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156 II TRUClNB BAI HOC THlll B£> H A ^ l S l TO CHLfC TRAI N G H I E M SANG TAG CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HOC LjCH SIT LbP - BAG TRUNG HOC CO s Nguyen Thi Thanh Thiiy' Truang Dgi hpc Thii Hd Ngi Tom tdt: Di ndng cao chdt luang gido due noi ehung chdt iugmg gidng dgy mon Lich sir noi rieng gido viin cdn phdi biit da dgng hod cdc hinh thuc td chuc dgy hgc Td chuc trdi nghiem sdng tgo chinh la ca hgi de hgc sinh dug^c khdm phd, tim toi bgc Ig khd ndng huy dong kiin thiic kl ndng gidi quyit cdc vdn di gdn v&i ciigc song m& rgng khong gian nha tru&ng ngodi klnton khS lop hgc Tren co so tim hiiu dgc tiicng quy trinh cita hogt dgng trdi nghiem sdng tgo tic dgc thii cua bg mon Lich siir, chung toi di xudt mat so hinh thicc td chiec trdi nghi$m sdng tgo cho hgc sinh dgy hgc Lich su a l&p - bgc Trung hgc Ca s& Tirkhod: lichsir, to chiec trdi nghiem sdng tgo, trung hgc ca s& M O D A U Nhiem vii ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due nude nha, dac biet ddi mdi chuang trinh, sdch gido khoa phd thong sau nam 2015 dat klidng chi cho cdc nha bien soan sach gido khoa cac mon hpc, ma cho dpi ngii giao vien, sinh vien, hpe sinh nhung nhiem vu nang ne Trong cac mdn hpc d bae Trung hpc Ca sd (THCS), bp mdn Lich sir cang e6 vai tro, y nghTa quan trpng viec giao due y thuc truyen thdng, niem ty hao dan tpc, tinh than va ban ITnh ung phu hop vdi nhiing bidn dpng ldn cua nhan Ioai thdi ki hpi nhap Muc tieu cua mon Ijch su d trudng THCS la trang hi cho hpe sinh nhihig kidn thdc ea bdn, cdn tbiat ve lich su dan tpc vd the gidi, lam co sd cho viSc hinh thd gidi quan khoa hpc, giao due long yeu que huong dat nude, truyan thdng dan tdc, hinh d hpc sinh kT nang hpc tdp, cac nang lyc tu duy, hanh dpng, cd thai dp ung xir diing ddn ddi sdng Nhan bai 20.03 2016; giii phan bien va duyct dang 28.04.2016 Lien he tac gia- Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy, Email thanhlhuylhanhthuy31883@gmail.com TAP CHI KHDA HOC - sd / j 157 Tuy nhian, nhihig nhan thirc, quan niem sai lech ve vj tri, vai tro ciia Khoa hpc Lich su vd mon Lich su ddi song xa hpi, gido due hien da dan tdi phuang phdp nghian cuu hpc tap khdng diing He qud tdt yeu la sy gidm siit chat luong day vd hpc bp mon tren nhiau mat Tinh trang hpc sinh khdng nhd nhung dau mdc, sy kien ca bdn; khdng biat "sir ta"; nhd sai, nhdm Ian kien thue lich su khd phd bian Vi le do, nhirng nam qua, vdn da nang cao chdt luprng day hpc lich su ludn nhan dupe su quan tdm, chu y ciia todn xd hpi Day vira Id dieu kien, vira la ca hdi de gido vien co the thuc hien nhieu cdi tien, sdng tao day vd hpc bp mon Tren thyc ta, viec day hpe Lich su d phd thdng da dupe "lam mdi" vi ndi dung thdng qua viec thiat ke cdc boat dpng hpc tap theo chu da nham lupc bd nhiing phdn kien thuc khd, lae hdu, lap lai nhieu ldn , ddng thdi tang cudng nhimg chii da hpc tap mdi da thay ddi ca ban each day vd hpc tap bp mdn Hpc sinh dupe phat huy cdc ndng luc bpc tap vd ndng cao y thue ddi vdi Ijch sir Va td chitc day hpc, ban canh day hpc tmyen thong, tren Idp, viec da dang hoa eac hinh thuc day hpc lich su da dupe nhieu gido vien dp dung Trong cdc hinh thiic do, \ iec td ehiic boat dpng trdi nghiem sang tao vd ngoai Idp hpc (nhu hpc tap tai Bao tang, di tich lich sir, lang ngha truyen thdng ) da dupe chii trpng va budc ddu thu dupe nhihig kat qua tich eye NOT DUNG 2.1 Hoat dpng trai nghiem sang tao la gi? phucmg Ddng, Khdng Tu ( 5 M TCN) timg ndi: "Nlmiig gi toi nghe toi se quin; Nhirng gi toi thdy toi se nho; Nhung gi toi lam toi se hiiu"; edn d phuang Tdy, Soerate (470-399 TCN) cung timg not: "Ngic&i la phdi hpc bdng cdch lam mpt viec gi do; v&i nhirng diiu bgn nglu Id minh biet ban se thdy khong chdc chdn cho den lam no" Diau cho thdy, cde nhd gido due loi lac, cdc bdc hien triet thdi co dai da khdng chi coi trpng viec ty hoc, ty ren luyen, tu than; phat huy mat tich eye sdng tao, phdt huy nang lyc npi sinh; kat hop hpc va hanh, li thuyet vdi thyc tiln; phat trian himg thii dong eo, y chi ciia ngudi hpc , ma cdn gian tiap gpi md cae kinh nghiem, phuang phdp tu hpc Xet d mot phuong dien ndo do, cd the coi cae kinh nghiem, phuang phdp la nhirng ea sd, nen mdng dau tien ciia tu tudng hpc qua trdi nghiem Hoat ddng hpe qua trai nghiam khong phdi la mdi vdi cdc nude tren tha gidi, nhung d Viat Nam, dan nay, van de van kha mdi me Trong chucmg trinh giao due thdng hien hanh cua Viat Nam, ka hoach gido due bao gdm Id chirc cdc hoat ddng day hoc va eac boat dpng giao due Hoat dpng giao due (theo nghTa rdng) Id nhirng boat ddng co chil dich, cd ke hoach hoac cd sy dinh hudng ciia nhd giao due duac ihuc hien thong qua 158 II T R U d N G BAI HOC THLI SO HA HOI nhihig each thirc phii hpp da chuyan tai npi dung giao due tdi ngudi hpc nham thuc hien muc tieu giao due Cac boat dpng gido dye (theo nghTa hep) dimg da chi edc boat dpng giao due dupe td chiic ngodi gid day hpc cdc mon hpc va dupe su dung cimg vdi khai niem hoat dpng day bpc eac mon hpc Cu the, gdm: Hoat dpng tap the (sinh boat Idp, sinh boat trudng, sinh boat Dpi Thiau nien Tian phong Hd Chi Minh, sinh boat Dodn Thanh nian Cpng san Hd Chi Minh); boat ddng giao due ngodi gid Ien Idp dupe td chuc theo eac chii da gido due; boat dpng gido due hudng nghiep (cdp trung hpc co sd va cdp trung hpc phd thong) giiip bpc sinh tim hiau da dinh hudng tiep tyc hpc tap vd dinh hudng ngha nghiep; boat dpng gido due nghe phd thong (edp trung hpc phd thdng) giiip hpc sinh hiau dupe mdt s6 kian thiic ca bdn va cong eu, kT thuat, quy trinh cdng nghe, an toan lao ddng, ve sinh mdi trudng ddi vdi mot s6 nghi phd thong da hpc; hinh va phdt trian kT nang van dung nhirng kiln thirc vao thuc tian; cd mpt so kT nang su dung cong cu, thyc hanh kT thuat theo quy trinh cdng nghe de lam sdn phdm dan gidn Theo Du thdo Di dn doi m&i chicang trinh vd sdch gido khoa gido due thong sau ndm 2015 thi "'Hoat dpng trdi nghiem sdng tgo bdn chdt Id nhung hogt dpng gido diic nhdm hinh thdnh vd phdt triin cho hpc sinh nhung phdm chdt tic tu&ng, y chi tinh cdm, gid Iri va kl ndng song vd nhirng ndng luc cdn co ciia ngu&i xd hgi hien dgi Npi dung ciia hogt dong trdi nghiim sdng tgo duoc thiit ke theo hu&ng lich hop nhieu ITnh vuc, mon hoc thdnh cdc chii diim mang tinh chdt m& Hinh thuc vd phuong phdp to chite da dgng, phong phil, mem deo, linh hogt, m& ve khong gian th&i gian, quy mo, doi tuong vd so hrong de hgc sinh co nhieu co hpi tu trdi nghiem vd phat huy toi da khd ndng sdng tgo ciia cdc em" [3] Ban canh boat ddng trai nghiem sdng tao chung nhu Iran, d tirng mdn hpe eung cd eac boat dpng trdi nghiem sdng tao mang tinh dae trung, dac thii riang ciia mdn hpc gop phdn hinh va phat trian cdc nang lyc chuyan biet ciia hpc sinh Nhu vay co the thay bdn chat cua hoat dpng trai nghiem sdng tao chinh la boat dpng giao due theo nghTa hep, duoc thiat ka, td chitc thuc hien theo budng tang cudng su trdi nghiem va sang tao cho ngudi hpc Tir day, cd tha hieu: "Hogt dpng trdi nghiem sdng tao la hogt dong gido due theo chii di; duoc thiet ki, Id chirc, thuc hiin theo hu&ng tich hgp nhiiu linh vuc, mon hpc thdnh cdc chii diem mang linh chdt m&, hinh thicc vd phuong phdp to chirc da dgng, nhdm giitp cho hgc sinh co nhiiu co hpi tu trdi nghiem vd phdl huy tdi da khd ndng sdng tao eiia hoc sinh " [7] TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 3/201B || 159 2.2 M o t so hinh thirc to chdc hoat dpng trai nghiem sang tao cho hoc sinh day hpc Lich s u d Idp - T H C S 2.2.1 To chiic hoat dgng trai nghiem sang tao dw&i hinh thuc dong vai Trong day hpc Ljeh su, mdi tinh hudng dua Id mpt trdi nghiem thii vi, ngudi hpc dupe ddt minh bdi canh lich su de suy ngdm ve cdc su kien, sdng ciing cupc song vdi eac nhan vat, dupe nem trdi cam xuc riang chung eua mdi eon ngudi, cua ca dan toe qua timg sy kien hodc cdc giai doan Ijch su cu the Phuang phdp dong vai khdng chi nham tdi hien ljeh su ma gdp phdn dua ngudi hpc vdo nhirng bdi cdnh Ijch sir cu the, cd nhdng hieu biet sdu sac ban ve cac su kien, nhdn vdt, ty danh gid vd nit kinh nghiam lich sir cho ban than minh CJ phuang dien giao due, mdi trdi nghiem Id mpt bai hpe qui bau ve tinh yeu qua huong, ddt nude, giiip hpc sinli biat trdn trpng nhiing gia tri truyen thong, vdn hod Clia nhdn Ioai Phuang phap cd the sir dung mpi hinh thirc gido dye, tir day hpc kian thirc mdi den kiem tra, ddnh gid hay cde boat dpng ngoai khod Vi du T Trong chuang trinh Ljeh sii - THCS, nam bdt eac kian thiie ve budi binh minh cua loai ngudi la npi dung quan trpng Npi dung duac de cap d nhieu khia canh nhu: ngudn gdc ciia lodi ngudi, qua trinli tien boa ciia ngudi thai nguyen thuy, ddi song eon ngudi thai nguyan thuy, nguyen nhdn xa hpi nguyen tbuy tan ra, diau kien tu nhien, hau, dja hinh tae ddng den ddi song ngudi Theo dinh hudng ciia chuong trinh giao due hien nay, day hoc tieh hpp Hen mdn la yeu eau bat bupc nham djnh hudng phat trian ndng lyc ngudi hpc, ddng thdi khac phuc nhiing diem trimg lap ve mat kian thirc giira cac mon hoc cung nhu cdc npi dung, cac bdi mpt mdn hpc Viec day hpc tich hpp lien mdn ciing tao dieu kien thuan lpi eho giao vien van dung cac phuang phdp vd ky thuat day hpc tich eye Theo dd, chiing tdi xdy dyng chii de "Buoi binh minh ciia lodi ngic&i" (3 tiat) day phdn I "Khdi qudt lich sir thi gi&i co dai" va phdn II "Lich sic Viet Nam tir nguon goc den the ki X" (SGK Lich sit 6-THCS) vdi cac npi dung ca ban nhu so sau: 16" I TRLfdNB OAI HOC T H O BQ HA Ht?}^ ddy, phuang phap ddng vai dupe sap xSp linh hoat cac ndi dung phii hpp de vira dat dupe hieu qud trai nghiem, vira khdng anh hudng tdi cSu triic, bd c\ic chung ciia toan bai Vi du, Mittc 1: Nguon goc ciia loai ngu&i, thky va tro se tidn hanh cac budc nhu sau: - Bu&c 1: Giao vien chia Idp hai nhdm (Nhung hpc sinh ddng y quan nipm ngudn gdc loai ngudi tiSn hoa tir vuon ve mpt nhdm; nhung hpc sinh d6ng f quan niem cho rdng Ioai ngudi thuang di tao vi rapt nhdm) Sau dd, gido vien y6u ciu hpc sinh quan sdt hinh 1, kit hop dpc chu thich va tra ldi cac cau hdi: Thu dong vai eac nhan vat tranh va xay dung mpt doan hpi thoai tranh luan ve ngudn gdc eua loai ngudi Em theo quan niam ciia Diic chiia Gia-su hay nha khoa hpc Ddc-uyn ve nguon gdc ciia Ioai ngudi? Vi sao? Em biet gi ve ddi sdng eiia ngudi thdi nguyen thuy? Cha thich: — Dire chiia Gie-su cho rdng Chua da tgo lodi ngir&i Tranh minh hoa cupc tranh lugn ve ngudn gdc lodi ngir&i - Nhd khoa hgc Ddc-uyn cho rdng lodi ngu&i co nguon goc tu dgng vat - Bu&c 2: Cac thdnh vian nhdm dua cac y kidn ca nhan, trao ddi h-ong nhom va dua eac lap luan ciia nhdm minh - Bu&c 3: Gido vien td chuc cho cae nhdm dua cac y kidn ciia minh - Bu&c 4: Gido vian nhan xet va kdt ludn Vdi Muc 3: D&i song ngu&i th&i nguyin thuy, phuang phap ddng vai dupe ap dyng nhu sau: - Bu&c 1: Gido vian chia lap nhdm, giao cac nhiem vy cho cac nhdm nhu sau: Em hay ddng vai trd mdt nha nghian ciru sir hpc "nhi", gidi thipu cho ngudi than va ban be npi dung sau: dac diem va cdng cu lao dpng, each kiem sdng, nha d va trang phuc cua ngudi thdi nguyen thuy Gido vien cd the giiip cho hpe sinh ed nhimg djnh budng dung vdi nhiem vy vua ndu bang viee cung cdp cdc thdng tin ho trp: TAP CHI KHOA H O C j - S O S / Z D l B 161 THONG TIN HO TRO Bdy ngu&i nguyen thuy {Nguon: Internet) Sinh hogt cua ngir&i nguyin thuy (Nguon Internet) THONG TIN HO TRO Trong xa hdi nguyen tbuy, ngudi chii yau dimg da da cha tao cdng cu lao ddng Ngudi tdi CO biat ghe deo dd 1dm cdng eu lao dpng Ddn dan, hp biet dimg lira vd tao lira da sudi am, nudng thirc dn, xua dudi thii dir Ngudi linh khdn biat ghe hai ria ciia mdt manh dd, 1dm cho nd gpn va sac canh ban, diing lam riu, dao, nao, Ho eung biet lam gdm Ben canh hp cilng da sdng tao r.i cung tan Ddy la mpt tuu ldn qua trinh che tao cong cu va vii Vdi nhirng loai cdng cy lao dpng nliu vay, ngudi thdi nguyan thuy chu yau kiem sdng bang each san bat, san ban, bdi lupm va budc dau biat dan trdng trpt, chan nuoi Sir dung lira vd tao lira {Nguon Inlemel) 162 T R U d N G B A I HOC T H U B O H A H P I THONG TIN HO TRO Hang dpng Id nai & ciia ngirai nguyen thuy giai dogn ddu {Nguon • Internet) Lam ao bang \o cay (Nguon- Inlemet) Lam lin cU & (Nguon: Internet) Lam ao bang da thu (Nguon: Internet) - Buoc 2: Cac nhom se thye hien nhiem vy - Bu&c 3: Gido vian sir dyng kT thudt phong tranh, trian lam cac san pham ciia hpc smh Cac nhom Idn luat trinh bay san phdm, nhdm ban nhan xet, gdp y, bd sung - Buoc 4: Cuoi ciing gido vicn tdng kat va chdt y Qua ddy, nhirng van da ca ban ve budi binh minli ciia loai ngudi (tren the gidi va d Viet Nam) duoc tai hicn mpt each he thong Han nii'a, sy kat hcrp ddng thdi nhiau phucmg phdp cimg viec id chirc cho cac em ddng vai da giup cdc em ndm bdt sdu hon kien thiic, cd them nliiau trai nghiem, xiic cam lich sii thii vi tai khong gian cua gid hpc chinh khoa 2.2.2 To chuc trai nghiem sang tao qua boat dgng tham quan bgc tap De nang cao chat luong loan dicn nen giao due ndi chung, chdt lupng mon Lich sii ndi riang, giao vian can phdi biet da dang hod cac hinh thitc to chirc day hoc Ban canh hinh thiic to chuc day hoc iren Idp truyan thong, giao vicn can tdng cudng cdc hinh thirc hpc tap trdi nghiam gdn hoc tfip vdi ihuc lian gdn gido due nhd trudng vdi gido due n' Hpc qua trai nghiem se md cac ca hpi da hpc sinh thyc su duoc khdm phd, ty hinh thdnh kian thirc bdi hpc, ren luyen cdc kT nang vd hinh thdnh thdi dp, hanh vi dirng ddn, thiat thyc Diau da khdng djnli tdm quan trpng ciia hinh thiic day hpc viae ndng cao chat lupng day vd hpc bien Tuy nhian, da to chirc hpc tap trdi nghiam sang tao mon Lich sir, mdi giao vian cdn ddi mdi tu day hpc, tdng cudng tich hpp giura cac bp mdn vdi nhau, ddu tu ca sd vat chat, tao nhung ngudn lyc hd tra \ a ngoai trudng; ddng thai linh hoat viec sap xip thdi khoa bieu de ed the chii dong nhicu han nua viae md rong khong gian hpc tap, kich hoat su sdng tao cua hpc smh 164 II T R U d N B BAI HOC T H C I B H^AjjPj TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Chiin luge phdl triin gido due 2011-2020, phe duyet 13 thdng nam 2012 (Quyet dinh s6 711/QD- TTg cua Thii tudng Chinh phii) Bp Giao due va Ddo tao, Chuang trinh gido diic phd thong - Hogt dgng gido due ngodi gio Ien l&p, 2006 Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Di dn Doi m&i chucmg trinh vd sdch gido khoa sau 2015 (Ban dy thdo) Dang Vii Hoat (1996), Hoal dong gido due ngodi gi& Ien lap & tru&ng Trung hpc Co s&, Nxb Giao due Kl ySu hoi thao "D6i m&i chuang trinh, sdch gido khoa gido due phd thong, kinh nghiem quoc ti vd van dung vdo diiu kiin Viet Nam", Ha Npi 10-12 thang 12 nam 2012 Dill Ngpc Diep va cac tac gia (2009), Tai lieu tap hudn gido vien cdt cdn hogt dgng gido due ngodi gta Ien l&p inrang Trung hgc co sa Nguyen Thi Hdng, Nguyan Thi Kim Dung, "Quan niem vh boat dong trai nghiem sang tao va mpt s6 hinh thiic td chiic hoat dong trdi nghiem sang tao cho hoc sinh Ihong", Kiyeu hgi thdo • Phdt triin chuang trinh nhd tnr&ng: Nhirng kmh nghiem thuc Hen (So kel mpt nam thuc hien di an "Xay dung tmcmg thong thuc hanh Nguyen Tat Thanh theo mo hinh phat trien nang lire hpc sinh "), Ha Noi, Ihang nam 2014 ORGANIZING CREATIVE EXPERIENCES IN TEACHING HISTORY FOR GRADE AT SECONDARY SCHOOLS Abstract: Musi lo raise the general standing quality of products and History's quality products Education must be diversity formalism teaching organization Activities formalism organizations are oppolurnity for students They are must be discovered finding brain, talent and revision knowlage in our method life, lo raise school emvironment space Base on installation normal, the show crealiveness prosess; base on specific of History We put forward a great many ideas to improve the styles of the process of organization creative experience activities for all of pupils in teaching History for Grade al secondary schoolsKeywords hi.'itory, Activihes formalism organization Secondary schools ... hpc sinh ddng y quan nipm ngudn gdc loai ngudi tiSn hoa tir vuon ve mpt nhdm; nhung hpc sinh d6ng f quan niem cho rdng Ioai ngudi thuang di tao vi rapt nhdm) Sau dd, gido vien y6u ciu hpc sinh. .. hudng nghiep (cdp trung hpc co sd va cdp trung hpc phd thong) giiip bpc sinh tim hiau da dinh hudng tiep tyc hpc tap vd dinh hudng ngha nghiep; boat dpng gido due nghe phd thong (edp trung hpc phd... trung hpc phd thdng) giiip hpc sinh hiau dupe mdt s6 kian thiic ca bdn va cong eu, kT thuat, quy trinh cdng nghe, an toan lao ddng, ve sinh mdi trudng ddi vdi mot s6 nghi phd thong da hpc; hinh