Thông tin tài liệu
VE MOT PHAN D O I SONG V A N HOA TINH THAN CUA CU DAN LANG CHAI (Nghien cCru trirdng hdp lang chai song Ld d phd Tuyen Quang, tinh Tuyen Quang) Nguy§n Thj Tam Tnfdng dqi hpe Khoa hpe xd hpi & Nhdn van, Dqi hpe Qude gia Hd Npi Nudc ta cd he thd'ng sdng ngdi phan bd day dac, chi ndi rieng miin Bdc da cd rdt nhilu hd nude, cfia sdng, vinh, ddm pha Thue te, dnhitng viing ven sdng, ddm phd dd hinh thdnh nen nhCfng viing chdi ludi cdng cde cdng ddng ngu ddn d dd "Chfnh mdi trudng sdng nudc dd da gdp phdn quan trpng tao nen ban sdc van hda Bdc Bd ndi rieng vd van hda Viet Nam ndi chung Day la mdt vdn dl mdi, mdt dd'i tupng ma khoa hpc rdt cdn dupc nghien cfiu va khang dinh Nd mang y nghia to ldn su nghiep xdy dung va phat huy nln van hda Viet Nam tien tien, ddm da ban sdc dan tdc" [Hdi Van nghe Dan gian Viet Nam, 2006, tr 161] Sdng Ld la phu luu ta ngan cua sdng Hdng, bat ngudn tfi tinh Van Nam (Tmng Qudc) chdy vao Viet Nam tai xa Thanh Thuy, huyen Vi Xuyen, tinh Ha Giang Tdng dien tieh lifu vue: 39.000 km^, dd phdn d Viet Nam Id 22.600 km\ Dilm cud'i la nga ba Viet Tri, phd Viet Tri, tinh Phfi Thp, noi sdng Ld dd vao sdng Hdng Doan sdng Ld chdy vao Viet Nam cd chilu dai 274 km, doan tfi nga ba Viet Tri ngupc cang Tuyen Quang thudc tinh Tuyen Quang dai 156 km nhilu tdu thuyin cd trpng tdi ldn boat ddng Cd thi khang dinh rdng, hinh thfic cu trfi cua cac cu dan sd'ng tren thuyin be d vung sdng nudc Bdc Bd, ndi rieng la tren sdng Ld thi viec ddu tu nghien cfiu cdn rdt khiem tdn, dac biet la ddi sd'ng van hda tinh than cua hp Nhftng net dep 11 hdi sdng nudc, cdc tfn ngudng, phong tuc, kieng ki la nhimg net dac tnmg cua dang thfic van hod cdn dupc gift gin cho din hdm L l hpi dua thuyen Cu dan trdng trpt thudng td chfic nhilu ll hdi lien quan den gieo trdng, de'n cdu mua, din thu hoach Cu ddn sd'ng chu yeu bang nghi san ban va hai TAPCHfTAMLtHOC.Sd8(149),8 2011 87 lupm thudng td chfic cac 11 hdi hda trang, cdc ddng tac tupng trung cho phdp thudt san ban, cac hien tupng tupng trung cho viec sdn bdn cd kit qua Cdn cu ddn sdng bdng nghi chai ludi thi td chfic cac 11 hdi gdn liln vdi sdng nudc nhu dua ihuyin, rude thuy thdn Di td chfic ll hdi cho ngu ddn, vd'n dl cdn phai ban la vai trd cda cdng ddng va trach nhiem cua chfnh quyln dia phuong Thanh phd Tuyen Quang da budc ddu ldm dupe dilu dd, diln hinli la viec td chfic ll hdi boi chai hang nam vao mdi dip xudn vl Boi thuyin, ndi chfnh xac la thi boi ihuyln (boi chai) thudng dupc td chfic vdo cac dip ddu xudn Khac vdi nhfing chiec thuyin dupc sfi dung hang ngay, thuyin dung dl thi dupc trang hoang rd't dep, vdi nhieu mau sdc rue ro Nhftng ngudi tham gia thi boi an mac ddng phuc, gpn va khde Trang phuc ciia hp cung rdt ndi bdt Trong sd cdc tro choi truyln ihdng, ddy la trd choi ldi cudn nhilu ngudi hudng fing nhdt Tro choi mang tinh tdp thi cao bdi sir thdng thua khdng phai chu ylu phu thudc vao sfic manh ciia tfing ca nhan md la phu thudc rdt nhilu vao su phd'i hpp cheo thuyin cua hp Trong cudn Himg Vuong dung nudc cd vilt: "Boi thuyin va nhftng boat ddng tren sdng nudc la tuc le hdi vao loai quan trpng va phd biin nhdt b thdi Hung Vuong (d nhilu trd'ng ddng, tren mat trd'ng cd binh anh mfia nhay, ca hat, ddnh cdng, danh trdng, gia cdi nhung d tang trd'ng khde ghi canh boi thuyin vd sinh boat tren sdng nude bdi) Nhftng thuyin ddc mdc mui cong, dudi en, minh thon dai, tren cd nhilu ngudi ngdi hoac dfing, hda trang chim hoac khdng, cdm vu khf hoac ddm boi, hoat ddng khdn tmong, la mdt nhftng binh anh dupc ngudi thdi Hung Vuong chfi y tmyln ghi Dua thuyin vd cung te thuy thdn nhu vay la mdt tuc Id hdi ll thdi Hung Vuong Cho mai vl sau, nhftng hinh thfic hdi nudc vdn dupc bao luu, phd biin b nhilu lang Viet Nam" [Vien Sfi hpc, 1974, tr 226 227], Dilu dd cho thdy, van hda 11 hdi sdng nudc da cd tfi thud so khai, tfi thdi Hung Vuong dung nudc Dua thuyin khdng chi cd d sdng Ld ma "tfi Thanh Hda trd vao din Nam Bd, dua thuyin trd truyln thd'ng, hdi dua thuyin mdi nam mdt ldn vdo dip 11 tit Dua thuyin khdng diln thudng xuydn nhung cd noi coi nhu la ngbl nen cd tay dua nghi, tay cdm ldi, dfing mui va ddng thuyin" [Hdi Van nghe Dan gian Viet Nam, 2006, tr 154] Dua thuyin khdng diln dupc d dia hinh ddm, hd, lach, pha, biin long ma ngudi ta thudng chpn noi "dd hdi", chd ddng ngudi dl cho mpi ngudi dupc xem cudc phd diln day mau sdc, tieng ddng, dm nhac, hinh thi, sfic vdc, manh ldi, tdi nghe va vinh du thdng thua cudc choi dua tren tinh thdn thupng vo cua miin sdng nudc Khoang nam nay, vao mung tit Nguydn Dan, thdnh phd Tuyen Quang lai td chfic bdi dua thuyin tren sdng Ld Ll hdi dua thuyin thuc chat la hinh thfic cdu ngu, cdu cho nam mdi mua thudn gid hda, ngu ddn thu hoach cd, tdm ddy thuyin Ong Truong Dfic Tiln - Trudng phdng Sd Van hoa 88 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC So (149), - 2011 - Thdng tin - Thi thao tinh Tuyen Quang, phd ban td chfic hdi dua thuyin sdng Ld cho biet: Nam 2007, theo chi dao cua tinh, phd Tuyen Quang da khdi phuc lai hpi dua thuyin bi gidn doan hon 20 nam Hdi dua thuyin gdm cac dpi dai dien cho cdc xa, phudng tren dia ban phd tham gia vdi hinh thfic thi dd'u ngudi, boi bdng thuyin gd Hdi thi cd su gdp sfic cua nhftng nam nien tre, khoe d lang chai Ngay sau cd kl hoach khdi phuc lai hdi dua thuyin sdng Ld, UBND phd Tuyen Quang da tham khao nhilu mdu thuyin va quyet dinh ddng chiec theo mdu thuyin cua phudng Bach Hae, phd Viet Tri, tinh Phfi Thp Thuyin dupc lam bdng tdn, chieu dai tieu chuan 14 m, chilu ngang chd rdng nhdt 1,2 m chfia 26 van ddng vien thi ddu, cd 24 tay cheo, dpi trudng va ngudi lai Khi thilt kl ngudi ta da lam cdc khoang phao rdng thuyin nen cd sir cd bi lat, thuyin vdn ndi Nam ddu tien thi dd'u thilu thuyin, ban td chfic phai thue them chile thuyin cua phudng Bach Hae, phd Viet Tri Cac nam sau UBND phd ddng y dl cac phudng, xa bd tiln ddng thuyin rdng rieng Vi vay da tao dilu kien cho cac dia phuong quan ly thuyin dupc td't hon, thuan tien cho viec luyen tap Cac mdu thuyin rdng phai ddng theo mdt thilt ke chung da dupc phe duyet tai mdt co sd ddng thuyin d phd Tuyen Quang va cd sir gidm sat chat che cua can bd chuyen mdn Tai thdi dilm hien nay, mdt chile thuyin rdng ddng cd gia tren 40 trieu ddng Nam 2007, nam ddu tien khdi phuc lai hpi dua thuyin vdi cu ly dudng dua 2,5 km, dpi phudng Ndng Tiln da gianh giai nhdt Nam 2008 cung gdm phudng, xa cua thdnh phd tham gia, dpi xa Trang Da da vl nhdt Nam 2009, ll hdi dua thuyin cd nhilu net mdi, dac biet la dupc md rdng vl quy md, them don vi nfta tham gia gdm phudng mdi tan Ha vd xa: An Tudng, An Khang, Thai Long, Ludng Vupng, Dpi Can cua huyen Yen Son tmdc ddy mdi sat nhdp vao phd Hdi dua cd 13 dpi chia lam tdp, kit qua dpi phudng Ndng Tiln doat giai nhdt, giai nhi thudc vl dpi phudng Hung Thanh Nhin vao thdi gian vl dfch cua dpi doat giai nhat nam td chfic vfia qua, nam sau thuyin di nhanh hon nam trudc Viec thuyin dua di nhanh hay cham ft nhilu phu thudc vao muc nudc sdng Ld, song cho thdy su tiln bd cua cac ddi dua Theo anh Doan Trung Dao, ddi trudng dpi thuyin rdng phudng Ndng Tiln thi bf quyet di cd dupc kit qua cao la cudc dua, cac vien phai bilt kheo leo kit hpp sfic manh, sfic nhanh, sfic dudn cdng vdi ky thudt vdn dung ddng nudc dl be lai vd tfnh todn dudng dua khoa hpc Nhilu thuyin cd qudn rat khde nhung cheo khdng diu nhip, be cua qud rdng dl nudc vdo thuyin nhilu hay viec sdp xep ngudi nang nhe tren thuyin khdng hpp ly nen thuyin di khdng nhanh Theo thi le cudc thi, nhftng ngudi tham gia la nam TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd (149), 2011 89 nien lien 18 ludi, cd hd khdu thudng tru tai thdnh phd Tuyen Quang va phai bill boi Nam 2010, hdi dua ihuycn ciing dupe td chfic vao mung tet Am lich, h6i cd Uli ca 13 Ihuycn dua, boi ifi khuc sdng thudc dia phan phudng Minh Xuan din xdm Ghcnh Giing vdi chieu dai km Nam ndy, ddi xa Trang Da da gianh giai nhai Gic ngu ddn a ddy kc Iai, ban id chfic treo giai kha cao, ddi gianh giai nhdt se dupc ihudng 10 iricu ddng giai ihd'p nhd't la trieu ddng Tiln thudng dd se dupc sung mpt phdn vao quy chung ciia ddi dl chudn bi cho mua thi ddu nam sau Cdn lai mpt phdn dpi gianh chicMi thdng sc td chfic lien hoan va chudn bi ll ciing thiiy ihdn id long bill on cac vi thdn sdng nude Dc hpi dua Ihuycn dupc td chfic diu dan vd cang thu hiit dupc ddng dao sir cd \'u cua ngudi ddn thi xa Tuyen Quang va khdp noi tinh, cdn cd su Xii hpi hda ll hdi dua ihuyln tren sdng Ld Qua dd, mdi gpi them nhilu ngudn nhan lire, tai chinh ciia cac doanh nghiep, ca nhdn ddng gdp vao su cdng ciia hpi dua Ihuyln hd'p dan Ddc biet, ddy cdn Id dip dl phd Tuyen Quang gidi thieu va quang ba vdi du khach gdn xa vl hinh anh ciia mdt phd Ire dang tren da hdi nhdp phat trien Nam 2011, hdi dua thuyin vdn dupc td chfic theo dung ke hoach Hdi dua Ihuyln nam cd 13 dpi dua, dai dien cho 13 xa, phudng trdn dia ban phd tham gia tranh tai Nam nay, dpi xa Trang Da vl nhdt; giai nhi thudc vl dpi dua thuyin phudng Minh Xudn va gidi thudc vl dpi dua thuyin xa Luong Vupng Hdi dua thuyin tren sdng Ld UBND phd Tuyen Quang td chfic thuc su la mdt sinh boat tinh thdn lanh manh dupc ca cu ddn van chai va cu ddn tren bd hudng fing Dd'i vdi le hdi dua thuyin, quen vdi sdng nude nen dan chai cd sfic luc thi diu cd thi dang ky tham gia Kit qua du thua hay thdng thi hp vdn vui ve, bdi y nghia quan trpng nhdt cua cudc dua dd la dupc true tilp tham gia vao boat ddng cdng ddng Ddi sdng tin ngudng Van chai la nhftng cdng ddng ngu ddn cd ddi sdng gdn bd vdi ngbl khai thdc thuy san vd mdi trudng sdng nudc Vi vdy, cac boat ddng van hod va gia tri tinh thdn cua van chai cung mang nhimg ylu td diln hinh cua mdi tmdng dd M6t nhftng net dac trung cua van chai Viet Nam la tuc thd thuy thdn, vi thdn clie chd, bao ve ngu ddn; cdu ngu dl mong mua thudn gid hda, danh bdt dupc mua Nhilu ngu ddn cdn tin rdng cdc vi thdn va td tien cd quyln luc quylt dinh su bai vd hanh phuc cua hp Ddy chfnh la soi ddy vd hinh kit ndi the gidi tdm linh vdi nhftng ngudi lam ngbl sdng nudc 90 TAPCHfTAMLyHOC.Sd8(149),8 2011 Nam ddng chay cua tuc thd thuy thdn, vung sdng nudc Bdc Bd nudc ta cd nhimg net ddc dao rieuj^ Nlu nhu vung ven biin miin Trung va vung biin phfa Nam cd tuc thd Ca Ong thi d vung sdng Ld, ddn chai khdng cd tuc Hp thd thdn nudc cua nhimg doan sdng cu the Nlu nhu cac lap luc thd cfing cua cdng ddng cu dan lang chai ven biin miin Trung "the hien the Ung xie vdn hda cua ngu ddn trifdc bien ed" [Hdi Van nghe Dan gian Viet Nam, 2006, tr 83] thi cac tfn ngudng thd cung cua cu dan van chai sdng Ld ihl hien nilm tin va su sp hai dd'i vdi than sdng (Ha Ba) Ha Ba, lheo quan niem cua ngu dan, la mdt dng quan tren trdi xud'ng cai quan sdng nude Thd ciing Ha Ba, ddn chai hy vpng se dupc thdn phu hd, dem lai nhilu may mdn Cung nhu ngudi ndng dan, ngu dan d cac lang ven sdng ludn tdn thd td tien, dng ba Hp lap ban thd d noi trang trpng nhdt thuyin va tien hanh cfing 11 vao dip gid, cac dip ll tit nam Hp cung thdp huong cdu khan gia dinh cd viec vui cung nhu gap hoan nan, rui ro Ben canh dd, ngudi dan lang chai cung cd truyln thd'ng thd Mdu Thd Mdu la tin nguong cd tfi ldu lich sfi va tren dia ban Tuyen Quang, tuc thd hien hiiu d cac di tfch Din Ha, Din Thupng, Din Mdu Y La (thanh phd Tuyen Quang) Truyln thuyet vl Thanh Mdu d cdc di tfch diu gdn vdi sdng Ld Theo sach Dgi Nam Nhdt Thd'ng chi, Thdn tfch Din Y La va truyln thuye't ddn gian diu kl lai: Xua cd hai nang cdng chua vua Hung la Phuong Dung vd Ngpc Ldn Mdt bdm hai nang theo xa gia den ben bd sdng Ld (thudc thdn Hiep Thudn) dd thuyin Nfia dem trdi mua to, gid ldn, hai nang diu hoa, nhan dan vung ldy lam linh di ben lap din thd Din Hiep Thuan d luu dupc gpi la Din Ha, thd cdng chfia Phuong Dung (ngudi chi), Din Thupng thd cdng chfia Ngpc Ldn (ngudi em) Hai ngdi din cd nhilu dilu linh fing, nen tfi xa xua hai nang dupc tdn lam Thanh Mdu Hang nam, cfi vao 11 den 16 thang dm lich, 11 rude Kieu Mdu bat ddu tfi Din Mdu Y La Din Ha, rdi tilp din ll rude Kieu Mdu tfi Din Thupng qua sdng vl Din Ha dl cung hpp te Ll hdi cfing thu hfit ddng dao ddn chai tham gia vdi udc mud'n dupc Mdu ban cho sfic khoe, may mdn, hod thudn va mua cd bdi thu Ban vl dac tfnh tfn ngudng nghi ll cua cdc lang chai Nhat Ban, nha nghien cfiu Chu Xuan Giao cho rdng: "Mdt dilm khac biet dang chu y tin nguong d lang chai la khac vdi tfnh cdng ddng cao lang ndng vl mat tfn ngudng, d lang chai, hoat ddng tfn ngudng cua ngu ddn cd tfnh ca thi cao Ngu ddn cd chilu hudng boat ddng tfn ngudng dl cdu mong mang lai may mdn td't lanh cho ban than minh hon la cho todn the lang/cdng ddng, chang ban phdt hien tfi thi chet dudi trdi dat tfi noi khde din, ngu ddn se khdng loan bdo cho ddng nghidp ma dm thdm dem vl chdn cdt sdn/vudn nha minh" [Chu Xudn Giao, 2007, sd 4, tr 74] Nguyen cua dac tfnh dupc tac gia Chu TAPCHfTAMLyHOC,Sd8(149),8 2011 91 Xuan Giao ly giai lheo hai diem: Thie nhd't, tfnh each cua ngu ddn cd chf hudng manh viec cdu mong vdo tha lire (sfic lire ngoai minh), bdi cudc sdng Iren biin ciia hp nhilu phdn lenh denh trdc trd het nhu cdu tuc ngfi "dudi mdt tdm sdn thuyen Id dia nguc"; Thit hai, tbdi gian sd'ng tren biin, ngu dan thudng lam vice tren cac la thuyin nhd le, nen tfnh cdng ddng, phd'i hpp Clia hp rd't yeu Qua ddi chilu vdi thuc t l d cdc ldng chai Viet Nam ndi chung va lang chai sdng Ld ndi rieng, cd thi thd'y, hoat ddng tfn ngudng cua ngu ddn ddt Viet cac ll hdi ddn gian nhu II hdi cdu ngu, ll hdi dua thuyin vdn mang tinh cdng ddng cao, vdn la chuyen ca lang, ca dia phuong cung lo ciing hudng Rieng each fing xfi vdi viec phat hien tfi thi chit dudi cua ngu ddn vung biin Viet Nam lrong liic dang tac nghiep tren biin hoac ngoai khoi thi cd phdn tuong ddng vdi ngu ddn Nhat Ban, nghTa la diu mang dam tfnh ca thi: Khi phat hien tfi thi chit dudi trdi dat tfi noi khac din gdn thuyin minh, ngu ddn thudng la chu thuyin vdt tfi thi len thuyin dua vao dd't liln chdn cdt va nlu la tfi thi khdng rd tdng lich, ngudi chu thuyin se ldy hp cua minh ghep vdi ten Lupm (nhat/vdt) dl dung bia md va khdn vdi ngudi xdu so cung gid Cdn ddi vdi ngu dan sdng Ld, neu gap hien tupng nhu vay, hp se vdt xac nan nhan va dem vl chinh quyln dia phuong xac nhan Mdi di ddnh cd qua chd do, hp diu mang theo the huong dl thdp cho ngudi xd'u sd vdi hy vpng linh hdn hp se dupc sieu thoat Hien nay, ben canh thd cfing td tien, dpc theo bd sdng Ld cung cd mpt sd hd theo dao Thien Chfia, chung tdi thd'ng ke dupc bd sd'ng xdm nho theo dao" Trong thuyin cua hp cd ban thd dfic chfia Gid Su va Dfic me Maria, la noi dep vd trang trpng nhd't tren chile thuyin Ngudi dan tin rdng, Chiia dem lai cho hp mdt tuong lai td't dep du cudc sdng bidn tai cfia hp vdn phai dd'i dien vdi nhilu thfi thach Ddi sd'ng vdt chd't khd khan nen hp mudn tim din mdt su an ui vl mat tinh thdn Cac hd theo Thien Chfia giao d dudi lang chai vdn sinh lioal gid'ng nhu ngudi theo dao d tren bd Ngay 11, bp din nha thd nghe dfic cha giang dao, cdu kinh; hang ludn vdo thfi ca gia dinh phai an chay Cdn vao mua "Thuong Khd" ca gia dinh an chay 47 ngay, bat ddu tfi mung thang gieng hang nam Khi mdi gia dinh d lang chai cd cudi hdi hay tang ma diu co cdc linh muc din lam 11 Mpi tdp tuc cudi xin, ma chay diu phai tudn theo quy dinh cua dao Thien Chfia Trong mdi ldn cdu nguyen d dip 11 lien quan din Thien Chfia gido, hp diu cdu xin sir an lanh va mfia ca bdi thu Cac phong tuc va sir kieng ki Bdn canh nhutig boat ddng 11 hdi, hoat ddng tfn ngudng, tdn gido thi lang chai sdng Ld d phd tuyen Quang cdn luu gift nhimg phong tuc diln hinh, dac biet la cac tuc kieng ky Cd the ndi, sdng gdn bd than thilt vdi sdng 92 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC Sd (149), - 2011 nude tfi ddi sang ddi khac, ngu ddn sdng Ld da tfch luy dupc nhilu kinh nghidm vide danh bdt ca tren sdng va luu truyln cho nhfing thdng tin vl khf bau, thdi tilt, lich thdi vu ldn nhd thdng dl thuc hien dung luc, kip thdi nhftng chuyen xud't thuyin di danh cd Ddy la mdt phdn quan trpng phan anh ddi sd'ng tdm linh cua cdng ddng cu ddn van thuyin Trudc kia, tuc le gifta cdc lang cd su khac ro ret bdi tfnh cdng ddng ngu ddn dupc qui^ dinb bdng cac phong tuc, tap quan, van hod rieng ciia tfing ldng Ddu tien phai kl din viec thuc hien quy udc vd co ehl Ngoai nhftng quy udc vl CO cd'u td chfic cfia thiet ehl tu quan lang tuong tu nbu huong udc cfia cdc lang ndng nghiep Nhftng quy tdc cfia cdc lang chdi cd thi la tiln bd hoac lac dieu theo quan niem cua cudc sd'ng hien dai Song, khdng dl thay ddi nhftng thdi quen hoac tuc le tham can cd di nhu quy udc vl quyln danh bdt ca, noi cu ngu, bao ve ngudn Ipi, ddng thul Theo quy udc vl danh bat cd thi nlu ddnh ludi theo chilu nudc, ngudi din danh sau phai tha ludi sau ngudi din trudc (trudc, sau dupc tfnh theo chilu nudc chay) Thdng thudng, ngu ddn rd't am hilu dp dai cua cac loai ludi va sfic chay cua ddng nudc cd thi lam trdi ludi Do dd, viec xac dinh vi trf tha ludi dd'i vdi ngudi tha sau khdng khd khan gl Bdi thi, ft cd su cd mdc ludi vao Neu phat hien dupc mdt dan cd dang di chuyin ngu trudng, ngudi de'n tmdc cd thi tha ludi ddn dudng di chuyin cua dan ca Nhung ngudi din sau cdn cfi vao vi trf ludi cua ngudi tha trudc ma tha ludi cua minh cho hpp ly Phdn dat trdn bd chi cd ddn lang gd'c mdi dupc dinh cu d day Vi vay, ddn chai d ngoai tinh di cu den sdng Ld Ific dau diu bi coi la ddn ngu cu vd ft nhilu chiu thai dp phan biet cua dan tren bd Phan bai cat tilp gidp vdi nudc sdng pham vi timg lang chi cd thuyin cua ddn lang mdi dupc neo dau thudng xuyen va chi cd dan d dd mdi dupc quyln khai thac ngudn loi thuy san vung sdng tuong fing vdi dia gidi cua lang Tap quan cua ldng chai chi la nhimg quy dinh gifta ddn chai vdi chfi chua dupc ghi van ban nhu huong udc d cac lang ndng nghiep Tuy nhien, khdng phai vi thi ma chung khdng dupc cac vidn man thu Cac huong udc (van udc) cac ldng chai dupc thuc hien theo co ehl hai chilu, vfia cd su kiim soat mdt phdn cua ngudi dfing ddu van, vfia cd su tudn thu va tu giam sat ldn gifta cac cd nhdn ngu ddn vdi nhau, gifta cdc nhdm ngu ddn thuc hanh cdc ngbl ca khde vd gifta cac lang chai vdi Co ehl hai chilu td hiiu fch vd gdp phdn quan trpng vdo su tdn tai cua cac huong udc (van udc) cho du phdn ldn chung la nhftng quy udc chua dupc van ban hda Cho de'n nay, cdng tac suu tdm nghidn cfiu cdc huong udc (van udc) ca cd va mdi cua cac lang ngu noi luu trft nhftng tri thfic dia phuong vl nghi cd chua dupc thuc hidn ddy du Hm hilu budc ddu cho thdy, nhimg qui dinh vl viec TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd (149), - 2011 93 bao ve va tri ngudn Ipi thiiy san vdn la nhftng ndi dung khidm td'n Cdc qui udc dd chi dupc bill qua cac cdu chuyen kl ciia cac vi gia ca lang chai Vi thi, viec phai cd mdl co che thfch hpp dl quan ly ngudn Ipi thuy san bon luc nao hit la viec lam cap bach Chiing ta can lien hanh suu tdm cac ban van udc cd cua cac lang cd va lang chai d Vici Nam Hien tai, mdt sd lupng khdng nhd cdc huong udc, khoan le Clia cac lang ndng nghiep da dupc suu tdm dl phuc vu cho nhftng muc dfch nghien cfiu khoa hpc nhdm phuc vu thuc tiln Vi thi, cac huong udc cua cdc lang ngu cung cdn dupc ldp hpp lai Ben canh dd, viec suu tdm va nghien cfiu cdc van udc cd phai dupc thuc hien can cfi vao linh dia phuong, cd nghia la huong udc lang ca d ba miC-n Bdc, Trung, Nam cdn phdi cd k l hoach suu tdm Chiing cdn dupc sdp xlp dl so sanh lam ndi bdt len dac trung dia ly vung miin, dau dn van hda ciia tfing dia phuong Dilu rdt quan trpng bdi nd la co sd di \ ice Xiiy dung cac quy udc lang ca bd'i canh duong dai cdc ngudn Ipi ihiiy san dang bi khai ihac thilu id chfic va phi kiim soat nhdm tan dung nhftng tri thfic dia phuong cd Ipi eho sir phat triin bin vftng Ngay dii phdn ldn cac kieng ky, tap tuc d van chai sdng Ld da fl di nhung vdi cdc bdc cao nien, hp vdn coi ddy la nhftng tdp tuc quan trpng dd'i vdi lang chai Trong cac boat ddng tin nguong tieu bilu dd, cd thi kl din: Tuc kieng ngdy nifde: Ngudi ddn quan niem rdng lam an, nhdt la ngbl chai ludi tren sdng neu khdi sir ban ddu vao "ngay nudc" thi se bi mdc rui ro, lam an khdng gap may mdn "Ngdy eon nude" luu tmyln dan gian Viet dupc coi la xd'u, tram su diu ky, dac biet la su viec lai roi vao gid nudc xud'ng Ngay nude lien quan din thuy trilu, mat trang cung cd anh hudng dd'i vdi cac sinh vat vung nudc ngpt d cfia sdng vao sdng dl sinh san theo chu ky trdng Ngudi Phuong Ddng, cu thi la ngudi Viet Nam ta da tfi ldu biet dupc su anh hudng cua mat trang va chu ky nudc tdi viec lam an va sinh san thi nao qua ldi ca dao: "Phai budn bdn trdm ngbl Phai nudc di vl tay khdng" Lieh eon nudc la mdt nhimg tri thfic ddn gian quan trpng Qua lich eon nude ngudi ta bilt dupc nhftng qui ludt cua nudc va cua sdng nudc tren mpt khung thdi gian nam cd dinh Bdn canh lich nudc, ngudi ta can cfi vao thdi tilt dl tfnh chuyen lam an, chdng ban nhu quan sat bdu trdi, mat nudc, gid va ddng chay dl du dodn thdi tilt khf bdu, tfi dd quylt dinh phuong thfic va ky thudt ddnh bat cd 94 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC Sd (149), - 2011 Tac gia Chu Xuan Giao mdt bai nghien cfiu vl lang chai Nhat Ban cho rdng, kieng ki d lang chdi vfia cd nhilu dilm gid'ng vdi lang ndng vfia cd nhilu dilm ddc dao rieng Quan niem kieng ki cua ngudi Nhdt dupc phan lam kieng dd va kieng den Kieng dd tfic la kieng mdu (banh kinh va sinh) Chinh bdi quan niem ma phu nfi d cac lang chai thudng khdng dupc len thuyin di biin cung chdng con/anh em trai Trong thdi gian vp d cft, ngu ddn Ihudng kieng di biin mdt each nghiem ngat, ngudi ta cho rdng, nlu cd tinh di biin thdi gian ay se khdng dupc gi hoac gap rui ro, tai nan Cdn kieng den, tfic kieng tfi/tfi thi Thdng Ihudng cdc lang ndng ngudi ta kieng tranh rdt ky cd ngudi chit: Mdt tbdi gian qui dinh, ldng giing kieng tranh giao hiiu vdi nha cd tang, tranh vang lai din nha bay an ud'ng nha cd tang Nhung d nhilu lang chai ngudi ta iai cho tfi/tfi thi la dilm may mdn Khi gap Phat trdi (xdc ngudi chit dudi) tren bai biin, ngudi ta dem vl chdn cdt va thid cfing cdn trpng Kbi lang cd dam tang ngudi ta vui ve nhdn nhftng thfi da dupc dung cho/trong tang ll, coi dd la vat mang lai may mdn danh bdt Dd'i vdi trudng hpp lang chai sdng Ld, theo ldi nhimg ngudi gia kl lai thi trudc cac tuc kieng ky cd phdn khde hon bay gid Chang ban nhu mui thuyin la noi eSm ky vdi ngudi la, dan ba, nhimg ngudi khdng dupc ngdi tai day, nlu cd lo khdng bilt cfi ngdi len mui thuyin thi chfi thuyin phai cfing dl xoa bd su ue tap Hay ben thuyin cd mdt gian nhd lam ban thd, dd la chd thieng heng, ngudi la tranh ngdi quay lung hoac ngu dudi chan vao ban thd Dd'i vdi cac loai ngu cu, chu yeu la ludi, dan cau, ngu dan cfing cd su kieng ki nhu khdng dupc budc qua ludi, dan cdu, nhd't la phu nft mang thai Dac biet, d ddy vao khoang thdi gian ddu nam tet Nguyen Ddn, dan lang chdi cd tuc kidng giao tilp vdi ngudi la Hp quan niem sau rdm thang Gieng mdi bat ddu khai xudn lam viec, cdn tmdc thdi gian dd nlu lam nhftng cdng vide nang nhpc, sp ca nam phai vdt va^'\ La nhimg ngu dan ludn ddi mat vdi sdng nudc dl kiem sd'ng, dd la cdng cudc muu sinh ddy bdt trdc Tfi rdt xa xua, ngu dan da phai cdu vien din nhilu thdn linh, din nhung kieng ki dl lam chd dua tinh thdn cho cdng cudc chinh phuc thien nhien cua minh Va chfnh nhftng nilm tin thieng lieng dd da giup ngu ddn vftng long tin cudc muu sinh vdt va Trong qua trinh danh bat, dan chdi gap khdng ft riii ro vl thdi tilt, ngu cu, vi vay viec cdu cfing cdc thdn linh dupc hp rd't coi trpng Gap gid bao, ngu cu true trdc hoac thu hoach cd ft, ngu ddn theo dao Thidn Chfia cd td chfic 11 cfing, xin on tren, Dfic Chfia va Thdnh thdn phu hd Hp dpc cac kinh cdu nguyen tmdc ban thd Chfia thuyin Dd'i vdi cdc hd ddn chai khdng theo Thien Chfia giao, gap tmdng hpp nhu vay hp se sfia soan dia hoa qua va thap nhang ldn ban thd td tien, ban thd hp, ban thd thuy thdn dl cdu mong thdn phu hd cho tai qua nan khdi, gap nhilu may mdn TAP CHf TAM L? HOC Sd (149), - 2011 95 Ben canh dd, cac phong tuc sinh de, cudi hdi, ma chay, cdc 11, tilt nam nhu tit Nguyen Dan, Thanh Minh, rdm thang bay, Trung thu cua cu ddn lang chai sdng Ld vfia mang net chung ciia ca cdng ddng ddn cu ngudi Viet, vfia bao luu mdl sd net rieng ciia ngU ddn Trudc kia, dam cudi td chfic tren thuyin thi phai ghep 3, thuyin vdi va dupc trang trf nhilu hinh ca bang gidy mau dd dl bao hieu nha cd viec by Mpi ngudi din chfic mfing by su mang lheo qua de lang cho gia dinh cd ddu, chfi rl Cd cudi thudng la cdc mdn an dupc che biin tfi ca Nay, vice cudi xin tren thuyin dupc don gian hod va khdng khac dam cudi lien bd la mdy Hp mupn manh dd't bdng phang tren bd lam noi td chfic Trudc kia, khoang each md'i quan he gifta cdc hd tren bd va cac hd sdng dudi nudc cd phdn biet ldp nen viec cudi hdi gifta cai cua cac gia dinh nha be vdi tren bd rd't khd khan Gdn ddy, nhftng dinb kiln, vl ddn chai bdt di nen viec kll hdn ciia cdi hp da dl dang hon, cang ngdy ti le nft ldy chdng dudi xdm chai cang nhilu hon Khi gia nhdp vao gia dinh van chdi, cac c6 gai se ihich fing vdi dilu kien sdng nude va tham gia cdc hoat ddng muu sinh cua ddn chai Ve tap quan sinh de, ngirdi phu nff d lang chai sdp sinh, hp thudng ddn bd dd den, hilm kbi dua len tram y t l d trdn bd Dfia tre kbi sinh khdng co tdp tuc "chdn nhau" nhu d tren can ma dem thd xud'ng sdng vdi hy vpng cudc sd'ng sau cua dfia tre se dupc binh an Khi dupc hdi vl tdp tuc nay, dng Le Trpng Tudng (71 tudi), xdm nha be td 14, phudng Minh Xudn, phd Tuyen Quang cho biet: Dfia tre sinh den Ific trdn mdt thang, ngudi me phai ud'ng ba bat nudc la dl tranh cho sau bi benh tieu chay Thang ddu tien sinh con, ngudi me khdng dupc khdi thuyin Khi tre em dupc mdt thang, ngudi me cong tren lung cheo thuyin bai sdng gdn Khi bilt ngdi, ngudi me de chfing tren san thuyin va ldy ddy budc ngang lung dfia tre, ddu budc vao manh van thuyin di phdng tre bi nga xud'ng nudc Cho tre em tiep xfic vdi sdng nudc sdm dl chfing thfch nghi td't nhd't vdi mdi tmdng ldn ldn Cd ngudi tfi sinh cho din Ific chit diu d tren thuyin, ca cudc ddi gdn bd vdi thuyin be, sdng nudc Trudc ddy, dd't trdn bd nhilu nen cd ngudi chit hp xin dupc dd't di chdn nhung dd't dai cang ft, hp phai mua ddt b nghia trang dl mai tang Than phan cua nhung ngudi ddn chai ngheo khd, thdm chf chit cdn khdng cd dd't chdn Qi Nguyin Thi Cuu (85 tudi), nha be td 7, phudng Ndng Tiln, phd Tuyen Quang cho biit: "Trudc ddy, chfing tdi 15 cd chit thi ngudi cdn sd'ng lai khd Ngudi sd'ng lam khd ngudi chit nhung d ddy, chfing tdi chit di di lai cai khd cho chau, mud'n dupc chdn d uen bd nhung cung khdng cd ldy mdt ddng dl mua mdy tdc dd't ma an tang, thi dd hon nhilu." Ddn ldng chdi tren sdng Ld khdng cd hien tupng thuy tang, ma hdu hit la dia tang bdng each mua ddt d tren bd lam noi chdn cdt Tang 11 dupc td chfic tai thuyin cua ddn chai, gia dinh lo lieu mpi thfi tiic, mdi thdy cfing va dodn nhac 96 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC Sd (149), - 2011 hieu den cung lmh hdn ngudi qua cd' Dac biet, nlu ngu ddn nao bi chet tai nan nghe nghiep tren sdng, du tim thdy xac hay xac bi thd't lac, gia dinh se mdi thay cung ve lam le gpi hon di linh hdn khdng phai luu lac gifia chdn sdng nudc Nhftng yeu td van hod tinh thdn cua ddn lang chai sdng Ld d phd Tuyen Quang da tao nen bd mat ddc ddo cho ca khuc sdng nay, hda cung vao bfic tranh van hda chung cua ca cdng ddng ^ Cd thi thdy rdng, ddi sd'ng ngu nghiep, ngu dan lang chai sdng Ld da the hien ban sac van hoa sdng nudc kha ddc dao Nhfing tinh hoa dy cdn dupc phdt huy dl gdp phdn lam phong phfi them kho tang van hod sdng nudc ndi rieng, van hod Viet Nam ndi chung Chu thich Ldn ddu tien chfing tdi de'n day vao mung tet Canh Ddn 2010, khong bie't tuc kieng nen bi mdt vai dan chai tfi chdi tie'p chuyen De'n mpt sd nha be, cac bac cao tudi thdng cam vi chung tPi di dudng xa tdi day, ne ldm hp mdi chiu chia se, tam su ciing Tai lieu tham khao Diep Tmng Binh, Vdi net ve ddi sdng eua ngu ddn vdng bien Ddng Bae Viet Nam, Tap chf Dan tdc hpc, sd 2, 1985 Ban chdp hanh Dang bp thi xa Tuyen Quang, Lieh sif Ddng bd thi xd Tuyen Quang (1940 2005), NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Npi, 2009 Biii Xuan Dfnh, Huong udc vd qudn ly ldng xd, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi, 1998 Chu Xuan Giao, Mdy vd'n de ve ldng chdi vd nghien cdu ldng chdi d Nhdt Bdn tif gdc nhin vdn hod ddn gian Tap chi Van hoa dan gian, sd 4, 2007 Hdi Van nghe Dan gian Viet Nam, Vdn hod sdng nude mien Trung, NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Ndi, 2006 Hoang Nam, Bude ddu tim hieu vdn hda tdc ngudi, vdn hda Viet Nam, NXB Van hoa Dan Tdc, Ha Ndi, 1998 Qud'c sfi quan trilu Nguyin, Dqi Nam Nhdt thdng ehi, tap 4, NXB Thuan Hoa, Pham Trpng Dilm, Dao Duy Anh (dich va hieu dfnh), 1997 Van Tan, Nguyin Linh, Le Van Lan, Thdi dqi Hiing Vuang Lieh su; - kinh te ehinh tri - vdn hda -xahdi, NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Ndi, 1976 Le Ngpc Thang, Dao Ba Dau, Ddi net ve mpt ldng bien d nude ta Tap chf Dan tPc hpc, sd 2, 1983 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, S6 (149), - 2011 97 10 Nguyin Duy Thieu, Tim hieu cde cdng ddng ngu ddn thuy cud Viet Nam, Tap chf Dan tpc hpc, sd 1.2005 11 Le Thi Nham Tuyei Hdi li dua thuyin d Vidt Nam vd Ddng Nam A, Van hda dan gian, sd4 1986 12 UBND Thanh phd Tuydn Quang, Bdo cdo thife hien nhiem vu phdt trien kinh te xd hgi, qude phdng an ninh ndm 2010 vd phifffng hudng muc tieu vd gidi phdp phdt trien kinh id xd hpi, qude phdng an ninh ndm 2011, 31/12/2010 13 Vien Su hpc, Himg Vifong dung nifde, NXB Khoa hpc xa bdi, Ha Ndi, 1974 14 Vien Nghien cihi Van hoa Dan gian, Vdn hod ddn gian ldng ven bien, NXB Van hoa dan t6c Ha Ndi, 2000 98 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC Sd (149), - 2011 ... So (149), - 2011 - Thdng tin - Thi thao tinh Tuyen Quang, phd ban td chfic hdi dua thuyin sdng Ld cho biet: Nam 2007, theo chi dao cua tinh, phd Tuyen Quang da khdi phuc lai hpi dua thuyin bi... tin nguong cd tfi ldu lich sfi va tren dia ban Tuyen Quang, tuc thd hien hiiu d cac di tfch Din Ha, Din Thupng, Din Mdu Y La (thanh phd Tuyen Quang) Truyln thuyet vl Thanh Mdu d cdc di tfch diu... Viet Nam, Tap chf Dan tdc hpc, sd 2, 1985 Ban chdp hanh Dang bp thi xa Tuyen Quang, Lieh sif Ddng bd thi xd Tuyen Quang (1940 2005), NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Npi, 2009 Biii Xuan Dfnh, Huong
Ngày đăng: 26/10/2022, 20:44
Xem thêm:
