - Van de sQ dung phopng tien, edng nghe mdi, lam the nao de ket hpp dope nhQng ou the eua phopng tien, edng nghe dodi nhong quan diem so pham mdi (e-pedagogy) eho e-learning Oieu lien quan den viec ddi mdi tO ve day va hpe, phu thude mdt phan vao ngOdi thay va nhan thOe eua hp ve ban chat nang ddng eua nen so pham mdi, ma d dd qua trinh ddi mdi lien tue can phai dope lam eho phu hop sudt qua trinh hpe tap eua ngodi hpe (Klauser, Sehoop, Wirth, Jungmann va Petzold, 2004, p.23) - Cdng nghe ed the tode di ddng ed hpe tap eua ngodi bpc de hp mat phOdng hodng vd van ludng thdng tin khae va thieu sy trp giup djnh hodng PhOdng phap giang day kien tao nen eon dodng hpe hpe tap eua hpe sinh Viec phat trien eae hpe lieu doa tren da phopng tien la quan trpng nhong each ehuyen tai nd den ngodi hpe edn quan trpng hPn Cae hpe lieu du dope xay dyng tdt nhong viee day hoc van cd the that bai neu dieu kien, bdi canh cua viee chuyen tai cac hoe lieu den ngOdi hoe khdng phu hpp (Launallard, 1993) Chinh vi le dd ma ngOdi giao vien du d dang hay dang khae van ddng vai trd vd eung quan 35 Khoa hoc Gido due • Phat trien dpi ngu De phat trien dpi ngu giao vien, can tim hieu giao vien hoc va ty bdi dodng nho the nao, va cac ehoong trinh dao tao giao vien can dope thiet ke de cd tinh hieu qua, giup cho giao vien (Tnh hdi dope kien thQc, kT nang, cung nbO giup hp cdng mdi trOdng day hoc mdi Dodi day la mpt sd ndi dung chinh can chQ y dao tao , bdi dodng dpi ngu giao vien 3.1 Van de thiet ke mo hinh su pham day hqc "" ' ''" '^ De tiep can vdi cac xu hodng mdi viec thiet ke qua trinh day hpe, Baumgartner (2004) md ta va so sanh ba md hinh day - hpe CP ban (xem bang), qua dd chung ta cd the tha'y sQ khac biet cua moi md hinh va nhong van de dac thu tOng ITnh vyc chuyen mdn Trong md hinh 1, giao vien ed trach nhiem chuyen tai kien thdc can thiet cho ngodi hoc Ngodi hoc tiep thu kien thQc dya tren nhQng kien thQc da dope xQ li theo each cua giao vien Md hinh it nhieu lien quan tdi li thuyet hanh vi, mpt hoc thuyet hodng den hanh vi hon la qua trinh nhan thQc Md hinh ap dung cho e-learning cd the cdng vdi viec dao tao cac kT nang co ban Md hinh lien quan den thuye't nhan thQc, coi viec hpe tap nho la mdt qua trinh mang tinh tich eye Neu nho md hinh 1, bpc sinh cd dooc phan hdi nhan xet dung, sai trOc tie'p tQ ngodi day, thi d md binh 2, hpe sinh dope giup dd de vopt qua sai lam, thay ddi quan diem va dope giQp dd qua trinh nhan thQc nham dat dope nang lyc tri tue phu hpp pham vi mdn hoc Md hinh lien quan mat thiet vdi li thuye't kien tao, li thuye't khdng tap trung vao viec trinh bay bay giai thich sy vat Trong ca hai md hinh nay, sy toong tac va phan hdi kjp thdi cua giao vien deu la rat can thiet Viet Nam, tren thOc te, da sd cac giao vien deu da biet va sQ dung mdt, hai, hay tham chi tat ca cac md hinh d mdt gdc dp nao dd, ed the khdng phai la ca md hinh trpn ven Tuy nhien, cdng nam d cho sQ dung nd the nao Gid'ng nhO ngOdi dau bep, cd tay cac loai thyc pham tdt, chat loong cao khdng ddng nghTa la se cd mdn an ngon Hieu rd dac tinh cua tQng loai, tac dung cua chung phdi hpp mdi la chia khda de cd dope mdt mdn an ngon, bd dodng Toong ty nhO vay, ngOdi thay cung can hieu nhu cau, kha nang cua hoc sinh de lOa chpn cung cap cho hp nhOng "mdn an" phu hpp NhQng thyc pha'm tdt ket hop khong dQng each cd the gay ngd ddc, nhQng mdn an ngon bd cd the rat tdt ddi vdi ngodi nhong te hai dd'i vdi ngodi khac Nhong nguyen t i c khdng chi dQng vdi mdn an 'Vat chat" ma ca mdn an ve Bang : Gac md hinh day hoc Mo hinh - Transfer Mo hinh - Tutor Mo hinh 3- Coach Kien thQc dOa tren hien thOc, thOc Kien thQc dya vao phoong ThOc hanh xa hdi — tien - 'Hoc cai gi' phap — ' Hoc nho the nao' 'Hoc qua hanh ddng' Chuyen giao nhQng kien thQc cu Trinh bay nhong van de da Hanh ddng nhOng the da dope cdng nhan, (nbo menh dope thiet ke trodc tinh hud'ng thoc tien de, tien de, nguyen tac ) (phQc hpp va mang tinh xa hpi) Nhan biet, ghi nhd Thyc hien, thOc hanh Doong dau, khac phuc DQa cau tra Idi chfnh xac LOa chpn phoong phap dung ThOc hien cac chien lopc va sCrdung chung hanh dpng phu hpp Ky nang ~ Kha nang Kha nang dap Qng xa hdi Kien thQc b i n g Idi - Ghi nhd (dam trach trOdc xa hpi) Day - Giai thich 36 Quan sat - Giup dd - Chi dan Cpng tac — Trp giup KHGD so , thdng - 2009 curu tinh than" Cdng nghe, phoong tien, phopng phap la nhong thyc pham tdt, nhong viec sQ dung Chung la mpt nghe thuat (Tran, 2008) Ngay nay, tri thQc cung nho cac ITnh vyc ehuyen mdn cd xu hodng cang trd nen phQc tap, khdng c h i c c h i n , khdng ben vong, Oieu dd se de dang ban kien tao tinh hudng cho md hinh hpe tap kieu Lam rd sy khac biet giOa cae md hinh, chung ta se nhan biet dope cac da phopng tien, cdng nghe nen sQ dung the nao de nang cao hieu qua cua qua trinh day- bpc 3.2 Van de thiet ke nqi dung, chuang trinh cho giao vien Mdi trodng day-hoc thay ddi, ddi hdi phoong phap giang day cung phai thay ddi, va dpi ngu giao vien can phai dope bdi dodng, dao tao lai cho phu hpp Dodi day la mpt sd net dang chu y thiet ke cae choong trinh n h i m nang cao nang lyc cho giao vien; - Quan diem, tam nhin ve cac md hinh day tdt can dope chia se ca khda hpe lan thyc hanh; - Cac md hinh hay cac bai day tdt dope sQ dung eho viec hodng dan thiet ke, danh gia tren Idp va ea thyc hanh; - Ndi dung trpng tam phai dya tren nhQng kien thQc cd ban ve sy phat trien, li thuyet bpc tap, tinh so pham, va duqc day bdi eanh thOc tien; - Nhan rdng nhong kinh nghiem phan anh dope tam nhin ve md hinh day tdt b i n g each dan xen khda hpe mpt each ca'n trpng, hieu qua; - So g i n ke't hpp tac chat che dOa tren hieu biet va niem tin gioa cac trodng cdng cudc ddi mdi, cai each; - SQ dung rdng rai cac phoong phap nghien eOu tinh hudng, nghien cQu giao vien, danh gia thye hien, va danh gia theo hd so, lam de g i n ke't chat che viec hpe cua giao vien vdi viee thye hanh tren Idp eua hp (Dariing-Hammond, 1999) Hdn the nOa, ICT tao co hdi cho giao vien to cap nhat kien thQc kT nang Tuy nhien, nd cung phu thudc vao cac choang trinh bdi dodng thodng xuyen dope thiet ke eho hp Ngay ca cac choong trinh dope thiet ke tdt rdi, thi qua trinh tao nen sp thay ddi cung khdng de dang KHGD so 45, thdng - 2009 • Khoa hoc Gido due 3.3 Van delua chqn va sudung cong nghe Mdt nhong trd ngai Idn dd'i vdi giao vien la viee lya chpn va sQ dung edng nghe cho phu hpp thiet ke chopng trinh Ching ban, neu sQ dung cdng nghe mdi, hay ty thiet ke se rat ton kem ca tien bae lan thdi gian Neu chpn cac choong trinh da cd s i n , dd tdn kem thi nhieu lai khdng phu hop vdi ddi topng hpe sinh cua minh, vdi npi dung dac thu cCia tQng mdn hpe Hon nQa, phai lOa chpn eho choong trinh ay cd the phat trien dope, cap nhat dope, v.v va v.v Bates (2005) da doa 12 nguyen t i c vang cho bat cQ edng nghe nao dang dope sQ dung giao due va dao tao: it Day tdt mdi la van de quan trpng Thiet ke tdt la van de edt Idi Mdi mpt phopng tien day hpe deu cd nguyen t i c , dac tinh rieng Cae edng nghe giao due can phai linh boat, de sQa ddi, de cap nhat Khdng ed edng nghe nao la sieu viet Lam cho cac phoong tien dope dung deu cd hieu iQc sQ dung TOdng tae la van de thiet yeu Sd lopng hpe sinh la mpt yeu td can ban Cdng nghe mdi khdng b i n la tdt hon eai cu 10 Lam viec nhdm la dieu quan trpng 11 Giao vien can phai dope dao tao de sQ dung cdng nghe mdt each hieu qua 12 Cdng nghe khdng phai la van de Trong dao tao bdi dodng giao vien, viee giup cho giao vien hieu dope each sQ dung edng nghe nho the nao de nang cao qua trinh day hpe cdn quan trpng ban la hoc each sQ dung tOng phan cQng, hay phan mem Nd ddi hdi giao vien phai n i m dope dae thu cua cae nguyen t i e so pham sQ dung cdng nghe viec xay dyng qua trinh giang day Oao tao mang tinh sQ pham trode bet la phai giup eho giao vien hieu dope vai trd eua cae li thuye't hpe tap viec thiet ke va chQc nang eua cac hoat ddng Idp hpe, va viee lya chpn eung nho sQ dung edng nghe de day hpe Mdi quan he giQa edng nghe va chOc nang day hoc mang tinh so pham eung vdi quan diem bdi dodng giao vien theo hodng 37 Khoa hoc Gido due- giup hp nhan thQc dope nbOng tac ddng cua mdi TAI Lieu THAM KHAO quan he la nhong van de can dope xem xet Bates, A.W (2005) (2nd edition) Technology ELearning and Distance Education Routledge, London Baumgartner, P (2004) The Zen Art of Teaching Communication and Interactions In eEdueation Proceedings of the International Workshop ICL2004, Villaeh / Austna 29 September-1 October 2004, Villach, Kassel University Press Clark, R C , and Mayer, R E (2003) E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer, A Wiley Imprint wvw.pfeiffer.com Darling-Hammond, L (1999) Educating teachers for the next century: Rethinking practice and policy In G A Griffin (ed.) The education of teachers (pp 221256) Chicago: University of Chicago Press Darling-Hammond, L., Bransford, J (Eds.) (2005) Preparing Teachers for a Changing World: What Teachers Should Learn and Be Able to Do San Franeiseo: Jossey-Bass Dunn, S and Morgan, V (1987) The impact of the computer on education Prentice - Hall International (UK) Ltd Klauser, F., Sehoop, E., Wirth, K., Jungmann, B., and Petzold, 0., (2004) Didactic functions and their Implementation In DTDs - An Interdiseiplinary model for the structuring of Internet-based learning solutions Osnabrck: IMPULSEC Research Report 11 Laurillard, D (1993): Rethinking University Teaching: a framework for the effective use of educational technology London: Routledge, Roffe, I M (2002) E-Learning: Engagement, Enhancement and Execution In: Quality Assurance in Education, Emerald Group Publishing Limited Vol.10 (1), p 40-50(11) 10.Tran, T Thai Ha (2008) E-learning in schoolsDevelopment, Implementation, Evaluation and Perspective Tnning; Der Andere Velag ll.Westbury, I., Hopmann, S., and Riquarts, K (2000; Eds.) Teaching as a Reflective Practice; The German Didaktik Tradition Mahwah, NJ; Law/renee Eribaum Associates, Inc Publishers viec phat trien dpi ngu giao vien Ke't luan TQ thye tien sQ dung ICT va e-learning giao due cua Viet Nam, cd the tha'y, mac du ed rat nhieu tinh ou viet nhong e-learning van la mdt thach thQc Idn dd'i vdi giao due dai hoc cua Viet Nam De phat trien, Qng dung ICT cung nhO sQ dung e-learning, giao due Viet Nam can coi dd la mdt nhiem vu chien lopc Trode het, can nghien cQu ke't hpp e-learning vdi giao due truyen thdng; can nhan thQc rd rang e-learning khong phai la mdt cdng cu ma bat ki tinh hudng nao, bat ki cung cd the sQ dung hieu qua Nghien cQu kinh nghiem cua nhieu node phat trien viec sQ dung ICT va e-learning eho thay, sy phat trien nhanh cua giao due dya tren phoong tien, cdng nghe va nhong thay ddi da dang cua chinh cac phoong tien, cdng nghe nen cac van de ve so pham hay li luan day hpe mdi trodng giau tinh cdng nghe ehi cd the dope giai quyet vdi viee nghien cQu nen giao due hoc dya tren phoong tien, cdng nghe Ben canh dd, nghien cQu dd'i mdi to giao due hodng tdi thyc tien la sy can thiet n h i m cung cap CP sd eho sy thay ddi nen tang li luan day hpe dya tren phOPng tien, edng nghe Nd khong ehi la dae tinh eua mdi phoong tien, cdng nghe ma cdn la dieu kien thyc tien sCr dung phopng tien, cdng nghe, va chinh cai dd quyet djnh gia trj cua phopng tien, cdng nghe Dd cung la li tai can phai dat trpng tam nghien cQu vao sy tieh hpp cac yeu td xa hdi vdi viec td chQc toan bd qua trinh hpe, chQng ta mudn phat trien va tao cac loai hinh hoc tap da phoong tien Tdm lai, ed the chQng ta ddng y rang 'Thay ddi khdng phai la de dang, nhong nd la sQ can thiet, khdng the tranh khdi, va cung thQdng cd loi" (Arsham, 2002)3 j r o n g mdt xa hdi dOa tren tri thQc tbi hpe tap ed nghTa la dOdng dau vdi sQ thay ddi SUMMARY This article gives some ideas of changing educational thinking and challenges related to e-learning, and how should staff be developed In the current time as well as near future, e-learning has been still a big challenge for Vietnamese higher education and professional education In this article, the author tries to draw basic directions grasp e-learning studies and developments for universities, colleges and vocational schools It is discussed that e-leaming environment reveals currently its limits and shortcomings in some aspects, especially in innovating educational thinking and teacher improvement that need to be paid attention to in the future The article concludes with some recommendations for the future managers and designers of e-learning program In order to improve this learning form effectively Arsham H (2002): Impact of the Internet on Learning and Teaching In; USDLA (United States Distance Learning Association) Journal, Vol 16 (3), March 2002, USA http: //www.usdla.org/html/journal/MAR02_lssue/index.html (accessed 28 October 2004) ,y , ,.,ijt- ,(^^ rr,,,^) n£,u(; iOv 38 KHGD sd , thdng - 2009 ... nghe de td chOc viee day) 3) Tai "npi dung"d d dope day va hpe? (PhQpng dien muc dieh, muc tieu) Trong djnh nghTa cua minh, Clark va Mayer (2003) eung md ta e-learning theo quan diem li luan day... lung tung viee quyet djnh ehien lope eho viec lya chpn phopng tien va edng nghe de td chQc day hpe Trong bdi eanh day -hpe theo hinh thQc e-learning, eae xu hodng ehuyen ddi viee hpe can phai dope... chung ta cd the tha''y sQ khac biet cua moi md hinh va nhong van de dac thu tOng ITnh vyc chuyen mdn Trong md hinh 1, giao vien ed trach nhiem chuyen tai kien thdc can thiet cho ngodi hoc Ngodi hoc