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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management 2017, Vol 9, No 11, pp 74 82 This paper is available online at http //jem naem edu vn BIEN PHAP NANG CAO CHAT LUONG DOC HIEU VA[.]
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management 2017, Vol 9, No 11, pp 74-82 This paper is available online at http://jem.naem.edu.vn BIEN PHAP NANG CAO CHAT LUONG DOC HIEU VAN BAN NGHE THUAX CHO HOC SINK L P 4,5 D A N T O C M N G TAI TINH TUYEN QUANG Biii Anh TUylt^ Toni tat Dpc hilu van ban nghe thu^t la mdt kl nang giup hoc sinh tim hieu vacdm thu noi dung cac bai tap doc chUdng trinh Tilng Viet tieu hoc dUdc tot hdn Bai viet de xDat mot so bidn phap nSng cao chat lUdng doc hilu van ban nghd thuSt cho hoc"sinh ldp 4, d3n tdc M5ng tai tinh Tuyen Quang JU khoa: Doc hiiu, chdt lugng, vdn bdn nghf thudt bi^n phdp \, Md dau Trong cudc sdng, ngudi thudng sfl dyng hinh thflc dpc dl tilp nhan ndi dung thdng tin bilu hien trdn chfl vilt Dgc dupc hilu la mdt dang hoat ddng ngdn ngfl chuyen dang thflc chfl vilt sang idi ndi am va thdng hilu nd (dpc tbanb tilng) hoac dpc khdng cd dm (dpc tham) Dpc hilu van bdn la nhan bilt ndi dung vdn ban, hilu van ban ndi tdi vdn de gi? cd f nghia nhfl thi nao vdi ban thdn va cudc sdng Do dd, dpc di ddi vdi bilu thi vide dpc mdi cd y nghia Nhflng dpc hilu van ban la mdt vdn dl khd phflc tap Cdn "van ban" chi phfldng tidn vat chat lihi l§i ndi dung cua tac gid dupc bilu dat bang binb tbflc chfl vilt Wan bdn nghd thudt chi cac loai hinh van chfldng nhfl: thi ca, tilu thuylt Id su, kich ban van hpc, trayen Xet ttdn mdi quan he gifla ngdn ngfl vd van hpc thi van ban nghd thudt dung ngdn ngfl nghd tfiuat dl vilt ndn cac tdc pham vdn chUdng Ngdn ngfl dd dfldc to chflc, sap xIp, lya chpn Unh luyen tfl ngdn ngfl tiidng thfldng va dat gid ttj t h ^ ml, nghd thudt cao Ngfldi vilt vd ngfldi dpc cung can cd hilu bilt nhdt djnh vl ngdn ngfl va van hpc mdi cd thi tilp cdn van ban nghe thudt Ngdn ngfl ttong van ban nghd thudt mangti'nhsang tao cua tdc gid Mdi tdc ph^m dam bao thdng nhdt d ba dac diem: tinh hinh tflpng, tinh bilu cam va tinh hdm sue Trong do, hinh tUdng van hpc la phUdng tidn dl ngudl dpc giao tilp vdi tdc phIm van hpc, hilu dUdc thi gidi ndi tdm, tinh cam, tu tudng cfla nha van lUydn Quang la mdt tinh cd sd ngfldi Mdng sinh sdng kha nhilu (16,974 ngfldi) [4;25] Hpc sinh tilu hpc ddn tdc Mdng hpc tilng Viet cd nhflng khd khan nhdt djnh Vi vdn tfl vyng cua cac em cdn it, thdm vao dd, ttd vl vl mditinidnggia dinh bay cdng ddng ngudi Mdng, cdc em van giao tilp nhieu bang tilng Mdng Dilu anh hudng khdng nhd din vide hpc tap vd giao tilp bang tilng Vidt d nha tradng phd thdng hidn d Ibydn Quang IVong dd, viec hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng huy ddng kiln thflc ve tilng Vidt dl dpc bilu cac van bdn nghdtiiuSlttrong sach gido NgJy nhan bai: 12/10/2017 Ng^y nhSn d5ng: 04/11/2017 ^Khoa Giao dye Tilu hoc, TVUclng Dal hoc lan Trio; e-mail: buianhtuyetiq@gmail.com NGHIEN COU JEM., Vol (2017), No 11 khoa Tilng Viet kit qua chfla cao Xudt phat tfl nhflng kiln giai trdn, bai vilt nghien cflu va dl xudt mpt sd bien phdp nang cao chdt lUpng dpc hilu van bdn nghetiiudtcho hpc sinh ldp 4,5 dan tdc Mong tiii tinh liiydn Quang Co sd khoa hoc ciia ren kl nang doe hieu van ban nghe thuat cho hoc sinh tilu hoe dan tpc Mdng tinh l^yen Quang 2.1 Dgc hiiu van bdn Id yiu cdu ren luyen doi vdi hgc sinh tiiu hgc Hpc sinh tilu hpc bilt dpc dl linh hpi tti thflc nhdn loai Dpc hieu van ban la dilu kidn cac em hpc cac mdn khoa hpc khac va tilp thu tti thflc ttong sach vd; cd hflng thii vd ddng cd tdt hoc t4p, taio khd nang ty hpc, hpc t§p sudt ddi Dpc hilu van ban giiip cac em md rdng tdm hilu biet, ydu cai dep va cai thien, phat ttiln tu vd ngdn ngfl Trong chuong ttinh Tilng Viet tilu bpc phdn mdn ISp doc cd nhidm vu quan trpng Id binb vd phat ttiln nang lUc dpc cho hpc sinh Ngoai vide chfl y din chdt lUpng dpc nbU: dpc dflng, phdt dm chinh xdc cac tilng, dpc rd rdng, mach lac, rd tilng, rd tfl, ngat nghi bdi dflng chd, cudng dd vfla phdi, cdc em can cd kT nang dpc cd f thflc (thdng hieu ndi dung) va dpc cd bilu cdm gay hdp dan ngudi nghe Hidu qud ciia vide dpc van ban dfldc kha ndng tham tbdu ndi dung van bdn, ttong dd, dpc thdm la dpc cd y thflc, dpc hilu van ban Hoc sinh tilu hpc dUpc hpc kiln thflc va ki nang vl tilng Vi€t Ngfl lieu dung de bpc tdp va ren la nang sfl dyng tilng Viet ehu ylu Id cac van b ^ nghd thuSt tiiudc van hpc Vidt Nam vd van hpc nude ngoai ed dung lupng phu hdp vdi tflng khdi ldp Trong cac phan mdn cua Tilng Vi^t tilu hpc I^p dpc la mdn hpc lidn quan nhilu nhdt din vdn dl dpc hilu van bdn nghd thuat Ngodi ra, cac mdn hpc khac nhfl: Kl chuydn, Chi'nh ta, Luydn tfl va cdu cung gdp phdn ren kT nang dpc hilu cho cac em Trong khudn khd cho phdp, bai vilt dl cap din van dl dpc hilu cdc van bdn nghe thudt d phan mdn Tdp dpc 2.2 Ca sd vi tiing Viit Dpc dupc xem nbU hoat ddng Idi ndi dd cd cdc td: tilp nhdn dangtiiflcchfl vilt cua tfl; chuyln dangtiiflcchfl vilt am va thdng hilu nhiing gi dpc dupc Nhu vdy, dpc hilu van ban ddi hdi ngudi dpc phdi cd hilu bilt nhat dinh vl ngdn ngfl vd tilng Vidt Cac kiln thflc vl tfl, nghia cua tfl giiip ngudi dpc hieu bilt sy vat hidn tfldng thyc tl khach quan dupc tfl bilu tiij, nghia ciia tfl ngfl dUdc dung van ban theo nghia tfl vUng hay nghia chuyln (nghia den hay nghia bdng) Tfl dd, ngUdi dpc se hilu rd hdn su quy chilu nghia cua tfl ttong van cdnh cy thi Nghia cua tfl ttong van ban dUpc hilu vdi net nghia thdng bdo tUdng minh (net nghia dUdc Uidng bdotiiictieptiidngqua tit ngfl ttong cdu) hay net ngMatiidngbdo ham in (nghia khdng dUpc hilu trflc tiep ma dua ttdn net ngliTa tfldng minh) ma ngUdi ndi vd ngUdi nghe edn phai suy lu|n, phan doan dl ndi dung thdng bao Kiln thflc vl can, nghia cua cdu cung la cd sfl di cac em hilu ndi dung thdng bao Nghia cua cau ngdn ban gdm hai phan nghia: nghia tUdng minh (ngbia midu ta va nghiatinhtiiai) va nghia ham an Xac djnh noi dung thdng bao cua cdu ttong van ban dl lam cd sfl hilu ngbia cua ca van ban \ ^ ban Id san pb^m cua Idi ndi va la mdt chinh thi ngdn ngfl, gdm tap hdp cac cau, doan, nhdt quan vl chu dl, ttpn ven vl ndi dung, dupc td chflc theo mpt kit cdu chat che nliam mpt myc dich giao tilp nhat djnh Ndi dung tiidng bao cua van ban gdm: ndi dung midu ta (nghia sy v0t) la hidn thyc, sy kidn, su vide dupc dl cap din ttong van ban Ndi dung lidn ca nhdn la thdi dd, tinh 75 Biii Anh "Ibyet JEM., Vol (2017), No II cdm ngudi vilt ddi vdi ndi dung van bdn vdi ngUdi dpc, ngudi nghe Xet vl each tbflc bilu hidn, edn phan bidt lo^tiidngtin:tiidngtinngfl ngMa tudng minh (hiln ngdn) va tiidng tin ngfl nghia ham an (hdm ngdn) Nghia la, ngfldi dpc tien hanh phan tfch, suy doan, dya vao cac ylu td ngdn ngfl va hoan canh giao tiep dl nh^n thflc ndi dung thdng bao cua van ban Thdng tin ham ngdn cd mat chu ylu ttong van ban nghd thuat Ridng van bdn hanh chmh vd khoa hpc khdng chfla tiidng tin ham ngdn Ngdn ngfl ttong tac phIm van hpc cd tinh bilu cam Mdi mdt ngdn tfl ham chfla mdt sac thai bilu cam nao dd va lam ndn sflc sdng ciia tac pbdm Mat khdc, ndi din van chUdng la ndi din tinh bam sflc 'Idi it, y nhieu" Ngdn ngfl nghd thudt ttong van chUdng la thfl ngdn ngij da nghia \an bdn nghetiiuatnao cung ham chfla nghia den, nghia bdng, nghia ham an IVong dd, nghia ham an mdi la nhflng thdng didp cd bdn ma tac gia mudn ngUdi dpc bilu vd cbilm llnh Vi thi, ngUdi dpc hilu van ban nghd thudt phai kham pha va hilu hit cac tang y nglua khac cfla vdn ban 2.3 Cd sd vi tiing Mdng Trong nganb Mdng (Mdng Trang, Mdng Hoa, Mdng Si, Mdng Den va Mdng Xanh) tiii d liiydn Quang nhilu nhdt la nganh Mdng Trang Ngudi Mdng sdng t$p trung nhilu nhdt huyen Ydn Sdn Do dilu kidn dja 1;^ va huylt hd ma ngdn ngfl dan tdc Mdng binh thdnh vd dn dinh phfldng ngfl tUdng flng vdi nganh Mdng: Mdng TVang (H mdngz DdUz); Mdng Hoa (Hmdngz Lenhl); Mdng Si (H mdngz siz); Mdng Den (H mdngz Duz) va Mdng Xanh (H mdngz sud) TVong dd, Mdng Hoa va Mdng Trang cdti'nbphd biln hdn ca Tilng Viet va tilng Mdng cflng lo^ hinh ngdn ngfl ddn lap, dm tiltti'nhva cd dieu Vl dieu, nlu tilng Viet cd thi tilng Mdng cd didu Cac didu cua hai tilng diu cd tidu chi vl cao dd va chat gipng Ve am tilt, khac vdi tilng Viet, dm tilt tilng Mdng khdng cd am ddm Xet theo gdc tfl vung cd ban thi ca phUdng ngfl ttdn deu mang tfnh thdng nhdt cao Tilng Mdng cung cd hidn tupng tfl ghep va tfl lay va ciing tUdng ddi phd biln xudt hien fl nhieu tfl lo?i Tfl ghep nhfl: njdl (ca); nxfl (vol), ghep tfl njdl nxU (ca voi); hoac ghip hai tfl njdl (ca) va nez (ran)tiianhnjdl nez (lUdn) Khdc vdi tieng Viet, tfl Idy tilng Mdng lam tang y nghia cua tfl, tilng Viet tbi ngupc lai, lam giam y nghia ciia tfl Vi dii: lldz lidz (tilng Mdng cd nghia la rdt dd, cdn tilng Viet la dd hay hdi do); cuz cuz tilng Mdng la rdt ndng tilng Vi$t la nong ndng hay hdi ndng; 4dUz dduz tilng Mdng dien dat la ttang lam thi tilng Vidt la ttang trang, hdi ttang Phdn Idn nghia cua tfl tilng Mdng thfldng bilu thi mdt sU vat hidn tUdng ddi sdng sinh boat hang Tilng Mdng edn thilu cac danh tfl thudc cac linh vUc kinh tl, chinb ttj, y tl dUdng tiidi, cac tfltiiudccac ngdnh khoa hpc tidn tiln hidn dai Chung ta cd the thay sy Wide gifla tfl cua tilng Viet va tfl cua tilng Mdng qua mdt vai vi dy sau: Ti£ngVi?t mpt hu buoi sang ga mho dgm t6i m^trfli mat trang Tigng Mdng iz az sdUrnzaz keiz mir hnuz hmantux tsSsntux luzhnuz luz hli NGHlfiNCCu JEM., Vol (2017).No 11 2.4 vi vdn bdn nghi thudt ChUdng trinh Ulng Vidt tilu hpc day cho hpc sinh kiln thflc vl tilng Vidt vd Id nang sfl dung tieng Viet Ngfl lidu la tac p h ^ van hpc bay doan ttich cd noi dung gdn vdi nhan thflc va tdm ly cfla cac era Cho ndn vln hilu bilt vl van hpc cung la cd sd quan trpng rfen luyen hpc sinh Id ndng dpc hilu van bdn nghd thu^t va dl hpc tilng Vidt M.Gorki da tflng ndi "\^n bpc Id nhan hpc" Wan hpc la khoa hpc kham pha thi gidi tam hdn, tinh cam ngfldi Hpc sinh tilp can vSn ban nghe thuat la tilp xflc vdi ba mat eo ban chflc nang cua van hpc: nhan thflc - gjao dye - thdm mi n i p can vdi van bdn nghd thuat, cac em dfldc nhdn thflc ve mpt phUdng didn nao dd cfla cudc sdng mudn mau mudn ve ma tac gia day cdng khIc hpa thdng qua hinh tUdng nghd thu|t \ ^ ban nghe tiiudt nao chUdng ttinh lilog Vidt tilu hpc cung cdti'nhgido due vl nhftag phim chdt ndo dd cua ngUdi hUdng tdi cai chdn - tbidn • ml Cdi hay, cai dep cua tbi gidi hinh tfldng va ngdn tfl nghe thudt ttong van ban nghd thuat tac ddng, cd vu cac em cam nh§n vd phdt triln Dpc hilu van ban nghe thudt la hinh thflc tilp nhdn gia ttj ndi dung va gia tri ngh^ thuat cfla van ban dy Cam nb|n nhflng gia ttj ndi bSit, nhflng dilu sdu sac, tl nhj vd dep dd cfla van hpc thi hiln tac p h ^ (trayen, bai van, bai thd ) hay mdt bp phdn cua tac p h ^ (do^n van, doan thd), tham chl la cac tfl ngfl troog cdu van, cdu thd Moi tdc p h ^ van hpc, du gian tilp hay true tilp, tac gid diu gfli gam quan niem vl cudc sdng d mdt khia csinh, phUdng dien ndo do, thi hidn tu tuflng, tinh cam va thai dd cua minh Uiidc bidn thUc vdn da dang va phong pbu Do dd, mudn dpc hilu van bdn nghd thudt dung tbi phdi hilu rang: mpi ylu td cua van ban diu cd nghia, cac ylu to dd kit hi thdng cd sflc thuylt phyc Dpc hilu vdn bdn nghd thudt la sy kit hdp, huy ddng vdn bilu bilt vl van bpc de hilu dUpc cac tang f nghia ciia tdc p h ^ Trong dd, dpc hilu van ban nghi thi4t la mdt nhihig ndi dung cd ban cua d^y bpc phdn mdn I | p dpc vfla cd chflc nang giao due, vfla bdi dfldng vdn sdng, vdn hilu cho cac em vd Id dilu kidn tich hpp day hpc tilng Viet vdi vdn hpc d tilu hpc 2.5 Cd sd vi vdn sdng, von hiiu biit Dpc hilu van ban nghe thudt chinh Id ndng lyc cam tby van hpc Dpc dl "thSm tbdu" Ifldng thdng tin tdc p h ^ Ngfldi dpc cam nhdn, phdn tich, danh gid dUdc gid ttj dich tiiflc vl ndi dung vd nghdtiiuaitcua va.i ban doc Mudn vdy dpc hilu, ngUdi dpc can huy ddng vdn sdng, vdn hieu bilt cua minh dl tilp nhan tdc phSm vdn chudng mdt cdch thdu dao va toan didn Cdc van ban nghdtiiudtttongchUdng ttinh Tilng Vidt tilu hpc dUdc lUa chpntiifldngphdn anh cudc sdng gan gui vdi cac em Dd la ddi sdng ngUdi ttong mdi quan he gia dinh, ban bd, nha tradng, xa bdi, qud hUdng ddt nudc vditiiidnnhien, cd cdy, v$t sdng quanh ta M6i ngUdi cd nang lyc doc hilu va cdm tiiy van hpc theo cdch ridng Cho ndn, sy hilu bilt vdti'chluy nhflng ^ ve cudc sdng se giup cac em dpc hilu mdt each sdu sac, toan didn hdn vl cudc sdng dupc phdn dnh van ban nghd thudt Thac trang doc hieu van ban nghe thuat cua hoc sinh tilu hpc ddn tdc Mong d liiyen Quang Dpc hilu van ban nghd thudt ttiidc hit Id doc bilu ngdn tfl ngh| tiiudt Tilp tiieo Id dpc hilu hinh tupng nghd thudt Sau dd mdi din dpc hilu tu tudng, tinh cdm cua tac gia bang cdch kit hdp ngdn tfl nghd tiiu|t vdi cac phUdng thflc bilu hidn hinh tUpng Sau cung la dpc hilu dl thuflng tbflc, tfl dd phat hidn chan ly ddi sdng ttong tdc pham Vdi tiln ttinh dpc bilu nay, hpc sinh tilu hpc ddn tdc Mdng dpc hilu van ban nghd tiiudt chua dat kit qua tdt Thyc bang cua vln dl Biii Anh Tuyet jEM.^ Vol (2017), No 11 nhy sau: Viphdt dm: vi am tilt tilng Mdng khdng cd am ddm ndn bpc sinh dpc cdc tilng tilng Viet cd am ddm deu gap khd khan (vi dy: todn, tbuyen, quydn, loan) Tieng Mdng cbi cd kilu loai am tilt kit thiic bang each keo dai nguyen dm dinh vdn - am tilt md am tilt kit tiiflc bdng ban nguydn dm - dm tilt nfla md va phy am vang mui- dm tilt khep [4;256], dilu gidng am tilt tilng Viet Nhimg am tilt tilng Mdng khdng cd dm tilt kit tbflc bang eae phy am tac mieng /-p -t, -c, -k/ ndn phdn nao anh hfldng din qua ttinh dpc van ban cua cac em vi dieu, tilng Vidt cd tbi tilng Mdng cd (nhu Mdng Llnh, Mdng Si va Mdng Sua) Thanh ngd va hdi hrang tilng Vidt la nhfllig tiianh hpc sinh Mdng khd phat dm ndn sd han che qud ttinh tti nhdn vd dpc bilu van ban Ban vl cac am tilt tilng Viet khd doc cua bpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng cdn kl den cdc am tilt cd cap pbu dm ddu nhU: six; ch/tt; n/1 cac van dng, Udu, Uu gidng nhu Idi cua hpc sinh ddn tdc kinh fl khu vyc Bac Bd vi phuang diin tU ngu: ban chl nhieu nhdt cua hpc sinh Mdng la vdn tfl ngfl thudc khoa hpc ki thudt tien tiln va Idp tfl mdi Tilng Mdng cdn khuylt nhieu tfl ngfl thudc cac Imh vyc kinh tl, chinh tti, khoa hpc, kl thu|it tidn tien Trong cdch dung tfl ngfl ndi, cdc em thudng ndi dao trdt tu tfl so vdi tilng Vidt Vi du cha - me dao me - bd (ngUdi Mdng), anh - em ndi dao lai em - anh Phan Idn nghia cua tfl tilng Mdng thudng bilu thi mdt sU vat bidn tUdng ttong ddi sdng sinh hoat hang ngdy Cach xung hd cua ngudi Mdng cd phdn khac ngUdi Vidt, khdng phdn biet tudi tac, dia vj ttong xa hdi Vi du d£ii tfl nhan xung chl dung mdt tfl (ngdi thfl nhdt la cur, ngdl thfl hai id cax va ngdi thfl ba la nul) Trong dd, dai tfl nhdn xung tilng Viet phong phu hdn Mdt ngdi nhung cd nhilu tfl bilu thi (ngdi thfl nhdt: tdi, td, minh, ) Nhfl vdy, tfl vung tilng Mdng tUdng ddi phflc tap, tiiem vao dd, ttd vl mdi trfldng gia dinh hay ttong cdng ddng ngUdi Mdng, cac emvdn giao tilp nhilu bang tilng Mdng Dieu cung dnh hfldng khdng nhd din viec bpc t$p va giao tilp bang tilng Viet ttong nha tradng phd thdng hidn fl liiydn Quang ndi chung va vide dpc hilu van ban nghd thudt ndi rieng vi phuang diin ngd phdp: hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng thudng dung cdu ngan, cdu ddn binh thudng nen vide dpc - tti nhdn ndi dung van bdn diln dat bang cdu hozlc doan van dai se ban che hdn cac em, khd ndng suy luan, tUdng tUdng, phan doan dl hilu ngbia ham in cua van ban nghd thuat cdn eh|m Mdt sd bien phap phat trien nang lUc dpc hieu van ban ngh@ thuat cho hoe sinh Idp 4,5 ddn tdc Mdng tinh Tbyen Quang 4,1 Tao niem say mi hdng thu dgc hiiu vdn bdn nghi thuat Do han chl vl tilng Vidt ndn dpc hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng ngai suy nghi, phan dodn dl nhdn bilt ndi dung ciia van bdn Cho nln, viec bdi dUdng hflng thfl, tao nilm say ml dpc bilu cac van ban cua bai tap dpc rdt quan ttpng, giflp cdc em phat ttien ngdn ngfl, tU va mfl rdng hilu bilt Giao vien cdn tao hflng thii va tti hflng thu cho hpc sinh, tsio niem say md, thich dpc sdch vdi tdn sd nhilu hdn Dd tudi tilu hpc, tdm ly cfla cac emtiu'chtimhilu, kham pha cai mdi va hdp dan Qua each gidi thidu cua giao vidn, binb thflc td chflc day dpc hilu phu hdp se khdi gpi sU nang ddng, fim tdi cudc sdng an chfla dang sau ldp tfl ngfltixjngvan bdn nghd thuat cdn khdi gpi hflng thfl cua hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng dung Iflc, dflng chd itt nhflng hoat ddng chi ve dep cua mdt tfl, cai hay cua mdt finh tilt ttong ttuydn cung cd tbi hdp dan sy chu y cua cac em Vi dy dl khac hpa binh dnh cua mdt Dl Men manh me, cflng cdi tay cflu giup chi Nhd Trd khdi bj lu nhen an tiiit, tdc gid da diing cac tfl ngfl chi hanh ddng dflt khoat, ranh mach ddi NGHlfiNClitJ JEM., Vol 9(2017),No II dap vdi bpn nhen "beo mup, beo mip", "keo be keo cdnh" nbu: c ^ tieng hdi Idn, thet, phdng cang dap phanh phdch oai [5;I5] De tao hflng ttiu cho bpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng tiiich dpc hilu cac van bdn nghe thu?t, giao vien cdn td chflc qud ttinh day hpc phu hdp cbu ttpng vao matthanh cdng cua cdc em; phat huy tilm lyc ve tilng Vidt dl hilu ndi dung bai dpc; cd thai dd ndng dd, khi'ch id, ddng cam vdi hpc sinh To chflc dpc bilu cdm van ban ttong tSm thi thoai mai, ty nhidn, khdng gdy ap lyc, cang thang Chung ta can cd Idi ddng vidn va tdn ttpng nhflng cdm n h ^ sang tao ridng cua cac em 4.2 Ren luyen ndng luc dgc ddng, nhanh vd biiu cdm KI nang dpc hilu cdn dUde luyen tdp Idu ddi Dl dpc bilu van bdn nghd thudt hpc smh tilu hpc ddn tdc Mdng cdn dat dflpc kl nang dpc dung, dpc cd tdc dd vd dpc bilu cdm Cac em phai dat dupc cac kl thuat dpc tilng (dpc dung, ro tilng rd Idi vd dung chinh dm); dpc dung hd thdng nguyen dm, phy dm, be thdng phy am dau, Sm ddm, dm chinb, dm cudi va didu cua tilng Viet Dpc phai bilt ngat nghi dung chd theo ddu cau, y nghia cua cau ho§c ngdt gipng thd ca dpc thd tien tdi hinh thflc dpc tham de bilu cam thu ndi dung cua van ban Dpc hilu van bdn chi dfldc thyc bidn idii cac em da cd kl nang dpc tilng thudn thuc KI nang dpc tilng cfla hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng phan nao edn ed h ^ chl vl each phat dm, thdng hieu y nglua tfl ngfl ndn vide dpc hilu vdn ban se khd khan hdn hpc sinh ddn tdc Kinh Vi thi, dl ndng cao chdt lupng dpc hilu vdn ban cho cac em ngfldi dan tdc Mdng, glib vidn cdn bdi duflng, i^n luydn thudng xuydn Id nang dpc diing, phat dm dflng chinh am tilng Viet lam cd sfl tiln tdi dpc thdng hilu ndi dung van ban dat kit qua tot, ddng thdi khac phuc cac Idi vl kl nang sfl dung tilng Vidt ciia hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng nby: luyen phap dm, tfl ngfl va ngfl phdp dl thdng hilu ndi dung van ban 4.3 Bdi dudng kiin thdc vd ki ndng hiiu nghia cda tie ngS, biin phdp tu tit Do ban chl vl mat tfl vimg tilng Vi^t cua hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng nen vifc tilp nh^n van ban se cd ban chl nhdt djnh vl vdn tfl, nghia cua tfl va mdt sd bifn phap tu tfl ttong tilng Viet Dl giup cdc em cam thu tdt eae bai tdp dpc giao vidn edn tich hdp d^y van hoc vdi day tilhg Vi|t cho hpc sinh IVfldc hit la dpc hilu nghia tfl van ban Hieu qua cua dpc thdm dupc bang kha nang thdng bilu van ban Qud ttinh td chflc dpc thdm, gido vien cdn giup hpc sinh hilu nghia cdc tiJf mdi, tfl lay, tfl ghep vdn tfl vyhg cua cac em cdn han chl Vi dy cac tfl l^y d td [5;4] diln ta tilng khdc nhd, khdng thdnh tilng cua chi Nhd Trd Hai canh ngan chun chun midu td mflc dd kich tiiudc cUc ngan vl ddi cdnh cua chi Dl nam bat dUpc ndi dung cua bai tdp dpc "Dl Men bdnb vyc ke ylu" [5;4&15] ve pham chdt dung cdm cua mdt chang "hiep sF' cflu giflp kd ylu dudi cua Dl Men, giao vien cCing can chdt lai tfl khoa, cdu quanti-pngcua bai nhU: xde cd hai cang dat Nha Trd di, phdng cang dap phanh phach oai Nhu v|iy bang each hilu nghia cac tfl, nhdt la cdc tfl chia khda ttong bai, hpc sinh dan tdc Mdng se cd ttong tay "chile chia khda" md dl tim hilu vd cam thy ndi dung, y nghia cua van ban Van ban nghe tiiudt dUdc lya chpn tivng chfldng ttinh Tilng Vilt tilu hpc cd cdc bidn phap nghdtiiu$tphfl hdp vdi nhdntiiflccua hpc smh Cac bi^n phdp ay gdn gui vdi cac em nhU: so sdnh tu tfl, dn du, nhdn hda, hodn dy, didp tfl ngfl, sfl dung ldp tfl lay Cdc bidn phap nghd thuat dUdc dung dan xen, hd ttp de thi hidn hieu qua y tudng cua tac gid Trong do, bidn phdp so sanh tu tfl va nhan hda dUdc xem nhu ddu hidu nghd thudt ma gido vidn cd till hUdng din cdc em kham pha dung y nghd tbu|t xdy dyng hinh tupng cua tac gid Vi dy ngh$ thuat dung hinh dnh so sdnh: nudc nbu ndu- chit cd ca cd [6; 139] dl lam ndi bdt thidn nhidn khac nghidt cua cai nang ndng 79 Biii AnhlUyll JEM., Vol 9(2017),No IL ma me em xudng cdy Tfl dd, cac em thdy dupc sy vdt vd khd cue cua ngudi me, tdm long cua cha me vdi cdi Hpc sinh dSn tdc Mdng nhdn bilt cac bidn phap nghd thudt dupc sfl dyng ttong van ban nghd thuat cdn nhilu ban chl Chi cd so sanh tu tfl, dung tfl dupc cac em nhdn thflc nhflng cam oh§ji va danh gia tac dyng cua bien phap van ban cdn han chl Ddn tdc Mdng rdt it diing tfl lay ndn dl bilu nghia cua ldp tfl ttong van ban nghd thuat cung la khd vdi cdc em Vi du can thd: thuyin ldp Ida ddm trang, tfl lay lap Ida gpi binb dnh anh trang tan vao ddng nfldc Hpc sinh Mdng cung khd nhSin bilt bidn phap nhan hda vd xac djnh gia ttj tu tfl ndn vide dpc va cam thy van ban nghdfliu3itse khd khan hdn Trong dd rdt nhilu bai vdn, bdi thd d Tilng Viet tilu hpc cd sfl dung bidn phap nhdn hda Cdc tfl ngfl: say ngu nglm nghi nam nghi [6;69] da nhdn boa canh vat, sy vatttdncdng tradng vd ngpi ca tilng dan ba-la-cai-ca huyin didu ttong cdc cau thd: Cd cdng tmdng say ngu cgnh dong song Nhiing thdp khoan nhd lin trdi ngam nghi Nhiing xe ui, xe ben song vai nam nghi Ngoai ra, cdc bidn phap nghd thudt khac dupc dung van bdn cung khd da dang Giao vidn cdn gpi y dl cdc em cdm thy ndi dung van ban dUpc thdu dao vl chilu sdu vd bl ddy ndi dung cua van ban nghd thudt 4.4 Phdt triin ndng life dgc hiiu cdc hinh anh, chi tiit nghi thudt, nhdn v£d Hinh tfldng nghd thuat cbinb la thi gidi ddt sdng nha nghd si sdng tao theo Idng kinh chfl quan dl thi hidn quan nidm, til tfldng vd tinh cdm cua minh trUdc hidn thyc cudc sdng Mdi vdn ban nghd thudt diu cd ldp hinh tfldng nghd thuat mang dac trung rieng biet till hien van ban ngdn tfl Hinb tupng nghe thuat ttong cac bai tap dpc tilu hpc thUdng Id hidn thyc ddi sdng rdt phong phfl, da dang vd gdn gfli vdi c ^ em Hinb tflpng nghd thudt tdi hi$n cudc sdng nhUng khdng phdi la sU chep y nguyen cudc sdng ma cd sy chpn Ipc, sang t^o qua tai nang va tri tUdng tUdng cua ngudi nghd si Van ban nghd thudt cd dac dilm la giau binb dnh Day hpc Idp dpc tilu hpc la d ^ hpc sinh bilt each cam thu hinb dnh bai dpc Mac du, sacb gido khoa da cd cdu hdi hUdng ddn cac em dpc hilu va cam tby ndi dung NhUng dl phdt buy ndi luc nang lyc cam thu ngdntiHnghd thudt, hinh anh gdi hinh gpi cdm tbi chinh cac em phai dUdc tilp c§n van ban, dpc va suy nglm hda vl hinb anh chi tilt nghdtiiudt.Dpc vd ddng cam vdi nhan vdt, nbu "boa thdn" vao nhan vdt thi mdi cam nhdn hit gia ttj dich thyc cfla tac pham Dilu giao vidn edn gdi md hUdng ddn each cam nhdn cho hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng nhilu hdn Vi nang lye cam thu cac chi tilt, hinh dnh ttong bai, sy lidn tudng vdi cdc em cdn nhilu han chl Dpc hilu vd tdi hidn lati hinh dnh, cdnh vat ma cac em hinh dung va cdm nh^n dUpc dpc bdi van, bai thd la each kilm tta danh gia nang luc dpc hilu van ban nghd thudt cua hpc sinh Bdi Sac mdu em yiu [6; 19] mdi khd thd gdi cac sU vdt, canh vat va mau sac d^c trUng cua nd Cac hinh anh khdng phdi la nhflng gi cao sidu ma la nhihig sU vat, cdnh vdt, ngfldi Nhdn thflc cac hinh anh nghd thudt ttong bai tdp doc trfl ndn de hilu hdn ddi vdi cac em dan tdc Mdng Nhdntiiflcva ehi nhflng cbi tilt nghd tiiuat Id dilu khd hdn so vdi hinh dnh nghd tiiuat ddi vdi hpc sinh tilu hpc Cdc em ddn tdc Mdng cdn khd khan hdn vide xac dinh phdn tich vd binh gid chl tilt nghd thudt Bdi mdi chi tilt nghe thuat thfldng cd y nghia ham in ma ngudi dpc cdn suy nghi phan doan tbi mdi hilu hit gia tti y nghia cua nd Hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng da cd hain NGHlfiNCtfu JEM., Vol (2017),No II chl nhdt djnh vl tilng Vidt thi giao vidn cdn cd su cbu^n bi he thdng cdu hdi gpi mfl, cac ngdn tfl nghe tiiuat dl cdc em cd thi nhan chi tilt nghe thuat ttong bai Chi tilt nghd thuat cd the la Idi ta vl canh vat, ngo?i binh hay Idi ndi cua nhdn vat nhimg tfl vide hilu y nghia ciia nhfllig chi tilt tfldng nbu nhd be dd cac em se cd cd sfl di hilu van ban Vi du chi tilt vd thdi tilt va coo ngUdi dd lam cbo bfle tranh lang qud thdm dep vd sinh ddng ttong bai Quang canh Idng mac mfla [6;10] Dpc hilu van ban nghetiiudttiidngqua he tiidng nhan vat la rdt cdn tiiilt Hdtiidngnhdn v|t van ban nghd thuat thudng chia nhan vat chinh, nhan vSt phu hoac chia tiianh nhdn v|;t ngudi kl chuydn vd nbdn v|t ttong hpi thoai dang phat ngdn Boi dudng hpc sinh each dpc hilu van ban qua nhdn vdt la yeu cdu cdn thilt va detiiUchien bdn so vdi cac bidn phap l^ ttdn Vdi nhan vat ttong van ban tu sU, mdi nhan vdt diu bdc Id cd tinh, phdm chdt, tinh cdm ridng nen cdn gido dye cac em nhan thflc dfldc dau la nhan vat dai dien cai thien vd cai ac Ddi vdi nhdn vait ttong thd la tim hieu each the bidn tinh cam cua nhan vat trfl tinh Cd nhdn vdt trfl tinh bdc Id tinh cam tryc tilp hoac gian tilp nhiAig tim hilu ve nhdn vat trfl tinh la kit hdp kham pha ve dep cfla cac chi tilt, hinh anh, bidn phap nghd thudt dupc sfl dung ttong bai thd Qua hd thdng nhan vat, dpc bilu van bdn nghd thuat se giflp hpc sinh dan tdc Mdng hilu sau sac hdn vl p h ^ chdt ngfldi, ve edi chdn - thidn - ml va van hpc nghe thuat hudng tdi liiy nhidn ddi vdi bpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng se cd sinh boat, phong tyc tap qudn dac tning cfla van hda ddn tdc cua chinh cac em ndn qua ttinh tilp xuc cudc sdng mudn mau, mudn ve cua ngudi Vidt Nam, giao vien cdn gidi thi'ch phii hdp dl cac em di tilp can hdn vdi nhan vat ttong tac phim 4.5 Khd ndng nhan thiic quan diim, tU tUdng,tinhcdm cda tdc gid vdn bdn Mdi tac phIm van hpc bao gid cung dn chfla quan dilm, tfl tUflng, tinh cam, thdng didp md nhd vln mudn gfli tdi ban dpc Do la linh hdn cua tac pham Quan dilm tU tUdng, tinh cdm cua tdc gid khdng dupc bdc Id mdt cdch ttyc tilp ma ngudi dpc suy ludn phan doan thdng qua hinh anh, chi tilt, sfl vide, nhan vaL Vdi hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng, vide fim hilu quan diem, ttt tUdng, tinh cam cua tdc gia qua bai tap dpc cd f nghia djnh bUdng cho cdc em dpc dien cdm tdt hdn Vi du bai tdp dpc Tiing vgng [6; 108] hpc sinh cam nhdn dUpc sy ban khoan, day dflt cua tac gid vl cai chit cua chim se Hoac bai Chu di tudn [6;51], dang sau hinh anh cbu di tudn ttong ddm ddng bdn canh cdc em hpc sinh la Idi ca ngpi ngudi ciiiln si tdn tyy qudn minh vi tte tho 4.6 Khd ndng ddnh gid vd rdt ray nghia, bdi hgc cda van bdn nghi thudt Mdi tac phdm van hpc deu dat gia tti ndi dung va nghd ttiuat nhdt dinh Ngodi vide tac phdm chuyln tai din ngUdi dpc nbaintiiflcvdn dl nao dd cua cudc sdng ttii tdc pham cdn lang dpng ttong y thflc ngfldi dpc mdt y nghia giao due, bai hpc vl mdt phUdng didn nhdt ^nh Cac van ban nghe thudt ttong chfldng ttinh Tilng Viet tilu hpc dfldc lya chpn deu mong mudn hpc sinh dpc hilu vd rut bdi hpc cho bdn thdn Dl rut bai bpc tfl van ban nghd thudt, hpc si nh ddn tdc Mdng phai cd khd ndng khai quat hoa tai lidu hpc tdp, khd nang danh gia vd nhdn djnh nhflng vdn dl cua cudc sdng nhin tfl chflc nang giao due cua van hpc Thudng moi bai dpc mang din cho cac em nhflng nhdn thflc vl cudc sdng quanh tatixjngmdi quan betiidnthudc cfla ddi sdng ngudi Tfl do, giao dye cdc em cd dUdc idi sdng lanh manh, doan kit, yeu thUdng giup dd ttong cdng ddng Mdt hanh ddng nhd nhUng CO sflc giao due manh vl ph^m chat dao dflc, each flng xfl van hda gifla ngfldi vdi bode nlu gfldng ngfldi tdt, vide tdt, nhihig vi^c nhd nhflng y nghia Idn Bai dpc Thdy thudc nhu me hiin [6; 153] CO y nghia sdu sac rang: cdng danh se nhu nUdc ttdi di, chi cd nhdn ngMa vdtinhngUdi la 81 BuiAnhlhylt JEM., Vol (2017), No 11 dang quy, la mai mai Dd cung la quan nidn sdng, chfla bdnb, cflu ngudi ciia Hdi Thupng Lan Ong Vdi cdc em ngudi Mdng, giao vidn cdn cd cdu hdi gpi mfl, ddn ddt cac em bilt nhdn xet, danh gid f nghia ciia bai dpc gan vdi ddi sdng ngudi ndi chung va sy Uen hd vdi pbong tue, tap quan cfla dan tdc Mdng ndi rieng Dich cudi cflng cua doe bilu van ban nghd thudt la hoc sinh cd Id ndng lam vide vdi van ban vd chilm Unh van ban mdt each ed y tbflc va rut bai hpc cho ban thin dl sdng tdt bdn, hoa ddng ttong cdng ddng cac ddn tdc Vidt Nam Ket luan Dpc hilu van bdn nghd thudt cua hoc sinh ldp 4,5 ddn tdc Mdng tinh liiydn (^uang cd tdc dung tich cue phdt ttiln ndng lyc hpc tap, tu va ttinb dd ngdn ngfl cfla cdc em Trdn cd sd tim hilu cdc dac dilm cfla van ban nghd thudt, cdu ttilc ndi dung va cac pbUdng thdc bilu da.tttongvan bdn nghetiiudt;cd sd cua viec dpc hilu van ban, va thuc tl viec sfl dyng tilng Viet cfla hoc sinh dan tdc Mdng, gido vidn cdn lya chpn bien phap thich hpp dl phat buy tinh tich eye, chfl ddng sang tao ciia hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng gid Idp dpc ndi rieng va cac mdn hpc vl Ulng Vi^t ndi chung nham nang cao chdt lupng dpc hilu van ban nghe thudt fl tllu hpc T A I LIEU THAM KHAO [1] TVdn Manh HUdng (2005), Luyin tdp vi cam th^ vdn hgc d Tiiu hgc Nxb Giao dye [2] Nguyen Quang Ninh (Chu bien 2007), Tiing Viit thifc hanh Nxb Giao dye [3] Dao Ngpc, Nguyen Quang Ninh (2001), Ren iJ ndng si dung Tiing Viit Nxb Giao due [4] Phung Thi Thanh (2016), Phdntichddi duiu hi thdng ngd dm- dm vi hgc Viit - Mdng didi xudt gidi phdp khdc phuc iSi phdp dm tiing Vift cho hgc sinh ngudi ddn tdc Mdng, Nxb Dai hpc Thdi Nguydn [5] Nguyln Minh Thuylt (Chu bidn 2007), Tiing Viit 4, tdp 1,2 (SGK), Nxb Gido due Ha Ndi [6] Nguyln Minh Thuylt (Chu bidn 2007), Tiing Vi^t 5, tdp 1,2 (SGK), Nxb Giao due Ha NOi ABSTRACT Solutions to improve the ability of reading comprehension artistic literacy documents of year and students of Mong ethnic community in Tbyen Quang Readmg comprehension in literacy document is a necessary skill to help students understand deeply contents of reading exercises in Vietnamese language subject at the primary level This article proposes some solutions to improve reading comprehension ability in artistic literacy documents of year and students of Mong ethnic community in Tiiyen Quang Province Keywords: Reading comprehension, artistic literacy document, student ability, solutions 82 ... chfla cao Xudt phat tfl nhflng kiln giai trdn, bai vilt nghien cflu va dl xudt mpt sd bien phdp nang cao chdt lUpng dpc hilu van bdn nghetiiudtcho hpc sinh ldp 4 ,5 dan tdc Mong tiii tinh liiydn Quang. .. hieu van ban ngh@ thuat cho hoe sinh Idp 4 ,5 ddn tdc Mdng tinh Tbyen Quang 4,1 Tao niem say mi hdng thu dgc hiiu vdn bdn nghi thuat Do han chl vl tilng Vidt ndn dpc hpc sinh ddn tdc Mdng ngai... nang doe hieu van ban nghe thuat cho hoc sinh tilu hoe dan tpc Mdng tinh l^yen Quang 2.1 Dgc hiiu van bdn Id yiu cdu ren luyen doi vdi hgc sinh tiiu hgc Hpc sinh tilu hpc bilt dpc dl linh hpi