Nguyen Dire Cliia RAO CAN VA THACH THtTC TRONG PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC PHO THONG d VUNG MIEN NUI TAY BAC HIEN NAY PGS TS Nguyen Dii c Chien ViSn Xa hoi hot Tdm tdt Viit Nam da ban hdnh nhieu chinh sdch vd[.]
Nguyen Dire Cliia RAO CAN VA THACH THtTC T R O N G P H A T TRIEN GIAO DUC PHO THONG d VUNG MIEN NUI TAY BAC HIEN NAY PGS.TS Nguyen Dii-c Chien ViSn Xa hoi hot Tdm tdt: Viit Nam da ban hdnh nhieu chinh sdch vd ddu tu ca sa vgt chdt cho gido dtf & viing Tdy Bac Song, nhieu rdo cdn gido due phd thdng van ton tgi, dnh hu&ng Sen hdi tiip can trucmg l&p cua hoc sinh viing mien nui, viing sdu, vimg xa, nai cd ddng hoc sin la nguai ddn tdc thiiu sd sinh sdng Dua vdo ket qud nghien cuu dinh tinh tgi hai tinh Dia Bien vd Ldo Cai bdi viit ndy chi rd rdng: nhdn thirc tirphig cha me vd hoc sinh, hodn cdnli gia dinh, phong tuc tap qudn dia phucmg, d&i ngii gido viin, ca s& tdng, dia hinh, tiia tiit Id nhimg nhdn td chi phoi viec den trucmg cua hoc sinh & viing mien niii Tdy Bdc Tiir khda: Rdo cdn, thdch thirc, phdt trien gido dgc thong, mien nui Tdy Bdc Ngdy nhdn bdi: 2/7/2018; ngdy gui phdn biin: 6/7/2018; ngdy duyit ddng: 8/8/2018 Bdi canh Viet Nam da ban hanh nhieu chinh sach giao ditc, ddng thdi day manh viec dau tu phat trien co sd vat chat eho he thdng giao due va dao tao d khap mpi vimg mien dat nude, nhat la tir sau Dai hpi Dang lln thu VI (1986) Nhim diy manh phat triin giap due,ttpngnhihig nam gin day Dang va Nha nudc tiep tue dua nhidu van ban quan ttpng nhu: Chiin Imc phdt trien gido due giai dogn 2011 - 2020 Thii hrdng Chinh phu phd duyet, sd 711/QBTTg, 13/06/2012; Nghi quyit Hdi nghi lan thic ctia Ban Chip banh Trung uong khoa XI sd 29/NQ-TW 4/11/2013, Dac bidt, Bd Giao due va Dao tao da xay dung Chuong trinh thuc hidn Nghi quyit sd 29/NQ-TW nham tap trung nang cao chit luong giao due toin dien d cac dia phuong Thue tl da tao co hpi cho cae nhdm xa hdi d mpi viing miSn dugc tiep can tdt hon he thdng giao due va dao tao hi mlu giao, mim non cho din dai hgc Song thuc te eho thiy cdn nhieu rao can, thach thitc ttong giao due ndi ehung va giao due phd thdng ndi rieng vin dang hien hiru, nhu: nhan thuc cua hpc sinh va cha me, hoan canh kinh te gia dinh, su tham gia ctia cac d p chinh quyin, h? thdng co sd ting cua nhiiu co sd dao tao dang anh hudng ddn tilp canttoidngldp ciia hpc sinh, nhit lit d khu vuc mien nin, vung sau, vung xa, noi cd ddng hpc sinh dan tdc thiiu sd sinh sdng (Vd Thanh Son va cpng su, 2001; Tran Quy Long, 2014; Nguydn Ditc Chien, 2016) He qua la, chinh sach phat nien giao due va hudng din giam thiiu sir bit binh ding ttpng tilp can cac d p giap due vin Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sti'4 - 2018 chua dugc thue hien diing vdi chu truong ma Dang va Nha nude ta de (Nguydn Diic Chidn, 2009; 2016) Hon niia, dieu anh hudng den muc tieu phat tridn toan dien ngudi, ngudn nhan lire cd chit lugng phuc vu cdng nghidp hda, hien dai hda dat nudc Bai viet dua vao ngudn dii lieu nghien ciru dinh tinh ciia Du an "Tiip can binh ddng gido due edp trung hgc ca so" tac gia va nhdra nghien ciiu thudc Bd Giao due va Dao tao thuc hien nara 2016 vdi su tai frg eiia UNICEF Viet Nam tai tinh d Viet Nam (frong dd cd hai tinh Dien Bien va Lao Cai d viing Tay Bae) dd chi cac rao can, thach thiic phat trien giao due phd thdng d viing Tay Bae; ddng thdi dua mgt sd ban luan ehinh sach nham vugt qua nhung rao can va thach thiiefrongphat trien giao due d viing cao hien Rfko can va thach thirc tir phia hoc sinh va gia dmh 2.1 Nhan thirc cua ban than hgc sinh vd cha me Cac nghien ciiu trudc day (Truang Thi BCim Chuyen, Thai Thi Nggc Dung va Bach Hdng Viet, 1999; ADB, 2002) mdi chi quan tam den nhirng khd khan ve dieu kien kinh te, trudng Idp ttong tidp can giao due eua nhdm hge sinh vung mien nui, dan tgc thieu sd, song chua chii y tim hieu nhan thiic cua ehinh hge sinh va cha me cae em nhu la radt rao can quan ttgng ttong vide tiep can trudng Idp, dac bidt la nhdm hgc sinh phd thdng d cac dia phuang vimg cao, noi cd ddng ddng bao dan tde thidu sd sinh song Ket qua khao sat tai dia ban nghien ciiu cho thay nhan thiic eua ban than hgc sinh va phu huynh da chi phdi rat Idn viec den trudng cua cac em Y kien cua mdt nam hgc sinh Idp 8, Trudng Phd thdng Dan tgc ban tni THCS Pa Cheo, Lao Cai cho biet: "Em eu din trucmg thoi, viec hgc den l&p ndo em khong biet Bo me co the eho em nghi bdt cie luc ndo Gia dinh em co chi gdi hoc xong cao ddng kinh te nam roi nhirng chua xin dugc viic" Thdng tin phdng van nhdra cha me eiing phan anh dieu nay: "Chdu tuoi nho nen gia dinh cho den tru&ng de biet Idy cdi chit, cd kien thuc thi tot cho cugc song eua no sau ndy Nhung de chdu hgc cao thi tdi khong biet vi gia dinh khong thi xin dugc viic cho chdu" (Nara, 43 tudi, dan tdc Hmong, xa Pa Cheo, huyen Bat Xat, tinh Lao Cai) Y kien cua nam gidi, 35 tudi, dan tde Thai, xa Na Son, huyen Didn Bien Ddng, tinh Dien Bien cung phan anh ket qua tuong hi: "Gia dinh nhieu kho khdn, ddng nen khong thi cho hgc hdnh nhiiu Vdo dip miia vu phdi len nuang/rdy tgp trung thu hogch ngo, gia dinh phdi ggi chdu ve em vd phu giup cong viec nhd" Kdt qua phdng van lanh dao dia phuang va nha trudng ciing cho thay sir quan tam ehi dao cua chinh quydn tu Trung uong den dia phuang, cdng tac tuyen truyen d ea sd ve bao dam cac didu kien ddn trudng cho hgc sinh, ty Id hge sinh d dia ban bd hgc da giam di ro r?t, hgc sinh va cha me cae em dang dan thay ddi nhan thiie vd viee ddn trudng Hien d cac dja phuong da cham dut "phong ttao nghi hge ddng loat" cae em budc vao trung hgc ca sd nhu trudc day Tuy nhien, cac thdng tin phdng van cha me va hgc sinh vira neu ciing cho thiy cdn ton tai tam ly bat an cua hgc sinh va phu huynh vd eon dudng hgc hanh eiia fre em Nguyin Dire Chiit vimg cao Cac em hoc smh dan tdc thidu sd chua xac dinh dupe ddng co hpc tap dl nang cao tti thitc, hiiu bill cac ky nang sdng Tam Iy thich choi ban thich bpc cdn phd biln, viec din ttudng hang vin mang tinh ddi phd vdi cha me va cdng ddng Ban than phu huynh ciing chua quan tam ddn ddc, theo ddi sat vide hpc tap hang cua cai, vi nhan thilc viec hgc tap khdng dem lai thay ddi can ban ddi sdng kinh tl gia dmh Didu din din bien hrong cha me khdng ung hd cho din ttirdng, hoac cho hpe ddn biet dpc, biit viet, vdi suy nghi hoc nhu vay la du Cae bac phu huynh chua nhan thuc day du ich Ipi eiia viee hpc tap cOng nhu vai ttd cua nd vdi viec nang cao nang suat lao ddng va nang cao chit lupng cuoc sdng Nhu vay, nhan thiie ctia ban than hpc sinh va cha me cae em ve y nghia eua viec hpc t|p d ttudng dang la rao can chi phdi ca hdi din ttirdng cua cac em nhd Day la thach thiic ldn dii vdi phat ttiln giao due Bimg hpc phd thdng nhim nang cao hpe vin, hi thiic va cac ky nang cho eac nhdm hpc sinh dan tdc thiiu sd d viing nui Tay Bac hien 2.2 Hodn cdnh gia dinh va phong tuc tap quan dia phirang Hoan canh gia dinh cdng la yiu td tac ddng manh me tdi vide den trudng cua cac nhdm hpc sinh d vung cao Vin d l da dupe nhieu nghien cim nhiic den (Indu Bhushan va cong su, 2001; Dd Thien Kinh, 2005; Nguyen Due Vmh, 2009; Tran Quy Long, 2013 va 2014; Nguyin Due Chidn, 2016 ) deu nhac den hpan canh kinh td gia dinh khd khan, thu nhap thap, tre em tham gia lao ddng nhu la nhittig nguyen nhan chinh diin den tmh ttang nghi hpc Ket quii khiio sat tai xa Mudng Vi, huyen Bat Xat, tinh Lao Cai va xa Na Son, huyen Dien Bien Ddng, tmh Dien Bien cho thiiy rd ban ve hoan canh kinh te gia dinh cd iinh hudng viec den trudng cua hpc sinh "Gia dinh kinh ti kh& khdn, ddng nin tru&c mdt va chong tdi lo cho cd ngd khoai dn hdng ngdy la vui lam rdi, di hoc lire cdc chdu cdn nhd khong mdt tien, phdi di xa vd mdt tiin thi khdng the" (Nam, 43 tudi, dan tpc Hmdng, xa Mudng Vi, huyen Bat Xat, titih Lao Cai) Hay: "Ben dot mua ve, cd nuac di gieo hgt thi cd nhd phai tap trung cung Idm Vdo nhiing ngdy do, gia dinh huy dong cdc tham gia, ki cd cdc chau dang di hoc cUng xin nghi vdi budi giup da gia dinh Idm nuang ray, hogc & nhd tham gia giup viic gia dinh Ndi chung, viec cdc chdu nghi hoc & nhd luc miia vu cd dnh hu&ng den hoc tgp, nhung vdn mudn cdc nghi" (NS, 45 tudi, dan tpc Tay, xa Na Spn, huyen Dien Bien Ddng, tinh Dien Bien) Do hoan canh kinh t l gia dinh khd khan nen trach nhiem muu sinh vin dupe dat len hang dau Vi vay, viec diu tu chp cai di hpc, nhit la d nhiing d p hpc phai tta phi hoc tap la van de rat khd ddi vdi mdi gia dinh Ben eanh dd, boat ddng canh tac ndng nghiep va phuang thuc san xuit cua gia dinh chua thay ddi, mdi vap mua vu vin phai huy ddng hel nhan luc gia dinh tham gia vao san xuit cho kip mua vu Vide huy ddng tte em vao hoat ddng san xuat cua gia dinh da anh hudng ddn chit luong tinh chuyen d n hpe tap va kha nang den ttidng ctia hpc sinh vimg cap Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so - 2018 47^ Ben eanh dd, cac tap tuc truydn thdng ciing anh hudng ldn den eo hdi theo dudi viec hgc tap cua fre era vung eao Y kiln cua mdt lanh dao Uy ban nhan dan xa Mudng Vi, huyen Bat Xat, tinh Lao Cai cho biet: "Trong nhimg ndm qua, chinh quyin vd cdc to chuc chinh tri - xd hgi a dia phuang tuyin truyin rdt mgnh nham chdm diet tinh trgng cdc chdu nghi hgc di lay chong, Idy va Thuc trgng tao hon co gidm han tru&c, nhung vdn cdn xdy & mgt so thon/bdn" Cac tinh raien niii, vung dan tdc thidu sd ed tdc tang trudng kinh te rat cham va cd ty le hd ngheo eao nhat nudc Do ddi sdng kinh te chua dn dinh va nhu cau muu sinh la chinh nen nhieu gia dinh ngudi dan tdc thieu sd khdng uu tien vide eho eon den trudng Thdng tin phdng van dai didn chinh quyen xa cho thay cdn tinh ttang hgc sinh phai bd hgc theo cha me di lam nuong ray, nhat la vao miia vu gieo ttdng, thu hoach ttong nam hoac d nha tham gia giiip viee gia dmh Phong tue tap quan va cac hoat dgng Id hdi truyen thdng d dia phuang frong nam ciing la rao can ed anh hudng tdi viee nghi hgc va tinh chuyen can hgc tap cua cac nhdm hgc sinh, ke ca nghi khdng tiep tue theo hgc Tai cac thdn ban dugc khao sat ddu cd nhieu le hdi nam, mdi dgt le hdi thudng dien frong nhieu Vi vay, hgc sinh duge gia dinh eho nghi de tham dir se de quen nhidm vu hge tap, thuc te da cd nhieu hgc sinh nghi Id, tdt xong thudng khdng mudn tiep tuc den trudng Rao can va thach thiic tu- co sd t^ng, ddi ngu giao vi^n, vai trd chinh quyen dia phirong, dja hinh va thdi tiet 3.1 Ca s& tdng, dgi ngu gido vien, dfa hinh vd th&i tiet Nghien ciiu cua Pham Huong Tra (2007) da ehi mdt sd khd khan nhu tnrdng ldp d xa nha va ca sd tang dudng sa khdng thuan tien nhu la nhirng nguyen nhan quan trgng anh hudng tdi vide di hgc cua frd em viing cao De khae phue thuc te nay, nhiing nam gan day Dang va Nha nude da ban hanh nhieu chinh sach, chuang trinh va bang nhieu ngudn luc khac dd hd frg phat tridn giao due phd thdng, dac biet la ddi vdi cac dia phuong ed ddng bao dan tdc it ngudi, vung mien mii, nham tao co hdi cho cac nhdm hgc sinh d nhimg vimg cd thd tidp can giao due tdt nhat Ket qua quan sat co sd trudng ldp tai hai dia ban khao sat nhu sau: * Tru&ng Pho thong ddn tgc bdn trd THCS Pa Cheo, Ldo Cai: Khu nha d luu tni cua hgc sinh 4m thap, thidu chan chieu eho hgc sinh; be chiia nudc sinh boat be ttong ngudn nudc liy tir khe niii vd chi cd du thira vao miia mua; thieu khdng gian, san choi tap luyen the thao cho hoc sinh; khoang canh tir trudng den nha xa, dudng sa khd di, ndu hgc sinh di bd radi l4n tir trudng vd nha mat khoang nira ngay; thieu phdng d cho ddi ngii giao vien d xa ddn day hgc Cac giao vien phai kiem nhiem them nhieu cdng viec ciia nha trudng thieu nhan luc Nguyen Dire Chili, * Tru&ng Phd thdng ddn tdc bdn trii THCS Na Son, Biin Bien: Thidu phdng hop, phdng y td, phdng thi nghiem chit lupng xudng d p ; mdng nha, ban ghi eua cac ldp hpc xuing cip, thiiu dd dung, ttang tiiilt bi phuc vu giang day, may chiiu, ti vi cu hdng va thiiu ding bd; san ttudng va khu nha ve sinhfliudngxuyen Im udt, it dpng nudc thai gay p nhilm Hon nua, sd nha xi cdn qua it so vdi tdng so hpc sinh tpan trudng Mdi lln nghi giai lao cac em & ve sinh phai chd dpi Cd thi nhan thiy, dilu kien din trudng cua hpe sinh dan tdc thieu sd, viing mien niii cdn nhiiu khd khan Day la nguyen nhan dan din ty le huy ddng tte em vung nui, vung san, vung dan tdc di hpc phd thdng cdn thip va khdng ddng ddu giita eac dan tdc Cac din chiing ttl khao sat cho thiy thuc td mang ludi trudng, ldp d vung dan tdc chua dap ilng dupe nhu ciu hpc tap cua ngudi hpc Tai dia ban khap sat, cae xa ddu da cd ttirdng ttung hpc co so, nhung dia ban ttai rdng, hilm ttd, phan tan nen cae em phai di bd khoang each xa moi din trudng Mdt sd em cd dilu kien ban thi di xe dap nhimg dudng hep va ddc nen rit khd khan Mat khac, dilu kidn thdi tilt mua bao, lii quet, han ban, suong mil, nudc ngap ciu qua sdng, sudi cdng lam anh hudng din kl hoach bpc tap va miic dp chuyen can cua hpc smh ThSm ehi viec hpc sinh nghi hpc vi ly thdi tilt xiu cd thi anh hudng iitsc tilp din kS hoach va chuong trinh kit thiic hpc ky va nam hpc ctia nha trudng Thdng tin phdng vin tit nhdm giao vien eho thay rd hon ve mang ludi trudng ldp, dieu kien ca sd vat chit, thiit bi day hpc mac dil da dupe tiing cudng dau tu, nhung van thieu sir ddng bd, chua dap ung dupe yeu cau phat trien quy md va niing cao chat lupng giao due, dac biet d mdt sd trudng chuyen biet vimg mien nui, dan tdc thidu sd Cd sd giao due, trudng lop d mien niii, vung siiu, vung dan tdc ehua dupe dau tu hop ly, thudng xuyen, diing miic Chang ban, dieu kien d ndi trii cdn ban che ve co sd vat chat nhu khu ndi tru cdn chat choi, thieu dien tich san choi the thao, nha ve sinh ehua dupe khang ttang, nudc sach cdn thieu, tinh ttang virt rae bira bai dien ttong khudn vien ciia nha tnrdng, Dpi ngii lanh dao nha trudng, cac giao vien tham gia giang day chua dn dinh lau dai, chuong ttinh giang day cdn thieu su phit hpp ciing la rao can doi vdi phat tridn giao due viing cao hien "Ve cdn bd qudn ly nhu Hieu trucmg vd Phd hieu tru&ng thi tam on, nhung ddi ngd gido vien vdn cdn thiiu, nhdt Id cdc mdn nhgc hog, tin hoc, nhdn viin Ihu vien vd cdng tdc doan ddi" (Nil, Hieu trudng tmang THCS Quang Kim, Lao Cai) Hi?u tnrdngttxtdngPhd thdng Dan tdc ban ttii THCS Pa Cheo, Lao Cai cho bidt them: "Dpi ngu gido viin & cdc tru&ng viing cao thu&ng khdng dn dinh, su ludn chuyin thuang xuyen khdng theo ki hogch Tdm ly thdy cd khong mudn gan bd Idu ddi vai tru&ng vimg cao He cd ca hdi vi gdn thdnh phd Id ho chuyin ngay, ki cd thdy cd gido Id ngu&i & dia phuang v ly theo chdng hogc ve thdnh song, di cdi cd dieu kiin hoc tru&ng tot han" Chat lirpng, cp cau ddi ngii nha giap, can bd quan ly cac co sd giao due vung dan tdc thieu sd cdn bat cap Dpi ngu giao vien, can bd quan ly giao due vin cdn thiiu vl sd lupng, yeu ve Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4 - 2018 nang luc su pham, chua ed nhidu chuydn bidnfrongphuang phap giao due lay hgc sinh lam trung tam, it hidu biet ve ngdn ngii, van hda ciia cac dan tdc thieu sd Thdm vao dd, kha nang td chiic cae boat ddng giao due, theo ddi hd frg hgc sinh yeu kem cua mdt bd phan giao vien cdn ban chd Ngoai ra, mgt bg phan giao vien ddi sdng khd khan ndn chua yen tam edng tac lau dai d cac trudng viing cao, vimg sau Dinh raiic bien ehe giao vidn/ldp va chinh saeh, ehe ddi vdi nhan vien lam vide frong cac trudng phd thdng dan tgc ndi tni, phd thdng dan tdc ban tni chua phu hgp vdi dae thu cdng viec Cd the noi, che tien luong va phu cap ddi vdi nha giao edng tac d vimg dan tdc thidu sd chua tuong xiing, khdng tao dugc ddng luc thu hiit nhiing ngudi gidi tinh nguyen len cdng tac Ddi sdng cua nha giao vimg dan tdc cdn nhidu khd khan, dang cang ed nguy eo each xa so vdi ddi sdng cua nha giao d cac vimg khac, lam anh hudng den tam huyet cdng Men, nhat la phuc vu nhdm hge sinh edn gap nhieu khd khan hge tap Ben eanh dd, chuang trinh giang day, sach giao khoa chua that sy phii hgp vdi timg dja phuong, vimg va nhdm hge sinh dan tdc Dung lugng cac bai hgc ddi vdi hgc sinh dan tdc thieu sd kha nhieu va nang Cach didn dat d mdt sd ngi dung chua phu hgp vdi dae diem tara ly, trinh tieng Viet ciia hgc sinh tieu hgc viing dan tdc thieu sd, chua tao dugc su hap dan ddi vdi eae em Rao can ngdn ngu lam anh hudng den miie tiep thu bai hgc, sir ty tin frong giao tidp, vide thara gia vao bai hgc va cudi cimg la anh hudng den kdt qua hgc tap ndi chung Nhieu hge sinh bd hge lyc hge yeu kem, khdng theo kip chuang trinh, frong dd ed ly yeu tieng Viet 3.2 Vai trd cua chinh quyen vd cdc dodn the & dia phuang Nghien ciiu ciia nhdm tac gia Nolwen Henaff va Jean Yves Martin (2001) cho thay, cac cap ehinh quydn da cd nhidu cd gang de hda nhap cac nhdm dan tdc thieu sd vao xu the chung, nhung vide di hgc eiia nhdm xa hdi van d miic thap va tinhfrangmii chir van edn d miic cao Cd thd th^y, nhiing nam qua chinh quydn va cac doan the d dia phuang da ddng mgt vai frd rit quan frgng ddi vdi viec phat trien giao due d viing mien mii cd ddng ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd, nhung ket qua phdng van mdt sd lanh dao dia phuang va giao vien cho thiy vEn cdn tdn tai nhieu van dd lien quan den vai trd cua chinh quyen dia phuong cin duge khic phuc dk md rdng co hdi tidp can trudng ldp cho cac nhdm hgc sinh viing cao "Lanh dgo dia phuang, thon bdn thuc hiin hinh thuc Id chinh Vdo ddu ndm hgc, cdc em nghi hgc nhiiu, nhd tru&ng Idm viic v&i chinh quyin dia phuang, sau cie ngu&i den h gia dinh van dgng, nhung xong roi lgi bo do, noi chung Id ddu lgi vdo do, ehua quan tdm thu&ng xuyen" (Nil, Giao vien Trudng THCS Quang Kim, Lao Cai) Cd thd nhan thiy, d radt sd dja phuang, chinh quyen chua nhan thiie day dii, toan dien vd tim quan trgng ciia giao due ddi vdi phat trien kinh td - xa hdi viing dan tgc thieu sd nen chua cd sy ehi dao tap trung, quyet liet de giai quyet tmh trang bd va nghi hgc cua hgc sinh Nguyen Dire Chiin Cdng tie van ddng, tayen ttuyln cua dja phuang ve quyen tte em va nghta vu cua cdng dan, ttong dd cd gia dmh hoc sinh chua dupe quan tam triet de va thudng xuyen, chua dua chi tai hpp ly Cac dia phuong dupe khao sat ddu thupe vimg ed dieu kien kinh te - xa hoi dac biet khd khan, la cac huyen va xa nghep thude Nghi quyet sd 30a cua Chinh phil, mac dil dupe uu tien nhutig dn ngudn luc ngan sach cd ban ndn chua dap umg dupe nhu clu kinh phi diu ni diuc hien cac muctieugiio due va dao tao d vimg dan tpc thidu sd, miln nui Kit luSn Kit qua nghien cilu mrdng hpp d hai tinh Lao Cai va Didn Bien cho thiy, rao can nhan thitc tu phia cha me va hpc sinh, hoan canh gia dinh, phong tuc tap quan dia phuong, dpi ngii giao vien, co sd ting, dia hmh va thdi tilt, vai ttd eiia chinh quyin dia phuang dang la nhihig nhan td chi phdi viec din ttudng ciia hpc sinh d vung mien nui Tay Ble Phat triin giao due la su nghiep cua toan dan Dang va Nha nudc ta ludn quan tam uu tien phat tridn giao due va dao tao Dieu dd dupe thi hien qua cac Chi thi, Nghi quydt cua Trung uong, tao dieu kien va mdi mrdng thuan Ipi cho giao due va dao tao phat ttien Cae bd, nganh, chinh quyin dia phuong, td chiic xa hdi va nhan dan da quan tam ban din su nghiep giao due dao tao, dac biet la d viing dan tdc thidu so, mien nui, vung cd dieu kien kinh te - xa hpi dac biet khd khiin Tuy nhien, rao ciin va thach thitc ttong giao due phd tbdng van chua dupe giai quyet ttiet de, nhat la ddi vdi cac dia phuong vimg midn nui, nai ed ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd sinh sdng Dilu din den su biit binh dang xa hpi ttong tiep can giao due, lam giam hieu qua vii Ipi ieh ma giap due cd thi dem den cho cupc sdng cua cpn ngudi va xa hpi d cac dia phuong, vimg mien cdn gap nhieu khd khan Ddi vdi ca nhan, vide bi ban che co hdi di hoc gay hau qua xau true tiep tnrdc mat va lau dai ddi vdi cupc sdng eua hp Ddi vdi cdng dong xa hdi, su biit binh dang xa hpittpnggiap due la nguyen nhan cita su nghdo nan tri thitc, bat on dinh, mau thuan, xung dot, ngheo nan, tut bau, cham phat ttiln va khdng phat trien ben vimg Dilu dang quan tam la thue tl ttdn se anh hudng din phat ttiln ngudn nhan lue chit lupng cao theo tinh than Nghi quyet 29 khda XI cua Dang vl "Ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao dap img yeu cau edng nghidp hda, hien dai hda ttong dilu kien kinh tl thittudngdjnh hudng xa hdi chu nghia va hdi nhap qude tl" Dac bidt, gin diiy Dang va Nha nudc rit quan tam den phat ttien ngudn nhan luc de khai thae hieu quit ca hdi eua eupe Cach mang cong nghiep liin thir ttr Tai lieu tham khao ADB (2002), Indigenous People/Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction Viet Nam Manila, Retrieved December 10-12, 2002 Nguydn Due Chien (2009), "Cdng bing xa hdi vdi cac co hpi phat tiiln cua cat nhdm dan cu d mpt xa ddng bSng Sdng Hdng hien nay" Tap chi Nghien cim Lap phdp, So 18,tt.30-36 Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd4 - 2018 Nguydn Due Chien (2016), "Khae bidt xa hdi tidp can giao due d Viet Nam thdi Ddi mdi: Thuc frang va ggi y chinh sach", Tgp chiXd hgi hgc, Sd 1, fr 29-37 Chinh phu nudc Cgng hda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam (2012), Chien luge phdt triin gido due giai dogn 2011 - 2020 Indu Bhushan, Erik Bloom, Nguydn Mmh Thing va Nguydn Hai Huu (2001), Von nhdn luc cua nguai ngheo & Viet Nam: Tinh hinh vd cdc lua chgn vi chinh sdch, Nxb Lao ddng - Xa hdi Ha Ndi Dd Thien Kinh (2005), "Bat binh dang ve giao due d Viet Nam hien nay", Tgp chi Xdhgihoc,S6 l,fr 48-55 Tran Quy Long (2013), "Cac ydu td gia dinh anh hudng den tudi thdi hgc ciia thieu nien Viet Nam", Tgp chi Nghien ciru Gia dinh vd Gi&i, Sd 2, fr 39-42 Tran Quy Long (2014), "Tiep can giao due cua fre em va cae nhan td anh hudng", Tgp chi Nghien ciru Con ngu&i, Sd 4, tt 48-58 Nolwen Henaff va Jean Yves Martin (2001), "Td ehiic lai nen kinh te va ca cau lai xa hdi", trong: Nolwen Henaff va Jean Yves Martin (Chu bidn), Lao dgng, viic Idm vd nguon nhdn luc & Viet Nam 15 ndm doi mai, Nxb The gidi Ha Ngi 10 Qudc hdi nudc Cdng hda xa hgi ehu nghia Viet Nara (2014), Nghi quyet 88/2014/ QHI3 vi Doi mai chuang trinh, sdch gido khoa gido due thong 11 Pham Huong Tra (2007), "Tien tdi sy binh dang ttong giao due d Viet Nam hien nay", Tgp chi Ddn so vd Phdt trien, Sd 3, fr 8-12 12 Nguydn Dire Vinh (2009), "Tac ddng ciia cac yeu td ea nhan va gia dinh den tinh frang hgc vin ciia tre em va nien d ndng thdn", Tgp chiXd hgi hgc, Sd 4, tr 26-43 ... kinh te nam roi nhirng chua xin dugc viic" Thdng tin phdng van nhdra cha me eiing phan anh dieu nay: "Chdu tuoi nho nen gia dinh cho den tru&ng de biet Idy cdi chit, cd kien thuc thi tot cho cugc... eao Y kiln cua mdt lanh dao Uy ban nhan dan xa Mudng Vi, huyen Bat Xat, tinh Lao Cai cho biet: "Trong nhimg ndm qua, chinh quyin vd cdc to chuc chinh tri - xd hgi a dia phuang tuyin truyin rdt... nhirng nguyen nhan quan trgng anh hudng tdi vide di hgc cua frd em viing cao De khae phue thuc te nay, nhiing nam gan day Dang va Nha nude da ban hanh nhieu chinh sach, chuang trinh va bang nhieu