MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VE VAI TRO CUA NGHE THUAT DOI V6l GIAO DUC THI HIEU THAM MY DANG THI MINH TUAN ^ Tom tdt Trin cd sd kkdi qudt cdc quan niim khdc nhau vi nghi thugt trong lich sz? tU tudng my hgc[.]
MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VE VAI TRO CUA NGHE THUAT DOI V6l GIAO DUC THI HIEU THAM MY DANG T H I M I N H TUAN ^ Tom tdt: Trin cd sd kkdi qudt cdc quan niim khdc vi nghi thugt lich sz? tU tudng my hgc, bdi viii phdn tich nhitng vdn di ly lugn cd bdn vi bdn chdt cua nghi thudt, chdc ndng cua ngfii thugt; ddng thdi, bdi viii di sdu phdn tich quan niim cua my figc Mdc - Linin vi thi hieu thdm my, vai trb cua thi hii'u thd/n my ddi sdhg xd hdi vd thUc chdt cua viic gido due thi hiiii tham my Tren cd sd do, tdc gid ldm ro vai tro cua nghe thugt dot vdi gido due thi hiiu thdm my TU khoa: Nghe thugt; thi hii'u thdm my; gido due thi hiiu tkam my Abstract: Based on a historical review of views on aesthetics, this article analyzed theories on the nature and function of arts The author focused on Marx-Leninian view on aesthetics, its role in social life and features of aesthetic education in order to highlight the role of arts in aesthetic education Keywords: Art; aesthetics; aesthetic education Ngdy nhgn bdi: 11/7/2016; Ngdy sda bdi: 3/8/2016; Ngdy duyit ddng bdi: 15/8/2016 N g h e t h u a t v a c a c chfie n a n g c u a nghfi t h u a t 1.1 Bdn cfidt cua nghe thugt Trong cudc sohg cua ngUdi, nghf thufit ludn g i n gfli, gfin bd khdng rdi nhU mpt ngUdi b a n t h a n tMet, t h u y chung Tfi tieng h a t r u fim fii thud sd sinh d i n nhfing Khuynh hudng thU nhdt, coi nghi thudt Id sit mo phdng dUpc khdi xUdng tfi Aristotle t r i l t hpc Hy Lap eo dai Ong eho rang, b a n chfi't nghfi thufit eua eon ngudi lfi sU b i t chUdc (md phdng) Mfi phdng nghe thufit dem lai nhfin thfie, sU hieu biet cho ngUdi Md phdng eau chuyfn c l tieh qua ldi k l cua bfi, cfia me, tfi nhfing eau ca dao dfim da phong vi qufi hUdng d i n nhiing bai thd, cuon truyfin, bd pMm hay nhflng b u l i b i l u d i i n san k h a u d l y xue dfing d i u mang den cho eon ngUdi mot cudc sdhg t i n h t h i n vd cfing phong phu, den mfie ta khdng the h m h dung dUde r i n g ngUdi cd the s^ng mfi khdng c l n den nghf thufit Tuy nMfin, lfi dieu kien c l n vfi du eho nhflng dang thilc h a n h nfio dd dU(3c gpi lfi nghf thufit, vi du nhU: thd ca, bi kieh, hai kich, hdi hpa, difiu khfic, vu dao vfi fim nhae Quan m f m "nghe t h u ^ t lfi sU mfi phdng'' nfiy cd anh hudng ldn den each quan nifim ve nghf thufit d phUdng tfiy, thfim cM keo dfii den t h i ky XIX ve phUdng difin ly lufin, khfing ddn gian de dUa r a dUde khai nifim nghe thugt mfit cfieh chinh xfie Trong ddng chay tU tudng cua nhfin loai, dfi cd vd van nhflng quan nifim khfic n h a u ve nghfi thufit; dd, ngUdi ta cd t h i khai quat dUde bd'n k h u y n h hUdng ed ban: stf 1-2017 Khuynh hUdng tha hai, quan nifm v l nghf thufit eua chu nghia tdm chu quan dUde dai dien bdi cac n h a my hpe Dfie la Spencer, Schiller vfi dac bift la Immanuel Kant Trong phan tich cua minh, I.Kant eho rang, nghe thufit lfi edng " ThS NCS Khoa Tri^t hoc, Hoc vi§n Khoa hoc xa hoi NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [Q MOT S VXN DE Lt LUAN trMh rifing ed cfia ngUdi, r a ddi trfin cd sd nhiing suy ngM vfi hfinh vi sfing tao cua ngudi, "cM cd viec tao r a bfing sU tU do, tfie bang mdt hfinh vi cua 'p chi, l l y ly tinh lam n l n tang cho nhiMg vifc lam cfia minh mdi dUde gpi la nghf thufit"'" Vdi I.Kant, nghe thufit la h n h vUe hoat dfing cua nfing khieu, cua "tfii nfing thifin b i m " b ngudi hay nghfi thufit la sU bfing dfia tu eua nhfing nfing kMeu tU cua ngUdi Y tudng v l nghfi thufit cfia Kant lfi khdi ngudn eho Chver Bell - ly t h u y l t gia Mnh thfie the 1^ XX - phfit b i l u mfit khfii mfm mdi v l nghe thufit Dd lfi: nghf thuat la "Md dang tao NgMa" Khfii mfm nghfi thufit nfiy cua BeU lfim xufi't Mfin loai hinh nghf thufit triiu tUdng lich sfi phat t r i l n cua efie loai hinh nghf thufit, ciing vdi cfic t h i lo^i t r u y i n th&ig nhU thd ca, am nhae, kieh thfin Mfn thi^c, cfii dep tiong nghf thufit x6t cho cung la su phan finh cua cfii d?p Men thiic bang nhiMg phUdng tifn nghf thuat; vi vfiy, n ^ f thuat bfit i^uon tfi Mfn thUe cudc sfi'ng va ed vai trd phuc vu cudc sdhg Trfin cd sd t r i l t hpe vat bien chfing vfi vfit lieh sfi, k l thfia cac Iy thuyet nghf thufit da cd lieh sfi, my hoc Mac - Lfimn da xay diing mfit he thdhg ly lufin tofin dien vfi bifin chfing v l nghf thufit Theo quan m f m cua my hpe Mfie Lfimn, qua trinh Mnh thfinh nghe thufit g i n h i n vdi thUc t i i n lao dfing cua ngUdi Nhflng d i u v l t dau tifin cua nghfi thufit thupc v l thdi ky ngUdi biet san xu§t nhiing cdng cu lao ddng b i n g dfi, bfing sfing Nghe thufit lfi mfit Mnh thai y thfie xa hfii; vi vfiy, cimg nhU cfic hinh thfii -^ thfie xfi hdi khac, nd dUde quy dinh bdi sU phat t r i l n cua phUdng thfie san Khuynh hi^ng tha ba, quan mfm v l xufit, eua t i n tai xa hfii NhUng nghf nghfi thufit cua chu nghia t&m kfidch t h u ^ t cd tinh dfic l|ip tUdng doi rSft ro net quan vdi dai b i l u xufi't sfie lfi Hegel - triet sU phat trien eua mMh Nd khfing gia cua n l n triet hpc eo (Jien Dfic Trong bao gid p h a n a n h t i n tai xa hdi mfit cfieh quan mem eua Hegel, nghe thufit khdng tnic tilp, khd cfing, 'Tdifing v|in ddng, phai lfi tri thfie, khfing hfin quan gi den khdng mfiu thufin, mfi lfi qufi trinh nhu c l u t u bien khoa hpc mfi nghfi vinh viln cfia sU vfin ddng, cfia sU thufit la san p h i m cua y m f m tuyft ddi sinh mfiu thufin vfi sU giai tMch nhiing Nhiem vu cua nghf thufit lfi thda man mfiu thufin dd"® D i l u nfiy da dUde CMfic khat vpng cua ngUdi nhfim d^t tdi cfii giai thieh: "Ddi vdi nghf thufit, ngUdi ta dep tuyet dfii, hofin my n h a t — Mfin thfin Met r i n g nhiing thdi ky hUng thinh n h i t cua y mfm tuyet ddi Mfn thUe vfi cfia nd hoan tofin khong tUdng fing vdi sU trUc tilp t h i n g n h i t vdi Mfn thiie phfit t r i l n chung cfia xa hdi, dd cung Khuynh hUdng tha tU, quan nifm cfia khfing tUdng fing vdi sU phfit t r i l n cfia cd chu nghia v&t triidc cd chu nghia sd vfit c h i t cua xa hfii, cd sd nfiy dudng v&t biin chOng cua CMac vd PhA.nggfien ciing vdi cae dai (hfn den tfi "' Immanuel Kant (2007), PAe phdn ndng lylc phdn n l n my hpc dan chfi each mang Nga Cae dodn, (BM Vftn Nam Sdn djch vft chii giai), Nxb Tri nhfi my hpc dfin chfi each mang Nga cho thiic, Hll N9i, tr.259 »' U n i n (1975), Todn tdp, t$p 29, Nxb Tife b$, r i n g , cfii dpp lfi mdt thufc tMh cua ban Mitxcdva, tr.208 Q NHAN LUC KHOA KQC XA Htfl stf 1-2017 DANG THI MINH TUAN n h u cau thfinh cai xUdng sd'ng eua to chfie xfi hfii"'^ D i n g thdi, my hpc Mfie - Lfimn quan m f m nghf thufit p h a n finh the gidi Mfn thue mfit cfieh sinh ddng bfing efie h m h tupng nghe thuat My hpc Mfie Lenin nhdn m a n h ban chfi't xa hdi cua nghf thuEit kM k h a n g dinh: du d bat cfi thdi ky nfio, nghe t h u a t cung d i u chiu sU quy dinh cfia thiie tien xa hdi Ban ehfit xfi hoi eua nghf thufit dUdc bieu Men qua t i n h giai efi'p, t m h d a n tdc va tinh thdi dai cua nghf thufit Trong lich sfi phfit t r i l n , nghe thufit ludn dUde dfit d vi tri t r u n g tfim dfii tUdng ngMen cfiu cua my hoc Ngfii thugt la hinh thdi biiu hien cao nhdt cua quan fli tfldm my giOa ngadi vdi hien thUc Nd phan finh toan bd tiie gidi Men thuc cd y ngMa vdi sU sd'ng cua ngudi, mang t u tudng, t i n h cam, khfit vpng (ma eon ngUdi Ndi each khfic, nghf thufit lfi mdt thfi' gidi d^c bift dUdc tao r a bdi sii kfit hdp gifla dfii tUdng t h i m my tfip t r u n g n h a t vfi t m h cam sang tao m a n h h f t nhfi't Dd lfi hoat dpng sang tao cd y thfie cua chu the vdi tinh nfing dfing phong phfi qufi trinh cai tao t h e gidi va hoan tMfin ban thfin cua ngUdi Vi vfiy, nghf thufit b i t ngudn tfi t h i gidi Mfn thiie, p h a n finh t h i gidi Mfin thuc vfi cd tac dpng trd lai hifin thiic thfing qua t i n h cam vfi tfii nfing sang t£io tuyft vdi cua ngUdi nghf si bfing phucfng tifn dfic thfi lfi hinh tUOng nghi thu&t Hinh tUdng nghf thufit phan finh t i n g hdp cac Men tUdng cua ddi sing theo mdt k i l u rifing vfia cd tinh toan ven, t i n g t h i vfia cd tinh cfi bift, diln hinh, la phUt^g tifn dac thfi d l giao tilp t h i m my H m h tUdng nghf thufit ton tai trfin ba d p dp lfi: cdp tU tudng; cdp tdm ly vd cdp vdt chdt Khi phan anh t h i gidi Mfn thue bfing cfic Mnh tUdng, nghf thufit trd thfinh ndi bieu Mfn tf.p trung nhat cua cfii dep vfi cd tfic dpng dfi'n ly tri, tinh cam eua eon ngudi, kich thich tinh tich cUc cua eon ngUdi, xfiy diing d ngudi nhfing h a n h vi vfi quan hf t i t dep Mac dfi sfi dung phUdng tifn Mnh tUdng, nghe thufit vfin p h a n anh eae quan hfi da dang cfia ddi sdhg xa hfii; dd, ban chfi't cua nghf thufit lfi ban chlit xa hdi Nghf thufit khdng t h i tfich rdi thdi dai, dfin tdc vfi giai ca^p Moi mdt tfie p h i m nghf thufit d i u mang m m h nd tinh giai d p , tinh dfin tdc, tinh n h a n loai va tinh thdi dai 1.2 Cdc chi^ ndng eua ngfii thu&t Tfi ban eh^t cua nd, nghf thufit lfi mpt hinh thai y thfie xfi hoi da ehfie nfing, dd cd cac chfie nfing cd ban lfi: nhgn thac, gido due vd thdm my Chac nang nfidn thac lfi chfie nfing quan trpng n h a t eua nghe thufit Nghe thufit chinh lfi phUdng tifn nhfin thfie gifip eon ngUdi Meu dUde minh va the gidi xung quanh mdt each d l y du Nghfi thuat tai hifn cudc sd'ng theo phUdng thfie Mnh tupng; cho nfin, nd vd eiing phong phu Nghf thufit cd' gfing k h i e phue mpi b i l u Mfn cua chfi ngMa tu nMfin hofic minh hpa de phan anh Mfn thiic cho sau sic, Nghf thufit lfi mdt hinh thai y thfie xa hdi d|ic bift Nd chiu sii quy dinh cua t i n tai xa hdi vfi sii tfic ddng cua nhiing quy lufit b i l n cua ^ thfie xa hdi, ddng thdi nd ciing cd moi lifin h e mfit tMet vdi eae M n h thai y thfie xa hdi khfic: triet hpe, ehinh tri, dao dfie, phfip lufit Tuy nMen, nd khdng p h a n finh hifn thiic gidhg cac ^ CMic vk Ph.Angghen (1993), Todn tdp, t.l2, Nxb hinh thai