Hiện trạng và giải pháp nhằm giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường trong công nghiệp chế biến thuỷ sản

THAM KHAO - TIM HIEU HIEN TRANG VA GlAl PHAP N H I E M M O I TRir^NG TRONG CONG NGHIEP CHE BIEN THUY SAN NHAM GIAM THIEU Q "? /^C^ ^ ^ Nguyin Xudn Thi' Biii Thi Thu Hiin', Y r'b Trdn Thi Nga', Le Huang Thity', Phgm Thi Diim' VU Xudn San' I DAT VAN DE Nganh thuy san Viet Nam co mot vai tro rkt lon nen kinh te quoc dan, dong gop cho GDP ca nu-ac khoang 4% Trong ca cau nong lam - ngu nghiep, thiiy san chiem khoang 20 22% ty trpng Viet Nam da dung vao Top 10 nudc xuat khau thuy san lan nhat the giai [5] Nam 2012 da dat gia tri kim ngaeh xuat khau 6,134 ti USD [6] De dat dugc ket qua tren ngoai viec phat tri6n nuoi va khai thac tu nhien de tang san Iugng thi ITnh vuc che bien cung can phai mo rpng, phat trien ve ca so lugng va quy mo san xuat Nam 1990, ca nuac co 102 ca so che bien thuy san, d6n nSm 2011 da c6 gan 570 ca sa vai quy mo cong nghiep va hang nghin ca sa che bi6n gia cong nho le, thti cong ho gia dinh [6,8,9] Trong qua trinh ch6 biSn thuy san co si> dung nhilu nguyen lieu, nuac, nhien lieu, nSng lugng, hoa chSt tay rira, khtr triling, moi chat lanh, va kh6i lugng chat thai r5t Icm din den lugng chat thai rin, nuac thai, thai sinh nhieu, dac biet la nuac thai huu ca gay nhiem moi truang San xuat cang phat trien thi ap lire ve van de nhiem moi truang cang cao, doi hoi trach nhiem bao ve moi truong cua nha san xuat, nha quan ly cang nhieu II DO! TirgfNG, N O I D U N G V A PHU'ONG PHAP DIEU TRA 2.1 Doi tuang - Cac ca quan Trung uang - Cac ca quan quan ly moi trucmg dia phuang: 34 Chi cue bao ve moi truang cac tinh, ' Vi?n N g h i e n CUTJ Hai san - 402 Ca sa che bien thuy san quy mo cong nghiep tai 34 tinh, 2.2 Not dung - Tong quan ve doanh nghiep - Thong tin chi tiet ve nhimg van de Hen quan den moi truang - Quan ly moi truang - Cac kho khan vuang mac va cac de xuat ve moi truang 2.3 Phwangphdp - Dieu tra gian tiep va ke thira so lieu de thu thap, tong quan va phan tich chpn lpc cac tai lieu thu cap (bao cao quan ly, cac bao cao dieu tra chuyen de, ke hoach hang nam ) tiJr cac Vien nghien cuu, Truang, Hiep hpi, cac ca quan Trung uang va dja phuang lien quan den moi truang che bien thuy san - Di6u tra true tiSp bSng phi6u mau dieu tra tai cac ca sa che bien thuy san Dieu tra vien true tiep gap chii ca scr de phong van va ghi thong tin vao phieu thiet ke san - SCr dung phan mem phan ti'ch thong ke de xu ly thong tin phieu dieu tra, dua cac bang ket qua - Xin y kien chuyen gia, hoi thao III KET QUA DIEU TRA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Ddnh gid thuc trgng moi truofng cdc cff Sff che bien thiiy sdn Phdt triin san xudt di doi vai ap dung he thong qudn ly mdi truang Trong qua trinh phat trien, nhin chung, cong nghiep che bien thiiy san ca nuac da gan vai cong tac bao ve moi truang, nhat la tir Luat Moi truang dai vao nam 2005 Da co TAP CHf CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO • 2013 39 THAM KHAO - TIM HIEU 95,77% so Co sa ch8 bien thuy san thuc hien bao cao danh gia TDMT hoac cam ket bao ve moi truang; 75,87% ap dung QCVN 11: 2008/BTNMT; gSn 50% doanh nghiep ap dung cac QCVN, TCVN \k thai; 52,24% ap dung SXSH, 13 ca so tien phong viec ap dung tieu chuSn moi trucmg ISO 14001: 2004 Tuy nhien, ap dung he thong quan ly moi truang chua day du, thieu thong nhat: ap dung cac van ban phap ly ve moi trucmg ciia cac ca so chua cao, nhat la cac van ban huong dSn, bo sung, sua doi ; van 196/402 co so chua ap dung SXSH; nhi6u c6 so ap dung SXSH chi mdi bu6c khdi dau, tri chua lien tuc; hau het chua ap dung tieu chuan moi trudng ISO 14001; 2004 Cac ca quan quan ly va ca sd che bien thiiy san chua thong nhat ve viec ap dung QCVN 11: 2008/BTNMT: Quy chudn ky thuat qu6c gia ve nudc thai cong nghiep ch8 bien thuy san va QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT: Quy chuSn ky thuat qudc gia ve nudc thai cong nghiep Chua cd QCVN ve thai danh rieng cho cac ca sd che bien thiiy san Chua co quy dinh phi bao ve moi trudng doi vdi nudc thai cdng nghiep che bien thuy san ap dyng thong nhat toan qudc He thong xu ly chdt thai (nuac thdi, thdi) dugc guan tdm ddu tu, nhimg chua hoan chinh ve cdng nghe, chi phi cao - Doi vdi He thong xu ly nudc thai: Den nam 2011 cd 338/402 ca sd cd he thdng x^ ly nudc thai vdi kinh phi dau tu hang tram ty dong Ve cdng nghe xir ly nudc thai: cd 240 ca sd ung dung phuang phap ket hgp (Co hoc + Hda ly + Sinh hpc) la phucmg phap hieu qua cao hien nay; co 192 doanh nghiep cd dii cong do^n quan trpng nhat cua he th6ng xir ly nudc thai (be tuyen noi tach dau, ma; be dieu hoa; hk sinh hoc ky khf; be sinh hpc bun hoat tinh; bk khu trung) Tuy nhien 64/402 co sd chua co he thong xir ly nudc thii Trong so 338 ca sd co he thdng xir ly nudc thai, van 98 ca sd chua ap dung quy trinh cong nghe xir ly nudc thai hieu qua cao la kk hgp (Co hoc + Hoa ly + Sinh hpc); 146 co sd chua cd dii cong doan quan trpng nhat, cho nen hieu qua xu ly chua cao (khd dat theo QCVN 40 11: 2008) Ngoai ra, he thSng xir ly nudc thai han che (kho van hanh, ), cong nghe xir ly phirc tap, chua dugc phii hc^ cho timg loai hinh ch^ bien thiiy san - D6I vdl He thong xii' iy thai: Trong so 501 thiet bj dang sir dung cd anh hudng den moi trudng, cd 70,52% thiet bi khong cd bp phan xir ly thai trudc thai mdi trudng; cdn lai 29,48% thiSt bj c6 bp phan xir iy thai, nhung hau nhu khdng dugc thay the, sua chi/a, bao duang, cho nen kem hieu qua, tac dung rk it - Chi phi mdi truang chi6m ty le tuang d6i cao tronggia san pham: Kinh phi dau tu xay dung he thdng xir ly nudc thai dat mirc A (theo QCVN 11: 2008) tir 10-15 trieu d6ng/m^ (mirc B tir 7-10 trieu d6ng/m^); Sa bp tinh toan, chi phi cho xay dung he thdng xu ly nudc thai chiSm 4-6% t6ng chi phi xay dung ca sd che bien thiiy san (ddng lanh, tong hgp, bdt ca) Khi di vao hoat dpng chi phi van hanh cho xir ly nudc thai tCr 2.000d/m^ 3.500 d/m^ Til ca cac chi phi co lien quan den mdi trudng dugc hach toan vao gia san pham Hien chi phi khoang 100.000 ddng den tren 500.000 dong/tSn san phSm, chi phi la cao O nhiem moi truang cua cdc logi hinh che bien Id khac ~ Ket qua phan tich nudc thai cac co sd che bi8n thuy san theo QCVN 11: 2008 bao gfim chi tieu (pH, BOD5 CO, TSS, Amoni, Nito long, Dau md, Clo du, Coliform): muc dp d nhiem ve nudc thai ciia ca sd che bien bdt ca la cao nhat; CO sd dong lanh, hang kho, tdng hgp xap xi nhau; CO sd nudc mam hSu nhu khdng d nhilm - Kkx qua phan tich thai cac ca sd che bi^n thuy san vdi chi tieu (byi, SO2, CO, NO2, SO3, NH3, H2S) theo TCVN 5939:2005 (tuong ung QCVN 19: 2009); mu'c dp nhilm \k thai ciia ca sd ch8 bien bpt ca la cao nhat; tiep theo la CO sd hang khd; co sd dong Ianh va tong hgp xap xi nhau; co sd co sd nudc mSm muc dp nhilm thap nhdt (co tha chap nhan dugc) TAP CHI CONG NGHliP NONG THON - SO - 2013 THAM KHAO - TIM HIEU Nhu vay, d nhilm moi trudng (nudc thai v^ thai) cao nhSt la co sd bpt ca; ca sd ddng ianh, ca sd tdng hgp va co sd hang kho xap xi nhau; co sd nudc m5m va hang khd so che rat thap va chap nhan dugc Kit qud thuc hien quyit dinh 64/2003/QDTTg cua Chinh phu Den nay, viec xir ly triet de d nhiem tai cac CO sd che bien thiiy san theo Quyet djnh sd 64/2003/QD-TTg ve ca ban da hoan (34/35 CO sd) va dat ty le 97%, cao han trung binh toan qudc so vdi cac nganh nghe khac (ty le 77%) [2,3], Doi ngu can bo moi tnrdng Giai doan tit nam 2005 trd ve trudc gan nhu cac can bd phu trach mdi trudng rat it; nhung den nam 2011 cd 295/402 co sd c6 can bp quan ly ve moi trudng, dd 92 can bd chuyen trach; 203 CO sd cd can bg kiem nhiem Can bd quan ly mdi trudng cd trinh dp ttr trung cap den thac sy Nhu vay, dpi ngii can bd moi trudng tai co sd san xuat cang Idn manh, budc dau dap ung dugc cong tac quan ly mdi trudng Tuy nhien, v5n cdn 107/402 CO sd chua cd can bd quan ly moi trudng Day la van de ma cac ca sd can phai quan tam de dpi ngu phat trien hon nQ-a theo hudng: ddi vdi cac co sd ldn (ddng lanh, hang khd, bdt ca, tdng hgp) phai cd can bd chuyen trach ve moi trudng, doi vdi co sd nudc mam va cac ca sd nhd toi thieu phai cd can bo kiem nhiem ve mdi trudng Chat thai nguy hgi ton dong ngdy cdng nhieu sir dung chdt tdy rua khu tritng che bien thuy san ngdy cdng tdng - Lugng chat thai nguy hai binh quan khoang 500 tin/nam; nhung hien nhieu co sd dang tdn dpng s6 lugng cang ldn (hang nghin tan) chua dugc bao quan, xu ly; vi nhieu dja phuang chua cd CO quan thu gom va xu ly - Tong so chat tay rua va khir triing ciia cac CO sd ch6 bien thiiy san sir dung binh quan hang nam la 5.475.063 kg, lugng sir dung ciia mpt co sd la 13.619 kg/nam So vdi nam 2007 lugng sudung hang nam tang len 2,45 ISn; lugng sir dung ciia mgt ca sd tang len 1,9 lan Day cung la mdt yeu to lam cho nudc thai tang ndng dp, gdp phSn tang muc dp d nhiem ciia nudc thai cua cac ca sd che bien thiiy san Y thirc chdp hdnh cdc quy dinh ve moi trudng cita ca sd che bien thuy sdn chua cao cdc vi pham co chieu huang gia tdng Nhieu CO sd y thirc tu giac ch5p hanh va thuc hien nghiem cac quy djnh phap luat ve bao ve moi trudng chua cao; chua thuc su quan tam den cdng tac bao ve moi trudng, chua co kk hoach trudc mat ciing nhu lau dai cong tac bao ve mdi trudng; chua thuc su hgp tac vdi co quan nha nudc lam nhiem vu Dieu dugc the hien ket qua qua giam sat, tra 402 co sd (giai doan 2008-2011) thi cd 211 lan vi pham ve moi trudng; Ket qua giam sat, tra 1.015 co sd che bien thuy san toan quoc c6 571 lan xir ly vi pham Cd the thay mirc dp vi pham nang cd chieu hudng gia tang, the hien d cho phai ap dung bien phap tam dinh chi san xuat Su ho tra cua Nhd nudc ve moi trudng cho cdc ca sd che bien thity sdn Trong giai doan 2008-2011 hoat ddng co quan quan ly mdi trudng Trung uong va dia phuong ve h6 trg cac cac co sd che bien thuy san ve moi trudng (xir ly d nhiem, dao tao nguon nhan lire, quan ly, cong nghe ) vdi tdng kinh phi la 6.101 trieu (trung uang 5.591 trieu, dia phuang 510 trieu) Nhu vay, cac hoat dong hd trg chua nhieu, nhat la hd trg ve tai chinh, dao tao ve ngudi, quan ly va cdng nghe mdi trudng ; Kinh phi tu ngan sach Nha nudc va ti^r cac nguon khac cho cac CO sd che bien thiiy san it Mgl so khd khdn, vudng mde thifc hien nhiem vu tndi tnrdng hien tgi cdc ca sd che bien thity sdn Trong qua trinh thuc hien cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng tai doanh nghiep, hien thudng gap phai mpt so khd khan nhu cd: 42,29% sd ca sd vl tai chinh; 20,15% ve mat bang; 18,91% ve cong nghe; 14,43% vl nhan luc; 8,96% ve thuc thi phap luat; 2.74% khac 10 Ke hogch ndng cao hieu qud cong tdc bdo ve moi irudng tircmg lai TAP CHf CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO - 2013 41 THAM KHAO - TIM HIEU Trong giai doan 2012-2015 c6 205 co sd cd nhu cSu dau tu nang cap hoac xay mdi; 188 CO sd ve nudc thai, 17 co sd ve thai Co c6 316 CO sd cd nhu c5u dao tao nguon nhan lire ve quan ly mdi trudng, cong nghe mdi trudng, san xuat sach hon, san xuat ben vung Tat ca cac viec the hien cac co sd che bien thiiy san CO djnh hudng tuong lai viec nang cao hieu qua bao ve mdi trudng 3.2 De xudt cdc gidi phdp gidm thieu o nhiem 3.2.1 Qudn ly nhd nudc Hoan thien cac QCVN, TCVN vl chdt thai (nudc thai, thai ) ap dung cac co sd che bien thiiy san dpc lap cung nhu tap trung (khu Cdng nghiep, khu che bien thiiy san tap trung ) Phoi hgp chat che giiJa cac co quan quan ly moi trudng d Trung uong, giua Trung uang vdi dja phuang Nha nudc tii'ng budc ldp dat thiet bi quan trac nudc thai tu ddng d cac co sd che bien thuy san, trudc mat tir 2013 den 2015 lap dat d co sd cd lugng nudc thai tir 200mVngay dem trd len Nha nudc uu dai ve tai chinh, dat dai cho xay dung he thong xu ly chat thai bao ve mdi trudng (nudc thai, thai, chat thai nguy hai ) nhat la ddi vdi he thSng hien dai Nha nudc co the cho vay vdn dai han vdi lai sudt thdp hoac khong lai Co sd che bien thiiy san ddi trudc co Luat bao ve moi trudng thieu dat xay dung he thong xu ly nudc thai, nha nudc cd the cap them Tuan thu quy hoach chl bien thiiy san toan qudc den nam 2020 theo Quyet dinh so 2310/QDBNN-CB 04/10/2011 cua Bp Nong nghiep & PTNT, Nha nudc co gdng tap trung cac co sd che bien thiiy san vao khu riSng de dl to chirc quan ly ve mpi mat, dac biet ve mdi trudng 3.2 Khoa hgc cong nghe vd ddo tgo Nghien cuu cac che pham sinh hpc de phan huy nhanh cac chat thai ciia che bien thiiy san phu hgp vdi timg loai hinh Nghien cuu cong nghe va he thdng thiet bj xir ly chat thai phu hgp vdi timg loai hinh nham giam chi phi, de sir dung Dao tao, boi duang nSng cao trinh dp khoa hpc kJ? thuat chuyen nganh cho cac cdn bp theo ddi quan ly moi trudng d dia phuang va co sd che bien, dac biet la Luat bao ve mdi trudng, cac quy 42 chuan, tieu chuan vl xir ly chat thai chl biln thiiy san Pho bien rpng rai nhung quy djnh ve Luat bao ve mdi trudng Tuyen truyen cho nhan dan dia phuang, theo doi, phat hien, giam sat viec xa nudc thai mdi trudng ciia cac co sd che bien, bao cao cho ca quan co trach nhiem xir ly kip thdi 3.2.3 Trach nhiem cdc ca sd che bien thity sdn Nghiem chinh chap hanh Luat bao ve moi trudng Mdi co sd phai cd he th6ng xii ly chdt thai (nudc thai, thai ) thich hgp Ap dung he thong quan ly moi trudng theo tieu chuan quoc te ISO 14001:2004 Cd kl hoach xay dung he thdng xu ly chat thai trudc mat cung nhu lau dai, khong de he thong lam viec qua tai, chat lugng xii ly nudc thai, thai dat theo QCVN, TCVN Thudng xuyen kiem tra va sua chQ"a he thong xir ly chat thai da cd Chii dgng de xuat vdi cac ca quan quan ly moi trudng va dia phucmg nhiJng khd khan, vudng mac ve mdi trudng tai ca sd chl bien thiiy san de cung phoi hgp giai quyet Tang cudng ap dung san xuat sach hon Han che sir dung chat tay rii-a, khir triing de giam ndng dp nudc thai IV KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI Thuc trang moi trudng cac co sd che bien thiiy san giai doan 2008-2012 c6 nhieu mat tich cue: Cac co sd che bien thiiy san da co nhieu co gang cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng: Phat trien san xudt di ddi vdi ap dung he th6ng quan ly moi trudng; He thdng xir ly chat thai dugc quan tam ddu tu, cong nghe xir ly nudc thai tucmg doi phii hgp; Dpi ngu can bp moi trudng co sd budc dau dap irng dugc cong tac quan ly mdi trudng; chi phi cho moi trudng chiem ty le gia san pham; thuc hien quylt djnh 64/2003/QDTTg cua Chinh phu dat kit qua cao; nhieu co sd CO djnh hudng tuong lai viec nang cao hieu qua bao ve mdi trudng Tuy nhien, moi trudng cac ca sd chl bien thuy san nhilu van dl t6n tai can giai quyet: nhilm moi trudng ciia cac lo^i hinh chl biln la khac nhau, d nhilm cao tap trung mot so loai hinh (ca sd hot ca, dong lanh, tong hop va hang kho); TAP CHf CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO - 2013 THAM KHAO - T I M HIEU He thdng xu ly nudc thai, thai cdn chua hoan chinh, chi phi cao; Chdt thai nguy hai tdn dpng cang nhilu; sii dung chat tay riia khu trimg ngay cang tang; Ap dung he th6ng quan ly mdi trudng cdn chua day dii, thieu thdng nhat, cac Quy chuan, tieu chuan dac thii cho chl bien thuy san chua hoan thien; Y thiic chap hanh cac quy dinh ve mdi trudng chua cao, vi pham ciia cac co sd che bien thtiy san cang tSng; Hoat ddng ho trg ve mdi trudng cho cac co sd che bien thuy san chua nhieu Theo dinh hudng phat triln chl bien thiiy san toan qudc den n3m 2020, tdm nhin 2030 theo Quylt dinh s6 2310/QD-BNN-CB 04/10/2011 cua Bp Ndng nghiep&PTNT vdi quan diem "Che bien thiiy san dugc xac djnh la ddng luc phat trien cho cac ITnh vuc khai thac, nuoi va dich vu hau can nganh thuy san Phat trien Che bien thiiy san bin vij-ng di doi vdi bao ve moi trudng "Tren tinh than do, dl giam thilu d nhilm moi trudng thdi gian tdi cSn phai tiln hanh nhieu giai phap ddng bd ve nang cao hi6u qua quan ly Nha nudc, vl chinh sach, ve quy hoach, vl khoa hpc-cong nghe va dao tao, vl nang cao nh3n thiic bao ve moi trudng va nhat la cac giai phap t£ii cac co sd chl biln thiiy san Cac giai phap thuc hien da lua chpn va de xudt can dugc thuc hien ddng bg, kip thdi se gdp phan giam thieu d nhilm moi trudng che biln thuy san, han che cac tac dpng xSu den mdi trudng va gdp phdn phat trien ben vung lmh vuc cong nghiep che bien thiiy san; gdp phan tich cue vao tiln tfinh CNH-HDH nghl ca ndi chung, nganh chl biln thiiy san ndi rieng nham dip img yeu cau h^>i nhip kinh tl qudc tl" Vy KHCN&MT Bo NN&PTNT 2011 D6 van Nam va CS Bio cio ldng kit khoa hpc ky thuit, kinh te ve bao \ e mdi lrLJCfn| -Nghien ciru dinh gii hien Ir^g mdi trirdng cic co sd chl bien thuy sin, de xual cic giai phip quan ly" Vu Khoa hoc Cdng nghe Bp Thuy san, 2004 Nguyin Xuan Thi Dd VSn Nam vi CS: Bio cio "Dinh gia trinh dp CN che bien thiiy san " Vien Nghien cuu Hii sin Nam 2008 Nguyin Xuan Thi va CS: Bio cio Tdng hgrp "Dilu tra thyc trgng ve mdi trudng cic co sd chl biln thiiy san" Vien Nghien ciru Hai san - Cue Che biln thicong mai, ndng lim Ihiiy sin vaNghe mudi, nam 2012 Tap chi thoong mai ihu\ sin (VASEP) sd 158- thing 02/2013 Vien Kinli tl_ va Quy hogch 2011 Bio cio- "Quy hogch phit tnen che bien thuy san foan qudc din nam 2020" 9, Vien Kinh tl \a Quj hogch 2011 Bio cio dinh gia mdi trudng chien lu'oe (DMC) den nam 2020", TAI L1$U THAM KHAO Bto cSo torn tat- Kilm di^m, dSnh gid tinh hinh thyc hi^n Quylt djnh s6 64/2003/OD-TTg cua Thu tirdng Chinh phii d6n nam 2010 vi djnh hirdmg xSy dyng Kg hogch xir ly triet de cic ccr sd gay nhiSm moi tririmg nghiSm trgng d6n nam 2020 - BO Tki nguyen v^ M6i Iruemg - Hi Npi, ngiy 02/4/ 2011 Trin Luu Khanh va CS Bio cio l6ng kit nhi^m vy "Triln khai thyc hien Quyll dinh 64/2003/QD-TTg cua Thu tirifnng Chinh phu ve xiJr Iy tri?t de cic ca so san xudi gay nhilm mfii trudng nghifim trgng Irong ITnh vyc chl biln thuy san Vy KHCN&MT Bg NN&PTNT, 2008 T r ^ l-wu Khanh vi CS Bio cio tong kel nhiem vy: •'H5 tT(j cic doanh nghiSp chl biln thuy sin bao v? moi tricdng TAP CHf CONG NGHlf P NONG THON - SO - 2013 MOT SO HE THONG XU' LY NU'6C THAI He ihdng xir ly nudc thdi cna Cdng ly Vlnh Hodn, linh Ddng Thdp He thdng xir ly nudc Ihdi ciia Cdng ly ihiivphdm xudt khdu Nam Hdi 43 ... sinh hpc bun hoat tinh; bk khu trung) Tuy nhien 64/402 co sd chua co he thong xir ly nudc thii Trong so 338 ca sd co he thdng xir ly nudc thai, van 98 ca sd chua ap dung quy trinh cong nghe xir... tap, chua dugc phii hc^ cho timg loai hinh ch^ bien thiiy san - D6I vdl He thong xii'' iy thai: Trong so 501 thiet bj dang sir dung cd anh hudng den moi trudng, cd 70,52% thiet bi khong cd bp... bao duang, cho nen kem hieu qua, tac dung rk it - Chi phi mdi truang chi6m ty le tuang d6i cao tronggia san pham: Kinh phi dau tu xay dung he thdng xir ly nudc thai dat mirc A (theo QCVN 11: