TAP CHf KHOA HDC SD 1B/gP17 II 1^1 TiCH cue HOA NGUdi HOC TKONG BOI CANH CUOC CACH MANG KHOA HOC CONG NGHE HIEN NAY Nguyen Hien Liitmg , Nguyen Thi Hai Tnrdng Dgi hoc Y khoa Hd Xdi Tom tdt Qud trinh d[.]
TAP CHf KHOA HDC - SD 1B/gP17 II 1^1 TiCH cue HOA NGUdi HOC TKONG BOI CANH CUOC CACH MANG KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE HIEN NAY Nguyen Hien Liitmg , Nguyen Thi Hai Tnrdng Dgi hoc Y khoa Hd Xdi Tom tdt Qud trinh ddy mgnh cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hda hgi nhgp qudc te sdu rong ddl hoi nganh gido due phdi nhanh chong ddo tgo dugc ngudn nhdn luc tuang inig, co trinh cao sdn sdng ddp ung moi yeu cdu dgc biet giai doan cdch mgng khoa hgc — cong nghe phdt trien cao hien De tiep can chiem linh lam chii dugc khdi luang tn thdc ngdy cdng phong phii cita nhdn logi, cdn phdt huy vai trd tich cue chu dgng, sdng tgo cua ngirdi hgc Tren ca sd ly thuyet vd thuc tien bdi bdo ndy de xudt mgt so bien phdp tich cue hda nguai hgc kha dl phii hgp hieu qud Tic khoa: Ngudi hgc tich cue hda cdch mgng khoa hoc — cdng nghe M d D A U Dat nude ta dang d thdi k\ ddi mdi, day manh cong nghiep hda hien dai hoa va hgi nhap qudc te sau rgng Thyc te cudc each mang khoa hpc - cdng nghe i KH-CX) ian thii ba va lan thii tu (vdi cac dieu kien >eu cau mang tinh lich sir - thdi dai rat cao) sap biing no, dang dat nhieu thach thiic mdi Sy tang len nhanh chdng khoi lugng tri thirc nhan loai cung nhu tdc dp van dung tri thiic vao mgi linh \"yc ciia ddi sdng xa hgi doi hoi moi ca nhan phai co cac phuong phap, each thuc tiep can, chiem linh nhanh chong phii hgp Ben canh viec trang bj cho ngudi hgc phuang phap hpc tap de cd the phat huy toi da nang lyc ngi tai cua ban than, hinh va phat trien kha nang tu hgc ciia ngudi hgc nganh giao due dao tao hien na> cdn phai de xuat dupe nhiing dinh hudng chien luac phat trien ddng bg, ben \'img Trudc mat, ddi mdi phuang phap giao due theo hudng tich eye hoa vai tro cua ngudi hpc dugc coi la mdt nhiing giai phap quan trgng, co < nghia qu> et dinh doi vdi \ iec nang cao chat lugng day va hgc cac nha trudng hien Nhan bai nga> 15 5.2017: chinh siia, giii phan bien va duyet dang 20.6.201' Lien he tac gia Ngu% en Hien Lircmg; Email luongnguyenhien ayahoo com \n 132 II T R U a N G BAI H D C T H U B D HA Ngi NQI DUNG 2.1 Quan niem chung vi tinh tich cu-c vii phuffng phap day hoc tich eye "Tich cue" phuong phap d?y hpc (PPDH) dugc dung vdi nghla la hogt ddng chit ddng PPDH tich cue la mot thu$t ngu nit gon, dugc dirng nhieu nude de chi nhOng phuang phap giao due, day hgc theo huomg phat huy tinh tich evtc, chu d6ng, sang tao ciia ngutri hgc PPDH tich cue huong tdi viec diy manh hoat dgng, tich cue hda hoat dpng nhan thilc cua ngudi hgc, tap trung phat huy tinh tich cue eiia ngudi hgc Duong nhien, ap diing PPDH tich cue, khdng ehl ngudi hoe ma ca ngudi day ciing phai hoat dgng, no iirc nhieu hon vi thuat ngO, tich eiie theo tiing Latinh la "actives", tiing Anh la "activity", dung dc chi trying thai hoat ddng chu ddng, tich cue, cd chii dich eia ca nh&i nhSm tac dgng, lam thay doi mgt chii the, hien tugng, qua trinh nao dd Tinh tich c\re, theo quan dilm cua Trilt hgc, la thugc tinh chung cua vSt chit, tao su tu van dgng cua vSt chJtNo dugc thi hien sir tae ddng lam thay ddi cac khieh thi, eac vat thi eo quan h6 ddi tac vdi minh Tdm lai, tinh tich cvre ntoi trang thai hoat ddng, la bilu hien miic cao ciia hanh ddng Tinh tich eye hoat ddng la mgt lihiing pham ch5t von co eiia ngudi Tinh tich eire ed hai m^t: tu phat va tu giac Mat tu phat eua tinh tich cue la nhung yeu to ti8m in bSn trong, thd hidn 6' tinh td mo, hilu ki, thich tim hilu, thich kham pha M|t tir giac cua tinh tich cue la d trang thai tam ly Tinh tu giac thd hien a each quan sat, cdch tu duy, tinh phe phan va logic tu mot each khoa hoe Nhdf tinh tich cue tu giac, ngudi cd the dat duge nhieu kit qua, tiln bd nhanh cae ho^t dgng thue tiln Trong linh v\re d^y va hgc, mudn ddi mdi each hgc phai doi mdi each day Vi?c ddi moi phai tiln hanh ddng thdi tfr ca hai phia: ngudi day va ngudi hoc PPDH tich eve Ididng the dat ket qua nhu mong mudn neu ngudi day chira nSm viing phuong phap, chua biet each khai thac hiing thu va tinh tich cue hgc tap ciia ngudi hgc, hoje ngudi hpc chua thich nghi, vin quen vdi kieu tu va ldi hgc tap cu, thu ddng Ndi each khac, doi mdi phuong phap day hgc ndi ehung va ap dung PPDH tich cue ndi ridng, phai cd s\r ket hgp, hgp tae ca cua thiy va trd, su phdi hgp nhip nhang hojit dpng day vdi hoat ddng hpc 2.2 Van de tich cue hoa ngudd hoe qua trinh hf c t^p Tich cue hoa ngudi hpc trpng qua trinh hgc tdp la nhidm vu quan trpng day hpc va giao dye Tinh tich cue hgc tap hay hoat d§ng hgc tap la dang phan hoa cua tinh tich cue ea nhan, ed vai trd chuydn bidt nhu mdt dudng co ban va hieu qua &k ngudi hpc gi^ quyet dugc nhiem vu va dat Auqc muc tieu ciia minh qua trinh hpc tap TAP C H i KHOA HDC - SD 16/2017 I ^^3 KM tinh tich cue ca nhan dugc huy dong va hudng vao mot Imh vuc, mot nhiem vu cu thi (chang han hoc tap) nhim giai quylt nhung vin ih, ddi tugng va muc tieu cu thi thi nd d trang thai chuyen biet co tinh chit thudng true (ben trong) va hien thuc (ben ngoai) Nhiing hinh thai chuySn biet cua tinh tich cue ca nhan tuong iing vdi nhiem vu xac dinh chinh la ket qua cita sy diSu dpng, phdi hgp, dpng vien, di chuyen va thuc hien nhfing chiic nang, kha nang, siic manh thugc vh tinh tich eye ca nhan de dap iing nhung yeu cau cu the cua nhiem vu Ngudi ta thudng ndi den tinh tich cue tri tue, tinh tich cue nhan thiic, tinh tich cue tham ml, tinh tich cue dao diic nhu la cac dan^ chuyen biet hay cac dgng phan hoa ciia tinh tich cue ca nhSn d ngudi hoc Trong day hgc, viec phat trien, n3ng cao tinh tich cue hpc tap hay hoat ddng hpc tap la trpng tam hay ndi dung chu yeu ciia viec tich cue hoa ngudi hpc va qua trinh hgc tap cua hg De hieu ro tinh tich cue hda ngudi hgc qua trinh hgc tap, can diem qua cac dang phan hda cua tinh tich cue ca nhan •^in Tich eye hda tri tue ta mgt td co ban cua tinh tich cue ca nhan d hinh thai hoat ^^,ben (sinh ly va tam ly), thudng dugc ggi la hoat dpng tri tue hay tri dc (tri giac, ghi nhd, nhd lai, tudng tugng, tu duy, phan doan, suy ngam, phan tich, tdng hop ) Trong nhan thiic va hgc tap, hoat dgng tri tue giii vai trd thiet yeu (khdng cd nd thi khdng the biet, hieu hay nhan thuc dugc nhiing dieu don gian nhat) Vi vay, tinh tich cue tri tue la cdt loi ciia tinh tich cue nhan thuc, tao nen ngi dung chu yeu cua ciia tich tich cue hgc tap Tinh tich cue nhan thiic la trang thai hay dang phan hda ciia tinh tich cue ca nhan dugc hinh va thuc luen qua trinh nhan thiic cua chii the Nd la tinh tich eye chung dugc huy dgng de giai quyet cac nhiem vu nhan thiic, nham dat cac muc tieu nhan thuc Hinh thai ben ciia tinh tich cue nhan thuc gdm cac hoat dgng tri dc, cac chiic nang cam xiic, cac phan xa than kinh cao cap, cac bien ddi cua nhu cau Hinh thai b6n ngoai cua nd gdm cac hoat dpng quan sat, khao sat, umg dung, thyc nghiem, danh gia, thay ddi, dich chuyen ddi tugng Gidng nhu the, tinh tich cue hgc tap cua ngudi hgc chinh la tinh tich cue ca nhan dugc phan hda va hudng vao viec giai quyet cac van de, nhiem vu hgc tap de dat cac muc tieu hgc tap Nd ciing chinh la hoat ddng hpc tap vdi nghia day du ciia hoat ddng gdm hai hinh thai: ben va ben ngoai Xet ve ca cau, tinh tich eye hpc tap bao gdm nhiing td CO ban: hoat dgng nhan thiic, hoat dgng giao tiep, hoat ddng nghe thuat - tham mi, hoat dgng xa hdi hgc tap Duong nhien nd van phai dua vao tidn de la tinh tich cue smh hgc Viec phat trien, nang cao tinh tich cue ca nhan va phat triln, nang cao tinh tich cue hpc tap la nhung qua trinh tuong ddi khac ca ve dien bien lln dilu kien Nang cao tinh tich eye ca nhan la viec ikt khd, khdng phai bao gid ciing cdng, rit lau dai va phu thudc khdng nhieu vao day hpc d nha trudng Dilu dd edn chiu su chi phdi manh me, lien tuc ciia hoan canh sdng, mdi trudng xa hdi va van hda cua ca nhan 134 II TRUCiNG BAI HOC T H C I B D HA Ngi 2.3 Cac bien phap tich cue hda nguoi hpc Bien phap chung cd tinh chiln luge de tich cue hda ngudi hgc la thuc hien each tiep can hudng vao ngudi hgc, dira vao ngudi hgc va hoat dgng eiia ngirdi hgc Ban chat cua each tiep can gdi ggn cac quan he bien chiing giiia hoat dgng, gia tri, nhan each va tien de nen tang ciing nhu san pham lich su cua cac quan he dd la kinh nghiem (xa hoi va ca nhan) Dieu cd nghia la qua trinh day hpc (dp khd va dp phiic tap eua ngi dung hgc van va tai lieu hgc tap; phuong phap phuang tien day hgc, cdng cii va dieu kien hoc tap; nhip dp day va hpc; eac bien phap td chiic, quan ly ) va nliiem vu hgc tap cin phai tuong thich voi ban chat cua ngudi hgc, vdi trinh dp va mirc dp phong phii cua hoat ddng hgc Nhin chung, tinh tich cue hoe tap ciia ngudi hpc dupe hpp bdi hai mat khdc nhimg luon gan bd vdi d moi ea nhan, la nang lire hpc tap va ddng ca hoc tap Qua trinh day hpc va cac nhiem vii hpe tap can phii hgp, kit hgp dugc hai mat ciia tinh tich cue hgc tap De hilu rang, ta ac cam hoac khdng cd nhu ciu trao ddi y kiln va binh luan giua ddng ngudi thi khdng thd thuc hien cdng cac md hinh thao luan, cho dii ngudi hgc cd du kha nang suy nghi, lap luan, phat bilu y tucmg cua minh Ngupe lai, nhang ngudi quen hpc kieu lo mo, chip va, chua biit quan sat cho ky, chua hilt nghe va ghi nha chinh xac, van ddng tu thilu nhanh nhay thi viec hgc bing thue nghiem, thuc hanh true tiep va dgc lap la rit khd khan ddi vai hp Khi ngudi ta hpe hay lam viee gi khdng cdng hay khdng lam dupe viec, thi tit nhien, tinh tich cue trudc loai nhiem vii ay bi suy giam, va thuc hien hoat ddng khdng cd kit qua thi sau dd van khdng bill va khdng mudn hoat dpng phai duong diu vdi nhiem vu iy hay nhimg viec hrang tu Cac bien phap tich cue hda hay bit cii bien phap nao eung diu cd cac cip khac nhau, vi the, cd su lan ldn giCra phuang phap va bien phap Phuang phap ed ban chit khoa hpc va tinh khaeh quan cao, cdn bien phap cd tinh kinh nghiem va chu quan Ban chit va ndi dung ciia mgi phuong phap ddu kha dn dinh dii nhilu chii thi sir dung khac nhau, dugc ap dung cac trudng hgp va bing cac phuang tien, ngudn lue khac Phirong phap la cai chung, bien phap la cai cu thi Phuang phap la san phim cua tu va nhan thiic khoa hpc, cd tinh khai quat cao, cd tim img nghiem rdng Bien phap thi hien, phan anh phuong phap; cac phuong phap day hoc dugc bilu hien qua cac bien phap djy hpc Cac bien phap cu thd hinh sinh tir nhiing dl xuit ca nhan hoac tir trao ddl kinh nghiem giiia cac nhdm giao vien, tir sir hgc hdi lan true tilp Ndi chung, bien phap cd tinh tinh hudng cd chiic nang tinh thi, la each ma chu thi dung dl ling phd, xoay sa, xu ly giai quyet nhiem vu hoan canh, nhiem vu cu thi va tac dpng len nhihig khach the cu the Sir da dang, phong phii eiia eac bien phap day hpe ludn gin liln vdi hoat dpng su pham kinh nghiem giang day, nhan thiic ly luan, sir am hilu hpe sinh va dilu kien TAP C H i KHOA HOC - SO 1B/2017 || 135 hoc tap hang ciia giao vien Vi vay, he thdng bien phap day hpc phong phii hem gap bgi so vdi he thdng phuang phap day hgc Su phan biet phuang phap va bien phap chi la tuang ddi vi xet den cimg chiing cd chung ngudn gdc Hiu hit cac phuong phap day hpc cd ngudn gdc tir nhiing bien phap day hgc ca nhan da timg xuat hien lich sii Cac phuong phap ndi chung ta ket qua tdng ket kinh nghiem giao due, khai quat hda cac nguyen tac, yeu td chung nhat, phd bien nhat tong rat nhieu phuong phap day hpc khac tir xua den Cd the phan biet bien phap day hpc la each thiic sir dung hay ap dung rieng biet hoac phdi hgp cac yeu td khac day hpc nhu phuang phap, phuong tien, cdng cu, tai lieu, thdi gian, mdi trudng cua qua trinh hgc tap va ngudi hpc de tien hanh day hpc, giai quyet cac nhiem vu day hpc Bien phap tich eye hda ngudi hgc hpc tap la kieu bien phap day hgc hudng vao ngudi hgc, dua vao ngudi hpc, kinh nghiem va hoat dpng cua chinh hg de tap trung tac ddng vao qua trinh hpc tap nham hinh va phat trien hoat ddng hpc tap, lam cho ngudi hgc trd trung tam ciia qua trinh Cac bien phap cu the de tich eye hda ngudi hpc rat phong phii, nhimg CO the quy vao mdt sd bien phap sau: Mgt la phan hda day hpc vi md, tiic la thuc hien each tiep can rieng biet tren Idp de tang hieu qua hpc nhdm va ca nhan Cd the de yeu cau rieng cho timg nhdm hay timg doi tupng vdi nhimg yeu cau luyen tap khac nhau, cung cap nhirng tai lieu bo tro khac nhau, hudng dan rieng timg nhdm hay ca nhan can thiet Hai Id, tich hgp cac phuong phap day hgc nhu thuyet trinh, thao luan, van dap , ddng thdi sir dung cac ky thuat tucmg tac da phuang tien theo yeu cau tryc quan sinh ddng, da chieu, da dang, da chirc nang va kich hoat dugc ngudi hgc tich cue tham gia vao qua trinh hgc tap Da phuang tien cd vai tro ldn huy ddng nhimg tiem nang khac cua ngudi hpc boat ddng vat chat va boat ddng tam ly Sir dung da phuang tien de vira cung cap thong tin hpc tap va thdng tin bd trg, vira lam cdng cu td chiic hpc tap, vira cung cap cong cu hoat ddng cho hpc vien, vira hd trp giao vien qua trinh giang day, Ba Id, sir dung phuong phap day hpc thich hgp vdi ngudi hpc va muc tieu, ndi dung hoc tap Day la khia canh phong phu nhat ciia bien phap tich cue hoa ngudi hpc qua trinh hgc tap, dieu kien cudc each mang khoa hgc ky thuat dang phat trien manh me nhu hien Cac phuang phap co ban, dugc danh gia cao ve chiic nang tich eye hda ngudi hpc hien gdm: Dgy hgc phdt trien (dya vao hoat dgng ciia ngucri hgc, trudc het la hoat ddng cam tinh, nang cao tinh khai quat ciia ndi dung hpc van, dong thdi la ndi dung ciia hoat ddng hpc tap); Day hgc gidi quyet vdn de hay dgy hgc vdn de (dya vao hoat dpng tim tdi phat hien, quylt dinh va nghien ctia ngudi hpc, hudng vao qua trinh hpc tap nhilu hon vao kit qua cuoi cimg); 136X TRLidNG BAI H D C T H U B D HA NDI Dgy hoc hgp tdc (chiln luge hpe tap dua vao cac quan he trao ddi, hgp tae, chia se ttong hoat ddng chung, kit hgp nhung kinh nghiem, tu tuong va nang lire ea nhan ngudi hpe dudi su hudng dan, giam sat eua giao vien) Day hpe hpp tac se tao mdi trudng thuan Igi cho ngucri hpe tilp thu, van dung va phat huy tilm nang tri me, tao Slie manh gdp phin tao su cdng chung ciia nhdm Qua dd, tinh tich cue eiia nguoi hpe dupe phat huy Phdt trien gid tri (dua vao mat cam xuc eiia qua trinh hgc tap dl thue day nhu ciu va thai dp hgc tap tich cue) Nhirng phuang phap md kha nang xac dinh va lira chpn eac md hinh ky thuat ciia cac phuang phap day hpe eu the, lay cai nao thich hgp de lam ndng cdt xay dung va trien khai bien phap tich cue hda Bdn Id, td chirc va khuyen khich cae hoat dpng thirc hanh, thuc nghiem, ling dung tri thuc ciia hgc sinh hpe tap, va quan trpng ban nira la ea ddi sdng thue te, cdng viec hang d trudng, d nha va d mpi noi Bien phap cd tac dung eung ed, hoan thien ket qua hpc tap khdng chi bang suy nghi ma bang chinh viee lam va kiem nghiem thue tien, dd nang cao nhu eau, dpng eo hpc tap, giup hpc sinh trai nghiem sau sac ban Ndm Id, viec van dung cae phuang phap day hpc, cac hinh thu:c td chirc day hpc phai dam bao nguyen ly giao due "hpc di ddi vdi hanh", "ly luan gin liln vdi thue tien" Tire la phai van dung duge kien thuc da hpc vao thuc tien, huy ddng va sir dung kinh nghiem sdng, kinh nghiem hoc tap ciia ngudi hpe qua trinh hpe tap Dl cd thi hoat ddng dugc, tham chi de quan sat hay tim hieu hoat ddng eiia ngudi khac, ca nhan phai co kinh nghiem nhat dinh Kinh nghiem la tit ea nhirng gi ca nhan ed duge nhd hoat dpng thirc tien ciia minh ke ca hgc tap, lam viec, sinh hoat, giao tilp Kinh nghiem la san phim eiia qua trinh phat trien ca nhan, vi vay, kinh nghiem thudng true a ea nhan trudc mot nhiem vu hay mdt yeu eau hoat ddng nhit dinh chinh la trinh xuit phat eiia ea nhan dd Day hpc can huy ddng kinh nghiem ca nhan theo nhimg hudng xac dinh, lam eho nd trd nen thudng true va lay nd trd diem tua cho cac bien phap, phuong thirc day hpc cin thiet Tuy nhien, cung can luu y din tinh hai mat ciia nd Khi nhiem vu hay tinh huong day hpc khdng thich hop vdi kinh nghiem cua ngucri hgc, hoac kinh nghiem dd la sai lim, thi cang dua vao kmh nghiem cang cd hai, vi kinh nghiem luc khdng chi khdng tich cue hda hgc tap ma cdn can trd hoat ddng hay lam sai lac hoat ddng eiia ngudi hgc Do dd, cin dua vao kinh nghiem phii hgp va diing ciia ca nhan dl lam dilm xuit phat eiia cae bien phap tich cue hda ngudi hpe Sdu Id, thu hilt, ddng vien ngudi hpc hpp tac, tuong ho lan qua trinh hpc tap Ddng thdi, danh gia ngudi hpc va kit qua hpc tap khach quan, cdng bing kit hpp vdi viec ngudi hgc tu danh gia kit qua hgc tap cua minh va danh gia lan Bien phap TAP CHI KHDA HOC - SO 1B/2D17 || 137 nang cao tinh chu thi va ty giac ciia ngudi hpc, tao ca hdi cho ngudi hpc thyc hanh, ung dung, van dung nhiing dilu da hpc vao cac tinh hudng thyc te Su dung bien phap danh gia khdng chi de thdm dinh kit qua ma chii ylu dl ddng \ien khich le giao due nhu cau, dpng CO hpc tap, qua dd tich eye hda hpc tap ciia ngudi hpc KET LUAN Tuu trung, ddi mdi phucmg phap day hpc lay ngudi hpc lam trung tam, tich cue hda vai trd ngudi hpc bdi canh phat trien manh me cua khoa hpc cdng nghe hien la mdt nhiem vu biic thiet ciia nganh giao dye, ciia mdi giao vien Dieu da dugc neu rd Nghi quyet Hdi nghi Trung uong khoa XI ve "Ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao" Giao dye, dao tao la ca mdt qua trinh; mgi phuang phap, bien phap, each thirc day va hgc chi thyc su phii hgp, phat huy hieu qua dya tren co sd cac nguyen tac, nguyen ly chung, gan vdi dac thii cua timg nganh hgc, mdn hgc va doi tugng ngudi hgc cuthe TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2017), Du thdo Chuang trinh gido due phd thdng tdng the, (Cong bo 12/4/2017) Nguyen Huu Chau (2006), Nhirng vdn de ca bdn ve chuong trinh vd qua trinh dgy hgc, Nxb Giao due Ha Ngi Cam nang nghiep vu su pham (2013), Ddi nidi phuong phdp dgy hoc hieu qua, Nxb Tai chinh Nguyen Tien Dat (2006), Kinh nghiem vd thdnh tini phdt trien gido due vd ddo tao tren the gidi, -Tap 1-2, Nxb Giao due Ha Noi Dang Thanh Hung (2012), "Nang luc va giao due theo tiep can nang lire", Tgp chi Quan ly Gido due, so 43, thang 12/2012 FOSTERING LEARNERS IN THE CONTEXT OF TECHNOLOGICAL- SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION NOWADAYS Abstract: The process of industrializalion, modernization and deeply inlernalional integration requires that education sector must train a large number of high- quality human resources to meet all demands of society in the context of technological- scientific revolution nowadays In addition, ihe teachers should foster learners' role aiming to explore and control treasure of knowledge of hiimanily The article proposes some of effective methods to foster learners' role Keywords- Learner, positive, technological- scientific revolution ... duy, tinh phe phan va logic tu mot each khoa hoe Nhdf tinh tich cue tu giac, ngudi cd the dat duge nhieu kit qua, tiln bd nhanh cae ho^t dgng thue tiln Trong linh v\re d^y va hgc, mudn ddi mdi... canh phat trien manh me cua khoa hpc cdng nghe hien la mdt nhiem vu biic thiet ciia nganh giao dye, ciia mdi giao vien Dieu da dugc neu rd Nghi quyet Hdi nghi Trung uong khoa XI ve "Ddi mdi can ban,... &k ngudi hpc gi^ quyet dugc nhiem vu va dat Auqc muc tieu ciia minh qua trinh hpc tap TAP C H i KHOA HDC - SD 16/2017 I ^^3 KM tinh tich cue ca nhan dugc huy dong va hudng vao mot Imh vuc, mot