TAP CHl KHOA HOC SO 9 • 2015 41 G I A N G DAY NGU* VAN T I E P CAN TlT DAC TRU^IG T H E LOAI Dang Thi Nggc Phu gng'''' Tdm tSt Huang tiep can van hgc tu the logi se dem lai nhirng ly gidi khoa hgc vd co[.]
TAP CHl KHOA HOC SO • 2015 41 G I A N G DAY NGU* VAN - T I E P CAN TlT D A C T R U ^ I G T H E L O A I Dang Thi Nggc Phu-gng' Tdm tSt Huang tiep can van hgc tu the logi se dem lai nhirng ly gidi khoa hgc vd co y nghTa thiet thue boi cdnh nghiin ciru van hgc hien ndi chung vd gidng dgy vdn hgc ndi rieng Tiep can vdn hgc tir gdc nhin the logi mang lai nhieu gid tri tich cue cho tiep nhdn vdn hgc Dii sdng tdc a the logi ndo, cdc nhd vdn, nhd tha dd cong hien nhieng sdng tgo nghe thuat gdp phdn to lan vdo sir cdch tdn, phdt trien the logi tien trinh hien dgi hoa van hgc Tir khoa: vdn hgc, gidng dgy, dgc trung the logi Mdn Ngir Van la mdt nhiing mdn hgc cd vi tri va tim quan trgng d nhi trudng phd thdng Ngoii chuc nang edng cu, mdn hge cdn gdp phan rat Idn nham hinh thinh va phat trien cac nang lyc ehung cting nhu gdp phan bdi dudng tu tudng, tinh cam va pham chat cao dep eua ngudi hgc Dl mdn hgc xiing dang vdi vi tri va tim quan trgng ciia nd, ngudi day can phii cd phuang phap, dinh hudng de ngudi hgc tiep can duge cai hay, eai dep cua tac pham Trong khudn khd bii viet nay, chung tdi mudn de cap den vin dl giang day Ngir van - ti6p can tac phim van hgc tir dae trung the loai Hu-dng tiep can truyen thong Li luan van hgc khang dinh: "Van hgc bit ngudn tir ddi sdng" Tac phim van hge la tim guong phan inh xa hdi hch sir duong thdi, quy luat nim ngoai y mudn chii quan ciia nha van Dii mudn hay khdng, dii bit ky dl tai sang tic nao nhi van, nha tho vin se dua eai hdn eua Hch sir duong dai minh vao tae pham mdt each vd thiie Nhu vay, tim hieu mdt tic pham van hgc hudng tilp can truyen thdng la xuit phat tu lieh sii van hge Giang day van hge tir gdc nhin Hch sir - xa hgi li hudng tiep ein quen thugc d nude ta may chyc nam qua • TS, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Hue Van hge Viet Nam ludn ddng hanh ciing vdi nhung thang trim cua Uch sii dan tdc "Xa hgi nao thi van nghe iy", hay ndi each khac "Van hgc nghe thuat la tam guong phan anh trung thdi dai" Hudng ti6p can ddi hdi thyc te day va hge van, viec gan tac phim van hgc vdi hoan cinh Heh su ddi, vdi nhiing bien ddng xa hdi la dieu khdng the thieu Trong suot qua trinh tilp can, binh gia tac pham van hge khdng tach rdi hoan canh ddi Hudng tilp can trai qua mdt thdi gian dai Heh sii van hgc Khi nghien eiiu van hge mdt giai do^in, ngudi day can phai chii y den sy phat triln cua ddi sdng van hgc hien tai Van hgc trung dai mang diu in cua lich su thdi trung dai Van hgc hien dai duge dat bdi canh sy ddi mdi, thay ddi, biin chuyen eua xa hgi diu nhiing nam thi ky XX va phat trien eho den Khi giang day eae tac phim van hgc trung dai, ngudi day phii dung l^i duge khdng van hda, lich sit ciia thdi dai, phai tao duge sy ddng eim ve van hda, van hgc gan vdi tu tudng Nho, Phat, Dao Tir diem xuat phit li chan trdi hign tai, ngudi day phai giiip cho ngudi hgc trd lai khdng gian van hda thdi trung dai de hge tip cieh earn, each nghi cua 42 ngudi xua Tac phim phai duge dat hoan canh sinh nd, bdi le sang tao van hge thudng bit ngudn tii mdt yeu td ed thyc nao dd lich su Do dd, tiep nhin van hge Viet Nam trung dai phai gan vdi hoin cinh Hch sii thdi trung dai Tie pham Binh Ngd dgi cdo ciia Nguyen Trai phai dat hoan cinh khang chien ehdng Minh, tigp nhin Bgch Ddng giang phd cua Truong Han Sieu phai dat hoan eanh ehdng Nguyen Mdng xim luge mdi hieu duge gia tri cua tae pham va ddng eim vdi tac gia, hieu duge hao eiia thdi dai, the diing cua dan tgc Cai bi, cai Binh Ngd dgi cdo, tiSng keu diirt rudt Truyfn Kieu, cai sau lang suy tu chum tho thu cua Nguyen Khuyen deu cd ngudn gdc siu xa tii bdi canh van hda, lich su cua thdi dai Nhirng tiep can, nghien ciiu van hgc truyen thdng hudng den mdi tuong quan xa hgi - van hda NghTa la tiep can van hda dl phin tich v i ly giai nhiing hinh tugng tac pham van hge Ngoai ra, gan day, hudng tiep can thi phip hge duge dua vio day hge van la hudng nghidn eiiu mdi, eho phep ngudi hgc cam thy van hgc sau sac han Hudng nghien ciiu tilp can va giai ma van hgc khai thac cae ylu td hlnli thue eua tie pham mdi quan he chat ehe vdi binh dien ndi dung Ngudi nghien euu cd dieu kiSn danh gii, cam thy tae phim van hge tren nhilu binh di?n khac GS.Tran Dinh Sir khing dinh: "Thi phap hge dem lai nhimg pham tni mdi, nhiing dl tai mdi cho nghien cim van hgc, nhu ngudi, khdng gian, thdi gian, tran thulit, dilm nhin, ddi thoai, gieu nhai, miamai mdrdng cac eanh eiia tiep can van ban" Viec van dung thi phap hgc vao nghien cuu, ddi mdi day hgc tae phim van hgc nha trudng ddi vdi nganh giao dye hien la hit siic can thilt Nd gdp phin TRUING DAI HOC PHU YEN khdng nhd vio viec ddi mdi phuang phap nghien eiiu va giing day tie pham van hgc nha trudng Bdi myc dich day hge tac phim van hge giai doan hien la "xem tie pham nhu mdt sang tao nghe thu|t ehii khdng phai la mgt phep phan inh dem giin, nham kham pha ve dep cua van chuang nghe thuat, bing nhirng net dae sac vi phong each nghe thuat cua tie phim dem den cho ngudi dgc nhirng gii tri dich thyc" (Nguyen Thi Du Khinh) Mat khac, nhimg kien thiic vl thi phap se giiip eho vi^e phin tich li giii tic pham van chucmg mdt each diy du va siu sae Viec giang day van hgc nhirng nam qua chi dung lai d vin de giup ngudi hgc nim viing qua trinh phit trien cua van hgc, cung eip kiSn thirc ve tien trinh van hgc; diem qua nhung net dae sic ve thi phip da eung cap mgt cai nhin nghieng sang hudng lich sir van hge Hien nay, van hge duge tilp ein tii nhieu hudng, dd cd hudng tiep can tii d^c tnmg the loai Tiep can van hoc tir goc nhin thi loai Trong ddng ehay eua van hgc Viet Nam duong dai nhirng nam gin diy, tho va tieu thuyet thue su khdi sac va cd nhirng bude ehuyen minh manh me vdi nhung tuu mang tinh chit ddt pha Dung d gde nhin thi loai, ngudi day khang dinh sue sang tao ciia eie nha tha, nhi van kham phi, phan anh v i tai hien ddi sdng v i eon ngudi Dieu niy gdp phin khdng nhd viee dua van hge Vigt Nam hda nhap vio eon dudng hien dai tien trinh van hgc thi gidi Van dl day hgc tic phim van chuong theo dae tnmg thi loai vin ludn duge sir ehu y quan tam ciia eae soan gia va cac nha nghien ciiu, giang day van hgc Nhu ehiing ta da biet, the loai la hiSn tugng van hgc phong phu Sy tic dgng thim than, tae dgng qua lai giua eae the lo^i tao nen khoai cim tham my TAP CHi KHOA HOC SO * 2015 sy tiep nhin ciia ngudi dgc The loai li nhiing dgng thire td ehire tac pham, quy ty nhiing "hinh thite nhin nhan phin inh ddi sdng, la "nhan vat ehinh" eua tien trinh van hgc" [2; tr.28] "Moi mdt thi losii, nhit la thi loai Idn, the hien mgt thii tham my ddi vdi hien thyc, mdt caeh cam thu, nhin nhan, minh giai the gidi va ngudi" [2; tr.7] Ndi each khac, mdi the loai se cd them mgt kenh giao tiep rieng vdi ddi sdng Tuy nhien, the lo£ti tac pham khdng gian don chi li sy lap l^i nhiing quy luat cd tinh loai hinh, "Sy van ddng eua eugc sdng cung khdng ngiing lam bien dgng cac gidi han phan inh, ddi mdi cac kenh giao tilp va lim eho chung tae dgng, dan ben vao cac tie pham nghe thuat dgc dao" [9; tr.221-222] Cho nen, mdi the loai cd dudng phat trien rieng, cae the loai thudng xuyen ed sy tham nhip lin tien trinh van hgc eua din toe Nhirng thdi dai khac nhau, hinh cic he thdng the loai khac nhau, Chinh dae diem van hda xa hgi, nen van hgc din tdc, thi hilu thim my va trinh nhan thiic ciia tirng thdi dai da tryc tiep chi phdi v i lam xuit Men nhimg he thdng the loai tuong ling vdi mdi thdi ky, mang bin ehit die thu, tinh loai hinh cua nd Van hgc Viet Nam thdi trung dai da tilp nhin v i bien ddi he thdng thi loai eua van hgc Tnmg Hoa de xay dyng vi bien ddi h? thdng the loai ciia van hgc Trung Hoa de xiy dyng he thdng the loai cho van hoe viet Vigt Nam, dap ling cdng chung thdi ay Th6 loai van hgc thdi ky chu yeu li cac the loai "hanh chiic" nhu: kinh, saeh, tho, phu Xet vl ban chit dae thu cd tinh loai hinh, the loai van hgc thdi trung dai nhin chung mang tinh khep kin ca he thdng va d tirng thi loai Thit ngdn bat eu, thit ngdn tu tuyet, ngii ngdn tii tuygt, luc bat, song that luc bit vdi nhimg quy tic ve bd cue, ket ciu, niem lu?t, vin da trd quy pham ciia van hgc thdi ay 43 Khi chuyen sang pham trii van hgc hien dai, van hgc Viet Nam cd nhiing thay ddi eo ban ve he tlidng thi loai tren yeu td kl thira, tiep thu tii he thdng thi loai eii v i tilp nhiin eae ylu td mdi tu van hge phuong Tiy Thi loai tnmg tam cua van hgc trung dai li van van, dae biet li tho Sang diu thi ky XX, ben canh tho, eae thi loai van xudi nhu: tieu thuyet, truyen ngan, but, phdng sy nhanh chdng phit trien, dap ling yeu cau xay dimg mdt nen van hge mdi mang tinh hien d£ii, day tinh nang dOng Sy dinh hinh tinh chit mdi, he thdng th€ loai mdi eua van hgc Vi$t Nam hien dai li sy van dgng tat yeu ciia Ijch su van hge Cu$c sdng hien dai khien ngudi cudn vao eae mdi quan he da ehilu, phong phu Nhu eau ty thin eua the lo^i hay eua ehinh eon ngudi eung md rdng chin trdi va nang lye sang t?io Cic thi loai se ludn van ddng v i md rgng dudng bien cua minh Dd ciing li dudng de van xudi tran vao tho, tao nen eugc "bien thien vT dai", mdt "cudc each menh ve thi ca nhiing nam 1932-1945 Tha mang dau an van xudi Dd la dang dap la so vdi md hinh tha cii, ti6u bieu: Chda huang cua Nguyin Nhugc Phip, Chai giiia mua trdng cua Hin Mge Tii Van xudi eung diy ehit tha, th6m sinh mdi Dd la nhiing trang van xudi trii tinh ciia Thaeh Lam, Thanh Tinh Su tuong tac giira cac the loai li hien tugng cd tinh quy lu|t, bat ngudn tir chinh dae tnmg ngi tai eiia thi loai Trong nhieu the loai van hgc, tieu thuyet cd nang phin anh hien thyc eugc sdng bao quit nhit Nha ly luan M.Bakhtin cho ring day li vua cua eie the loai van hgc Bdi "Tieu thuyet cd the phan anh sd phin cua nhieu euge ddi, nhiing biic tranh phong tue, dao diic xa hgi, viee mieu ti dieu kien sinh hoat giai cap, tai hien nhilu tinh caeh da dang" [2; tr.l3] Ra ddi kha mudn nhung T R U N G DAI HOC PHU YEN tieu thuyet la "mdt the loai chua ddng ciing" [2; tr.23], la "the loai van ehuong nhit dang bien ehuyen va cdn chua dinh tinh" [2; tr.23] Tilu thuyet "da trd nhan vat chinh tin bi kich phat trien ciia van hgc thdi dai mdi, bdi nd la the loai nhat thi gidi mdi iy san sinh va ddng nhit vdi the gidi ay ve mgi mat" [2; tr30] Den vdi tieu thuy6t, ngudi hgc cim nhan duge nhirng gdc nhin trang thii nhan sinh eua nha van Mgi doi tugng mieu ta deu phan inh ddi sdng ngudi Vi vay, "tieu thuyet chinh li eugc ddi d ting sau nhat cua no" [4; tr.275] Den vdi nha van tre Nguyin Danh Lam, ngudi dge thay duge nhung cd gang, nd lyc tim tdi khdng met mdi tren hinh trinh sing tao nghe thu^t Tieu thuyet Ben vd thudng, Giiea ddng chdy Igc, Giiia vong vay tran gian minh ehihig cho qua lao dgng nghe thuat ciing nhu nhirng gui gam sau sic thdng qua sang tie eua anh Viec de xuat va eu the hda each thiic van dung hudng tilp can thi loai vao day hge van se gdp phin giii quylt mdt sd khd khan qua trinh day hge the lo?i van hgc Tren thye te, viec tiep can tii gdc dg thi loai vio nghien cdu giing day vin hgc hudng din kham pha, chiem ITtih dae tnmg cua tiing thi loai tic phim van hgc; giiip ngudi hge nim bat duge " eai xuong sdng" cua ddi sdng van hge vi trd nang lyc tilp nhin tae phim van hgc Siy tac dgng qua laii giira cac the logi Li luan vi thi phap Tilu thuylt eiia Bakhtm li edng trinh nghien eiiu Idn, cd tinh hg thing nhit vl tuong tie thi loai CJ edng trinh nay, nha nghien ciiu ngudi Nga da khai sinh mdt van de mdi cho ddi sdng li luan, dd la sy tac ddng qua lai giua eae thi loai tdng thi thdng nhit eiia van hge timg thdi ki Tinh liy nhilm thuge tinh eua nhiing ngudi ling gieng ngdi nha ehung ciia thi loai duge dng nhin nhan tii mdt true quy ehilu cd djnh: sy thdng tri cua tilu thuyet Vdi tu each la mdt the loai van chuang nhit dang biin chuyen, chua dinh hinh vi cung the loai nhat ddng ehat vdi thyc teii, tilu thuyet trd "nlian vat ehinh tin kich phat trien van hgc thdi dai mdi" Nghien ciiu mgt hien tugng van hgc tii hudng nhin tuang tac the loai, ngudi hgc cd the nhin dien eae dang thiie va hiSu ling tham my tir nhirng quan he tuong tac giira eae the loai Chinh dieu niy se giiip ngudi hge nam bat tu the loai ciia mdi nha van ciing nhu tinh dgc dao su van dung sing tao the loai eiia mdi tac gia Tie pham ciia Thanh Tjnh thuge hinh thiic van xudi nhung T6i di hgc lai vuong vin chit trii tinh eiia tha Nhung ciu ehuyen nhu Hai dua tre, Gid Ignh dau miia eiia Thach Lam ggi vl ehit tha bang bac Truy$n Kiiu Nguyen Du, La buac sang ngang eua Nguyin Binh lai gdi nhung su kien, nhiing thang trim ddi ngudi hinh hii nhirng eau luc bit ylu digu, mong manh Ddi sdng li luan xuit hien nhirng thuat ngu "bio trg" eho sy pha tr^n dae tnmg thi loai dd nhu: truyen tho, tha van xudi, kich tho, nh&t ki bang tha Mgt sy kit giao cd hay khdng cd chti y cua ngudi sing tac? Nhimg tiep nhan nhung tic phim nhu thi, ngudi nghien ciiu va giing day da din din xuit hi?n thdi quen eim nhan, phin tieh cic hi?n tugng van hgc dudi gde nhin giao thoa thi loai Sy tac ddng qua lai giira cac the loai is timg thdi ky van hgc da diln Heh sir van hgc nhan loai Theo M.Bakhtin, "Su tac ddng qua lai giiia cac the loai tong the thong nhat ciia van hgc timg thdi ky" [2; tr.25] Cd nghTa ring mdi thdi ky Heh sir van hge duge danh dau bang mdt the loai chu dfio, ed vai trd ehi phdi quan xuy8n toan TAP CHl KHOA HOC SO * 201S bd sy tliay ddi ciia van hge "Sy phat sinh, phat trien eua the loai tieu thuyet ddi sdng hien dai ehinh li mdt bilu hien cu the eua quy luat van ddng iy" [2; tr.23] Sy ddi eiia tieu pham cua thdi hien dai, dang sinh thinh, nd li nhan viit chii dao ciia thdi hien dai, Idi keo eie thi loai khie vio quy dao cua minh, "bao trude sy phat trien tuong lai cua toan bg van hgc" [2; tr.27] Tiiy but cua Nguyen Tuan cd nhieu yeu td truyen, dim chat ki va giau chat tho: Tran Huu Ti nhin manh: "Tuy biit cua Nguyin Tuan cd diu in nghe thuat ciia rieng dng Trude het, eae tac pham ciia dng thudng ed yeu td truyen" [8; tr.l20] Nguyen Lai nhan xet: "Van but Nguyin Tuan ty bao ehiia nd nhilu thi loai phong caeh khac nhau; dae biet de thiy nhat la Idi ta ti mi, ein canh ciia truy6n ngan va loi ta li ludt, dm ddm nhieu su kien ciia the loai ky sir" [6; tr.l54] Den vdi Nguyin Tuan, the truyen ngin da ed hidn tugng dung nap vao nd dae tnmg cua mdt sd the van xudi khae nhu but, ky sy Day la net rieng dge dao truyen ngan Nguyen Tuan Tuy but eua Nguyen Tuan giau chat tho Cie nha nghien eiiu cho ring: "Chit tho bao quanh tie phim van chuong va euge ddi nghe sT Nguyin Tuan nhu mgt huyin sii" [5] Nha tha Hiru Thinh cho ring: "Nguyin Tuin da dem eai chit tho ciia tim hdn dng gieo nen bilt bao miia bdi thu biit" Khi tiep can tii gdc nhin thi loai, sinh vien se dl dang bat gap cieh nhin, each cim, nhiing lien tudng, so sanh thii vi nhu mgt thi sT: "Vdi nang, nd la mdt bai tho tung biing , vdi am re va, nd la mgt bin dan than thd" (Duac 6m) hay ehit tho cua "Gid Nam hay hiy Khiie nhac budi trua lang, tre dua vong ru em ngoai bd liiy" (Gay tre ban dudng) Cdn diy la chit tho van xudi ciia Thach Lam "hoing lan thoang thoang bay gid ngit" Chit tha van xudi cua Nguyen Tuin toat len tu "thung lung vang rye mau liia chin nhu hai siie lya mdc ngan ngan sai dem rai phoi song song hai bd sdng Nim Lay " {Pho niii) Tim hieu tic phim van hgc tir gdc nhin thi loai, ngudi hge thiy duge eai dge dao, ehit tha biic hga thien nhien eua Nguyen Tuan bdi nhirng thu phap nlian hda va nhac dieu cua ngdn tu: "Gid mua thu gia dang pha loang ehit da huong vao khdng khi, biin eai huang ndng thinh mgt miii diu diu Huang thira thai mdt loai hoa cua miia trude da hit kieu hanh, trd nen khiem tdn nhu mgt vii cai tii hoa than ddng, mgt liic biet minh chi cdn khoanh khae, thi trd nen nhiin nhudng, giy lai thien cam vdi xung quanh" (Gid dd len) Tilp can van hge tir gdc nhin the loai mang lai nhilu gia tri dieh thue cho van hgc Hien thyc eua ddi thudng vao trang tha "Su xuit hien eiia mdt loai tha mdi: Tho van xudi: Diy la mgt the tho ed su dan xen giiia tho va van xudi." [3; tr.38] Chinh "Chit van xudi tham nhap vao tho cang dam han lam thay ddi ndi dung va hinh thiie tho [3; tr.37] Nghien eim tha van xudi, ngudi hge cim nhin duge mgi ngd ngach cua ddi sdng xa hdi, ddi thoai vdi ddi sdng, doi thoai vdi cudc ddi dl ling nghe nhiing im eiia tinh yeu thuong "Anh yeu nai em doi mat md to nhu mudn ehiia tit ea cudc ddi rdng Idn Anh yeu nai em cii mieng nhu trai mgng mua thu lam nggt ci cinh cay" (Vdn xudi cho em - Te Hanh) Diing tir gdc nhin the loai, ngudi hge se hieu duge stie manh cua nhiing Idi ndi ddi thudng ngan vang tha van xudi; "Mdi ngay, chua sang, thg gat diy di, tren vai giac mgng tho ving ehay tudn nhu TRUONG DAI HOC PHU YEN 46 sudi ning Con ehim cung trdng den miia", ngudi ta nhic di tim nggc Di tim vui tren dit" (Ddt tha - Nguyin Xuan Sanh) Hay hien thye euge sdng duge phoi trin qua nhiing vin tha van xudi: "Giiia dam ddng dn io, xudi ngugc, vdi va niy cd vira ggi toi Cd viia eit Idi Giiia dam ddng dn ao, xudi nguge, vdi vanay Khdng ngoinh lai long ehgt vd da ndi budn thuong tham tham" (li^nggpi-YNhi) Nhimg ddng tho bde bach ndi thao thdc, giai biy Nhiing suy tu vi cam xuc xuat phat tii trii nghiem ddi sdng eua nha tho Nd nhu trd vl vdi chinh eugc sdng ben trong, thdi thue tho den vdi ban dgc Nghien euu van hge dua tren quan diem cua M.Bakhtin se phin anh dung ban chat dae thu cd tinh loai hinh ciia thi loai van hge The loai van hge ludn mem deo, ludn sang tao Tilp can hudng the loai se khim pha va md rdng gde nhin eugc sdng van hge Ngudi day ein nim vung nhirng tri thiic ve the loai ciing nhu dae trung eua nd, van dyng linh boat va sang tao di vao timg tie phim cu the Myc dieh ciia viec ddi mdi phuang phap day hgc van hi?n li day hgc theo "phuang phap day hge tieh eye" nham giup ngudi hge phat huy tinh tich eye, ty giae ehii ddng sang tao Tiep can van hge tir gdc nhin the loai, su tuong tae giiia cac the loai kich thieh ngudi hgc tim tdi, phat hi6n nhiing die tnmg eiia the loai qua trinh tiep nhan van hge d nha trudng, nang eao tim tiep nhan nhung tic pham van hgc Mdi tac phim thuge ve mgt the loai nhit dinh Tuy vay, dudng bien the loai ed the md rdng dl dap ling yeu ciu cua ngudi sang tac va kha nang tilp nhan ciia ngudi doc Vi viy, tiep ein tie phim van hge tir gdc nhin the loai la mdt nhiing hudng tiep can hieu qua de tim gia tri