NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG PHAN MON THU CONG GIUP PHAT TRIEN TINH SANC TAO CUA HOC f INH TIIU HOC TTiS UTh|Nguy£n Khoa GDTH, Tru&ng DHSP Hd Npi 2 SUMMARY When logical information processing gets easy (than[.]
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG PHAN MON THU CONG GIUP PHAT TRIEN TINH SANC TAO CUA HOC f INH TIIU HOC TTiS.UTh|Nguy£n Khoa GDTH, Tru&ng DHSP Hd Npi SUMMARY When logical information processing gets easy (thanks to the application of science and technology), the creativity and imagination are the decisive factors in the success Thus, the education for the creativity of learners should be paid attention to implement for all subjects, educational activities in school Nh^nbiin^y 17/11/2013, ngciyduy6taang25/12/20I3 Tinh sang tgo ciia ngircri hgc Quan ni^m vi tinh sdng tgo (TST) Moi nhd nghidn cdu ed each nhin vd quan ni?m khde ve TST Tuy nhiSn, nhin chung cdc tdc gid cho rdng TST la mgt thugc tinh cua cd nhdn va md td dd la nang l\rc tim nhimg mdi quan h? m&i giira cdc kinh nghi?m vdn tdn tgi don le, r&i rgc; nhung quan h$ du&i tu moi, cdch nhin m&i, hogt ddng m&i se tgo y tu&ng m&i, hogt dgng m&i hay sdn phdm m&i - dgc ddo, phii hgp vd co gid trj tdi Igri (Smith 1964, Parnes 1964, Guilford 1967, K.Urban, 1995) TST cd cdu tnic gIm cdc to: tu phan ki va hanh dgng phdn ki; eo sd tri thuc chung vd CO sd ndng lye tu duy; co sd tri thuc chuySn bi?t vd nh&ng kT ndng chuyen bi?t; tinh sdn sang tgp trung eao dg vd edng thdng; dgng CO vd d0ng CO hda; tinh cdi md, thdng va khoan dung doi vdi sy chua rd rang (K.K.Urban 1990.1993; 1994, 1995) Ting hgp nghien cdu cua cac tdc gia, cd thi dua djnh nghTa v l TST nhu sau: TST la mgt nhihig thugc tinh ca bdn cua ngu&i sdng tgo vd no dufifc thi hi4n & y tu&ng, hogt dgng hay sdn phdm mang cdc dgc linh m&i me, dgc ddo vd co gid trf Tieu chi dl danh gia sy sdng tgo Id tinh mdi, dgc ddo, edn thilt, cd ich (Torrance, 1962; Guilford, 1967; K.Urban, 1995; Pippig, 1988) Theo IJy ban tu van Quoc gia v l Gido dye vdn hda va Giao dye vi sy sdng tgo cda Anh (NACCCE), sdng tgo Id sy lam thdnh cdi mdi thdng qua vi?c gdn kit nh&ng cai trudc day chua duge gdn ket vdi nhau; vd phgm tru hge tap, sdng tgo dugc xem nhu mgt kieu hgc tap dgc bi$t - Id qud trinh hgc tap de tgo cdi mai bdng cdch gdn ket nhitng cdi dd biet, da co tru&c ddy (NACCCE, 2000) Khi tham gia kieu hgc tgp dge bi?t nay, HS chinh la m^t ngudi hgc sdng tgo Ddc diim nguai hgc sdng tgo Tac gia Phgm Thanh Nghj cho rdng khd cd thi xac djnh cd bao nhiSu thuOc tinh nhdn cdch thuc day su sang tgo cua ca nhan Tren co sd ting hgp nghien cim cua cdc nha tdm Ii hpc (Guilford, 1967; K.Urban, 1995; Csikszentmihalyi, 1996; Wirmer, 1996; Dacey & Lermon, 1998), tdc gia trinh bay mgt so ddc diem nli bgt d ngudi sdng tgo nhu: cd thien hudng ve mgt ITnh vyc; chdp nhgn tinh huong khdng xdc djnh; ehdp nhdn sy Ign xOn; tudng tugng ty do; gidi phdng khdi vai trd; tri hoan hudng thy; cd tinh mIm deo, kien tri, dung cam, ua mao hilm Morris (2006) da chi mpt so ddu hi?u eua ngudi hgc sang tgo Idp hgc nhu: tinh ham hilu biet, hay ddt edu hdi vd khdng thich lam theo nhftng chi dan hay quy djnh; thudng lien h?, kit nli nh&ng thu md chung thudng khdng cd lien h? tryc tiep vdi nhau; hay nhin sy vgt theo cac each, cac quan dilm khdc nhau; hay thu sue vdi nhihig each mdi, y tudng mdi; suy nghT edi md, phdng khodng, de thay doi y tudng de TAP CHf THifr B| GlAO DgC - Sd 101 -1/2014 • 1S NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG tgo cai mdi; c6 quan sat, phdn tich, suy x^t, phe phan vdi nh&ng kit qud vd qua trinh eda chinh minh [5] Tren co sd phdn tich cdu true TST va ddc dilm ngudi hge sdng tgo, eac tdc gid dua mgt so nhgn xet nhu sau ([1], [3], [5]): i) Ban ehdt cda sang tgo la tgo nhihig lien ket mdi Tr6 em dang qua trinh phat triln mgnh me ve tri tu?, the chat vd cdm xuc Chdng gidu tri tudng tugng va nhin thi gidi bdng nhihig edch rat tuoi mdi, khdng bj gd bd bdi cdc kinh nghiem, thdi quen hay cac khdi niem da thu nhgn tu thyc tien cugc song (nhung thd ed the Id nhan td tgo tinh y tdm Ii, Idm can trd ndng lyc sdng tgo) Mdi dua tre la mgt tilm ndng cua sy sang tgo Vi vgy, gido due vi su sdng tgo cdn dugc tiln hanh cdng sdm edng tdt vd dgc bi^t ^ nghTa giai dogn tre tho ii) Mgi HS diu cd khd ndng sdng tgo vd sy sdng tao eua HS dugc the hi?n d nh&ng ITnh vyc ey the (dm nhge, mT thugt, todn, khoa hgc, ngdn ngft ) vd bdng nhihig hinh thdc khde Trong su phdt triln eua HS, TST phu tiiugc vdo ndng lye tu duy, vln kinh nghi?m vd sy tieh eye cua tiing ngudi hogt d$ng iii) TST la thugc tinh co bdn eda ngudi sdng tgo va cd cdu tnic gom nhieu tl Moi mdn hpc cd dgc diem rieng tac dpng tdi cdc thdnh t l eda TST, nghTa Id moi mdn hge ed the cd nhilu hay it co hgi dl giao dye phat triln T^T cua ngudi hgc Tu dd, xdc djnh dugc mpt si yiu td ccf ban thuc d^ TST cua HS qud trinh hpc tgp eac mon hge, dd la: a) ndng l{rc tu duy; b) tri tu&ng tugng; c) ngi dung hgc tgp (chua dipjg tinh hudng cd vdn di); d) vdn kiin thuc vd kinh nghi$m; e) nhu cdu vd thii hgc tgp;f) mdi tru&ng hgc tap (diiu ki?n, phuong ti?n); g) thdi dg (cua GV, ciia bdn thdn HS) iTu the cua Thii cdng phat triln tinh sang t^o cua HS 2.1 Tgo diiu ki?n cho HS thu&ngxi^in ren luy?n tri tu? sdng tgo Ndm 1967, J.P Guilford dua md hinh cau tnic tri tu? 120 t l , dd tri tu? ngudi dugc phdn djnh hai phdn co 16 • TAP CHf THI^BIGlAO DUC-sd 101-1/2014 ban Id thong minh (intelligence) va sdng tgo (creativity) Torrance (My) cung cho rdng TST phy thupc vao d0 cao cda tri thdng minh (TTM), mgc du TTM cao chua hdn dd cd TST cao Theo nha tam Ii hgc Ddc Erika Landau (1984), neu TTM la ndng lyc thu thgp thdng tin nhgn thdc hi?n thyc thi TST duge hinh dya trSn ndng lye nay; nd md rgng vd ndng cao TTM bdng cdch tim nh&ng moi quan h$ mdi gi&a nhQng tri thuc hay thdng tin dd biit TTM tim cdu trd ldi dya vdo nhihig dieu da dugc hpc; vd phgm vi van dl dugc giai quylt nhd tu hgi tu - qud trmh tu din tdi edu trd Idi dfing da biit, dd cd von kinh nghi?m TST thi sd dyng tu di^phdn fa va cd thi huy d^ng edng lue nhieu ITnh vyc tri thdc hay kinh nghiem, nhd dd cd th€ din den nhieu cau trd ldi khdc TTM va TST cd m l i li6n h? chat che va phy thupc ndng lyc tu cda cd nhan Vi vgy, phdt trien tu Id mgt nhftng dieu ki?n cdn thilt cho sy phdt h-ien TST Vd TC la mdn hpc cd nhihig uu the giup HS ren luy?n tu m$t each thudng xuyen Hen tyc a Ngi dung bdi hge TC dugc xay dyng trfin CO sd md rgng va tilp n l i ngi dung bdi hgc trudc qua cdc lop 1, 2, Chdng hgn, ngi dung gdp cdt, ddn HS hpc d Idp 1,2 sS tiep tyc dugc ciing CO va ren Iuy?n d chu dl "Phdi hgp gdp, cdt, ddn hinh" (TC3) Cac bai thd cdng cdng chO de qua timg khoi Idp cd sy nli tilp, phdt trien ve kiln thdc vd kT ndng - ddy Id co sd dl HS chu dgng kham phd ngi dung bai hgc dya vao kien thue, kT ndng thd cdng dd cd b Ngi dung timg chu de, tung bdi hpe dugc bien sogn tren quan dilm tong hgp; cd sy lien h| qua lai va Hen h^ vdi cac mdn hgc khde (Todn, MT thugt, Khoa hgc, Cdng ngh? ) tgo dieu ki$n cho HS van dung kiln thdc da hpe vdo gidi quyet nhi?m vy bai hpc TC, ddng thdi qua md ren luy?n eac thao tdc tu 2.2 Tgo CO s& cho HS ndy sinh y tmmg max dua vdo moi liin h^ v&i th^rc tien D I cd nhihig sdng tgo mdi, ngudi cdn c6 y tudng Jack Foster [2] dd dua djnh nghTa vl y tudng sang tgo nhu sau: "Mgty tu&ng chdng NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG Id gi khdc ngodi s^r kit hgp m&i cua cdc nhdn td ciP' Theo dng djnh nghTa tren gdn nhu da chi cdch tim y tudng, dd la vi?c tun mgt y tudng cung giong nhu cdng thdc lam mgt mdn dn mdi, dd ta ehi vi?c idy cdc phdn quen thugc vd nhao trgn theo mgt each mdi Lien he vdi vi^c sang tao hgc tgp cua tre Trd khdng thi hinh dung, tudng tugng vl m^t thd hoan todn mdi md chiing Ididng cd bdt cd liSn h? ndo (chua tiing nhin, nghe hay tilp xde vdi nd); dd cung khdng thi tgo mgt thd mdi (sdng tgo) td nhihig thu xa Ig dd Ndi cdeh khac, vdn hieu biit vd kinh nghiem la diiu ki^n di tre phdt huy khd ndng sdng tgo cua bdn thdn TC la mdn hgc gan lien vdi cugc song hang ngdy ciia HS Mdn hpc d l egp den cdc sy vgt, hi?n t u ^ g md tre da it nhieu dugc tilp xuc thye te (qud cam, ngdi nha, tdu thdy, eon gd, ech, bdng hoa; dong ho, vdng deo tay ) Nhd do, HS cd eo hgi van dyng hieu biit thyc tiln dl phdt huy kha ndng sdng tgo thyc hdnh vd trang trf san phdm Kit qud dilu tra qua dl tai "Cdi tiln to chdc dgy hge Thu edng d lap nhdm phat trien tu kT thugt eho HS" cung chi rdng tri tumtg tirgng vd s{r sdng tgo ciia tre rdt phong phii, dgc bi?t la sdng tgo vi mdu sdc, hinh dnh vd nhimg sdng tgo it nhiiu diu gdn v&i vdn kinh nghi?m cudc song ciia tre 2.3 Tgo CO hgi cho HS hi?n thuc hoa y tuang sdng tgo bdng hogt dgng thuc hdnh NACCCE (1999) khdng djnh rdng kha nang sang tgo cua mdi ngudi dugc phdt triln thdng qua thye hanh Vi§c dugc thi hi?n bdrig hanh ddng (khi tiiyc hanh) giup ngudi hgc cd dieu ki?n hi?n thyc hda va kilm chiing cdc y tudng, td ma cd nhimg phdt hi$n mdi hogc sinh nhihig y tudng mdi, dpc dao hon Dilu nhan mgnh rdng mor truong hgc tgp sS co y nghia cho su sdng tgo neu cdc y tu&ng dugc fdiuyin khich thi hi?n bdng hdnh dgng (thong qua cdc hogt dgng th\fc hdnh) Thu cdng (TC) la mdn hgc cd vj tri ddc bi?t ft-ong chuong trinii cung nhu ddi song hgc tgp d nha trudng tilu hgc bdi tinh chdt thuc hdnh Phan Idn cac hogt dpng hpc tap TC la cdc hogt d0ng thyc hanh gap, cdt, xe, dan, dan nan lam dd choi Mdi bai hpc Thu cdng (2 tiet) thudng gdm ede hogt d^ng sau: Theo bdng md td, cudi tilt vd hdu het tilt la hogt dpng cho HS thyc hdnh lam va trang tri sdn phdm (Idm dugc sdn pham la mgt tieu chi CO ban de danh gid ket qua hpe tgp TC cda HS) So vdi cac mdn hgc khdc, d mdn HS dugc hogt dpng nhilu hon, dugc ty sang tgo va the hien cac y tudng lam sdn pham theo khd ndng eua bdn than Tilt Hoat dgng Kilm tra sy chudn bi eua HS, gidi thi?u bdi mdi Hogt dgng quan sat vd nhgn x^t mau Hogt dgng hudng dan thao tdc mdu Thtfc hdnh lam thit Kilm tra sy chudn bj eua HS Hogt dgng thuc hdnh lam sdn phdm Trung bdy vd ddnh gid sdn phdm Cung CO, ddn dd 2.4 Tgo himg thd vd ddng lyc mgnh me cho HS tich cue hogt dgng sdng tgo Tren co sd nghien cdu sdng tgo gdn vdi hogt dgng cua ed nhdn, NACCCE (2000) ehi rdng TST la ndng lyc nhilu mgt cda ngudi vd nd chi the hi?n qud trinh ngudi ta tich eye lam mdt cai gi dd Ndi each khac mite sdng tgo phu thudc vdo mire dg tich c^tc cda chu the hogt dgng Da so vdi cac mdn hgc nhu Todn, Tiing Vi?t, Khoa hgc HS hogt dgng tu la chu ylu; cdn tilt hpc TC, HS dugc kit hgp can bdng gi&a hogt dOng tri dc ben (su dyng eac thao tac hr duy) vdi hogt dpng vgt chdt ben ngoai (sd dyng cac thao tde vgt chat nhu gdp, cdt, xe dan.,.) Dge trung giup 1dm can bdng cac kieu hgc tgp eua HS nhd trudng (hgc qua lam vdi hgc qua quan sat, nghe giang, phan tich, tong hgp ) Hon nua, vdi moi bai hge TC, HS deu cd sdn pham hgc tgp cda rieng minh d dgng vgt chat, nghTa Id cdc em cd CO h | i dugc thudng thuc, trai nghi?m nilm vui TAP CHf THlfTBIGlAO DUC-sd 101-1/2014 • II NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG cua sy cdng (khi lam san phdm TC) Va lua chgn ve nguyin vgt lieu (logi, mdu sdc, hinh qud mang tinh hien hihi, cu thi nhu vgy dgng, kich thudc ), dung cu va cdch thitc trang cd tdc dOng khdng nhd din nhu cdu, thii tri de sang tgo cdc sdn pham da dgng khdc c Ba dgng ve cdch thitc trang tri sdn phdm hgc tgp cua HS - ddy id mdt nhihig dgng Vdi cac bai TC, GV thudng cho HS 1dm san lyc quan trpng thuc ddy HS tich eye hogt dpng Ban than HS tich cue hogt ddng ciing chinh Id pham rli tu trang tri va trung bay sdn pham dieu ki?n thue ddy cdc em tim tdi vd the hi^n khd theo y thich va kha ndng sdng tgo ciia timg em, tung nhdm Viec dugc ty trang tri sdn nang sang tgo cua ban than 2.5 Cung cdp nhitng lua chgn da dgng cho pham theo f muon tgo cho eac em tdm Ii thoai mdi dl thda sue thi hign ede y tudng, nhd ma GVvd HS thi hien susdng tgo a Da dgng ve cdch thuc td chii-c cdc hogtphdt huy tri tudng tugng va khd ndng sdng tgo dgng dgy hgc TAI LI|:U THAM KHAO M6i bdi TC (2 tilt) nhu hudng din Le Thi Bdng, "Thyrc trgng vd bi$n phdp SGV thudng gom hogt dgng chu ylu, do: tiet Id hogt ddng quan sdt, nhgn xet mdu vd ndng cao tri sdng tgo cua sinh vien tru&ng dgi hu&ng ddn thao tdc mdu; tilt la hoat dgng thuc hgc My thugt Cdng nghi?p" (lugn an Tien sX), Ha hdnh lam vd trang tri sdn phdm Tuy nhien, ed Ngi.(2007) nhihig bdi hge khdng nhdt thilt phdi thye hi^n Jack Poster, "Mgt nira ciia 13 la 8", NXB ddng tiln trinh tilt (3 hogt dgng) nhu SGV Lao dpng - Xa hgi, Hd Ngi.(2012) hudng din Tdy dieu ki?n ma GV lya chgn tien 3- Pham Thanh Nghj, "Nhirng vdn di tdm li trinh to chdc dgy hgc eho phu hgp hgc sdng tgo", NXB Dgi hgc su phgm, Hd Noi b Da dgng vi lua chgn nguyen vdt li?u vd (2011) dd diing, dmg cy thyc hdnh LS Thj Nguyen, "Cdi tiin dgy hgc Thu Ngodi mgt so quy dinh bat huge eho tirng cdng nhdm phdt triin tu ki thugt cho HS' nOi dung thye hanh nhu: (1) sd d dk xe, cdt, ddn (lugn vdn Thgc si) (2010) hinh, (2) hinh dang td gidy (gidy huih eh& nhgt TS Vu Thj Son, "Xdydimgvd thunghi^m hay hinh vudng, ) dk gdp hinh, (3) mau sde eua mgt so bdi tgp tim hieu tu nhien vd xd hdi theo td gidy dl lam biin bdo giao thong vd Id c& chu di nham phdt triin tinh chu dgng, sdng tgo vdng; edn tuj' dilu ki?n thyc te, GV vd HS hgc tgp cda hgc sinh tiiu hgc*'' (^k tdi c6 the dung nhihig vgt li?u thay thi khde dl NCKH cap BO, md so B2007-17-58).(2009) 1dm thu cdng (dung gidy vd cd ke d, gidy mau, Tony Buzan, "Sue mgnh cua tri tu4 sdng hog bao ) Nhu vgy, mdn hpc cho HS nhieu tgo", NXB Tong hgp TP HCM (2013) KIEM TRA - DANH GIA HOAT DONG HOC TAP thuong xuy€n, giua lei va cuoi ki Vi$c ddnh gid lien t^c cac hoat d^ng hoc tap se lam giam nh? st^c ^p cua thi cu6i ki, gidm tinh trang nhoi nhet kien thiic d^ thi Do v^y ma t^o di^u kifn de ki^n thurc den vdi SV m^t cdch nh? nhdng theo kieu boi ddp diin dan, SV s€ khdng xem vifc hpc nhu mpt gdnh n^g, giip nguM hpc phdt trien cdc ndng I\rc tu duy, ndng cao khd ndng tvr hpc theo kieu nghien cihi, tu ma hieu va ySu thich mon hpc lion 11 • TlV CHt THierB)GlA0DVC-s6101-1/2014 (Tilp theo trang 14) TAI LIpU THAM KHAO LS Thi Mai Hoa - Le trpng son, Giao trinh Dinh chOng tre em, NXB DHSP Hd Npi, ndm 2004 PGS TS Le Vdn Tni6ng, P Hi$u tru6ng trudmg Dai hpc Hong Die - JWp( sd vin di Sao tgo theo hgc chi lin chi, Tai lif u chuyen khdo, ndm 2007 Gido trinh Ddnh gid gido dy^c mdm non, NXB Gido dye, HdNpi, ndm 2008 ... quyet nhi?m vy bai hpc TC, ddng thdi qua md ren luy?n eac thao tdc tu 2.2 Tgo CO s& cho HS ndy sinh y tmmg max dua vdo moi liin h^ v&i th^rc tien D I cd nhihig sdng tgo mdi, ngudi cdn c6 y tudng... ngudi hgc cd dieu ki?n hi?n thyc hda va kilm chiing cdc y tudng, td ma cd nhimg phdt hi$n mdi hogc sinh nhihig y tudng mdi, dpc dao hon Dilu nhan mgnh rdng mor truong hgc tgp sS co y nghia cho su... gom hogt dgng chu ylu, do: tiet Id hogt ddng quan sdt, nhgn xet mdu vd ndng cao tri sdng tgo cua sinh vien tru&ng dgi hu&ng ddn thao tdc mdu; tilt la hoat dgng thuc hgc My thugt Cdng nghi?p" (lugn