NOHIENCim TRAO Bdi 6iai quydt vide lam cho lao ddng b| thu hdi ddt cho cac ilir an phat tridn cdng nghidp » TS DLTONG DINH GIAM Nhung vin dl lien quan den thu hoi, den bu va giai toa dat, dang la van de nong cua nhiiu dia phuong, dac biet la viec thu hoi dat cho phat trien cac cong trinh cong nghiep Viec giai quyet viec lam cho lao dong bi thu hoi dat neu khong dugc giai quye't thau dao se anh huong khong chi den tien va hieu qua cua cac cong trinh, ma sau sa hom, no no tiem an nhung bat on cho xa hoi rong nhiing n a m vura qua, ben canh mdt sd d u i n thuc hien tdt viec giai quylt den bCi phii h g p cho ngudi bi thu hdi d i t , nen d u i n dugc frien khai diing tiln do, thi nhieu d u i n p h i t trien cdng nghiep da bi c h i m tien dd khdng giai toa dugc mat b i n g , d i n den l i m thiet hai d i n g ke eho n h i d i u tu v i c i nen kinh t l qudc dan, khdng dua dugc n i n g lue s i n x u i t v i o hoat ddng diing tiln dd M i nguyen n h i n l i vudng m i e d k h i u giai phdng mat bang T Da ed mdt sd nghien eiiu v l van d l n i y , va nguyen n h i n dugc ly giii l i t i l n den bd khdng thoa d i n g , nhung thue ra, s i u sa v i quan frgng n h i t v i n li, ngudi bi thu hdi d i t m i t k l sinh rthai Hg khdng biet sii d u n g sd tien dugc d i n bii t h i n i o cho hieu q u i va cudc sdng tuong lai ciia hg se sao, tieu het sd tien n h a n dugc Tii thuc tien cua m o t so dia p h u a n g Trong nhirng n i m viia qua, cimg vdi q u i trinh CNH, HDH, nhiiu dien tich d i t d i bi thu hdi de phuc vu cho muc dich p h i t tiien kinh te - x i hdi ndi chung v i cdng nghiep ndi rieng, frong sd dd cd nhieu dien tich dat ndng nghiep Theo sd Ueu cua Vien Nghien ciiu dinh cu (Bd Ndng nghiep v i P h i t trien ndng thdn), hang nam, dien tich d i t ndng nghiep bi thu hdi cho p h i t trien cdng nghiep l i khoang fren 70.000 ha, chua ke cho p h i t trien dd thi la khoang 10.000 Chi tinh rieng mdt sd tinh thugc vimg Ddng bang Sdng Hdng nhu: Bic Ninh, Vinh Phiic, Hai Phdng v i Ninh Binh, sd dien tich d i t ndng nghiep bi thu hdi eho phat trien cdng nghiep tiong nhiing n i m viia qua d i len hang chuc nghin hecta (Bic Ninh: gan 2.000 ha, Hai Phdng: gan 4.000 ha, Binh Duong, frong sd 24 KCN da dua v i o Wet>site: www.tapchicongnghlep.vn sir dung vdi tdng dien tich fren 8.100 thi d i n g chii yeu li d i t ndng nghiep Ninh Binh la mdt tinh nhd, nhung ciing cd tdi 735 d i t cho cdng nghiep dugc liy tii ndng nghiep), i n h hudng khdng nhd den ddi sdng ciia hang chuc nghin hg gia dinh Trong quy hoach tCr d i n n i m 2020, mdt sd tinh, dien tich d i t ndng nghiep bi thu hdi ed the t i n g len g i p ddi Trong q u i trinh g i i i quyet viec l i m cho ngudi d i n bi thu hdi d i t , d i n i y sinh m d t sd diem d i n g chii y sau: 1.1 Chi mgt so it ngudi din bi thu hoi dit co dugc viec lam cac du an su dung dat ndng nghiep H i u het cu d i n sdng frong cic khu vuc bi thu hdi d i t deu sdng b i n g nghe ndng, frinh hgc van khdng cao Mdt dieu fra tai tinh Ninh Binh cho thay, frong tdng sd hon 14.000 lao ddng bi m i t viec lam, chi ed 17,61% ed frinh trung hgc phd thdng, sd cdn lai (82,39%) la cd frinh tii frung hgc eg sd frd xudng, chua qua dao tao nghe, khdng d i p ling dugc yeu cau ciia cic co sd cdng nghiep Chinh vi v i y ma sd lao ddng dugc thu hiit true tiep v i o cie d u i n p h i t frien cdng nghiep li rat t h i p Trong sd 57 d u i n d i u tu d i di v i o boat ddng tai khu cdng nghiep ciia Ninh Binh, theo yeu cau eua UBND tinh Ninh Binh thi cie d u i n n i y phai thu hiit 20.825 Iao ddng dia phuong, n h u n g thuc te qua n i m boat ddng (2006-2009), mdi ehi thu hiit dugc 2.940 lao ddng (chilm 14,11%) Mdt b i o e i o ciia Sd Lao ddng v i Thuang binh - x i hdi Vinh phiic cung eho thiy, frong sd 203 d u i n d i u tu v i o tinh, ed 87 d u i n thu hiit tdi 11.700 lao dgng, n h u n g chi cd khgang 1.000 lao ddng dia p h u o n g dugc thu nhan 1.2 So lao dgng duac chuyen doi nghe it, thdi gian chuyen ddi cham N h u tren d i ndi, sau bi thu hdi d i t , sd lao Ky 1, thang 12/2010 «CANGNCHI|P NGHIEN ciru- TRAOflOl ddng dia phuong dugc thu hiit v i o cic d u i n p h i t frien cdng nghiep thudng r i t t h i p Sd edn lai, mgt sd tu tim k i l m viec lam n g o i i xa hdi (cic cdng viec tam bg, thdi vu, n h u b u d n b i n nhd, chay xe dm, p h u hd ), mdt sd theo hgc c i c ldp d i o tao chuyen ddi nghe (thoat ly hoac tai dia phugng), nhung lua chgn n g i n h nghe khdng phii hgp, chii yeu chay theo p h o n g frio n g o i i xa hgi, nen dii ed dugc d i o tao n h u n g v i n t h i t nghiep, vi khdng phii hgp vdi n h u c i u tuyen d u n g eiia eae doanh nghiep tai dia p h u o n g minh cu frii Sd lao ddng hoac di eu ve cic thi de tim viec l i m hoac frd v l nha, t i l p tuc gia n h i p ddi q u i n thieu viec l i m ciia cic viing ndng thdn 1.3 Nhieu he luy sinh Cung vdi hien tugng thieu viec l i m cho lao ddng ndng thdn noi cd d i t bi thu hdi, thi mdt loat he luy sinh tii n h u c i u tim viec lam eiia nhiing lao ddng thilu viec: - Ddng lao ddng n h i p eu cic t h i n h phd ldn n g i y mdt ting, bao gdm ca ngudi ldn va fre em, giy nen tinh frang q u i t i i ddi vdi cie dich vu n h u n h i d, giao thdng, y te, giio due d cic thi Dd la chua ke nhiing te nan x i hdi nhu, mai d i m , ma sinh tii nhiing lag ddng n h a p cu - Do nam gidi chii yeu di tim viec d cac dd thi nen d n h i i u viing ndng thdn chi cdn ngudi gia, p h u nir v i tre em Cdng viec ddng i n g , dCi ddng d i t bi thu hep, n h u n g vdi nhiing dien tich cdn lai, thieu lao ddng de girth v i e nhirng cdng viec n i n g nhgc, nen ddi cdng bi bd hoang Chinh dieu dd lam cho sd lao ddng d lai ndng thdn ciing rod v i o hoan canh that nghiep hoac thieu viec l i m - N h u fren da ndi, lao ddng ndng nghiep n i n g nhgc, chii y l u d nha chi cdn lao ddng nii, thu n h i p lai thap, nen nhieu ndng d i n khdng cdn g i n bd vdi rudng ddng Tinh trang bd d i t hoang h o i da xuat hien d mgt sd dia phuong De xuat mot sd giai phap 2.1 Quan diem giii quyet viec lam cho lao dgng bi thu hdi dit Rd r i n g li, giai quyet viec l i m cho ngudi dan bi thu hdi d i t eho cie d u an p h i t trien kinh t l - xa hdi ndi chung v i cic d u i n p h i t frien cdng nghiep ndi rieng l i mdt v i n de khd, v i c i n ed mgt he thdng quan diem n h i t q u i n Dd l i : - Giai quyet viec lim cho ngucd hi thu hdi dit phai tren quan diem toan dien, binh ding va phit trien ben viing C6NGNGHIEP»Ky 1, thang 12/2010 Tinh t o i n dien dugc t h i hien: Ddi vdi mdi d u i n thu hdi d i t (bat ke phuc vu eho mue dich gi), cie c i p chinh q u y l n c i n phdi hgp vdi chii d i u tu thdng b i o k l hoach cu the, cdng khai, minh bach eho ngudi dan, noi cd d i t bi thu hdi T r i n h tinh frang ke hoach m a p m d v l thdi gian, p h a m vi quy hoach; g i i ca den bii khdng rd ring Tinh binh dang dugc the hien: Gii den bii phai t u i n thii nguyen t i e thi trudng v i d i m b i o noi d mdi cd dieu kien tdi thieu bang nod d eii Trinh tinh frang lgi d u n g d a n h nghia N h i nude de ep gii den bii hoac lira d i n de cd gia chenh lech cao, sau dd c h u y i n n h u g n g d u i n kiem ldi D i y chinh l i nguyen n h i n chii yeu d i n den nhiing khieu kien v l d i t frong thdi gian qua Tinh ben viing the hien: Khdng chi cd gii den bii thoa d i n g iheo thi trudng, m i cdn can tao dieu kien eho ngudi d i n bao d a m dugc cudc sdng sau n i y , b i n g cich tao viec l i m mdi de ngudi d i n ed thu n h a p thudng xuyen, fri dugc cudc sdng h i n g Tranh tinh frang d nhieu dia phuong, ngudi dan sau n h a n tien den bii, tieu het vio viec xiy n h i , s i m sua dd dac, t h i m ehi d u gia thi i n tieu, cd bae Sau tieu bet tien thi lai roi vio canh t h i t nghiep, t h a m chi t h i l u i n - Xic dinh diing tam quan ciia cong tic niy voi su tham gia cua ca cic cip chinh quyen (nai CO dit bi thu hoi), chii diu tu (doanh nghdep nhan dit) va ngucd din c6 dit bi thu hdi Lau nay, ddi vdi cie d u i n thu hdi d i t , chiing ta thudng chi chii y den viec den bii (tinh t o i n gii d i t bi thu hdi), lo dia diem t i i dinh cu, ma it chii y den giai quyet viec lam eho ngudi dan bi thu hdi dit, Cd chang, d d i u dd ed chii y den viec n i y , thi tiich nhiem ciing ddn ca len vai c i p chinh quyln, noi cd dat bi thu hdi Cdn doanh nghiep dugc n h i n d i t chi can lo dii sd tien d i n bii theo quy dinh (nhiiu cdn dugc N h i nude hd frg), l i h i t frich nhiem, Quan niem c i n dugc thay ddi Trich nhiem eiia doanh nghiep n h i n d i t se phai dugc the che h o i t h i n h nhiing quy dinh cu the (se de xuat frong p h i n giai phap) N g o i i ra, nhiing ngudi dan cd d i t bi thu hdi, d mdt miic nao dd cung phai chii ddng tim viec, tu tao eho minh nhiing cdng viec thich hgp frong tuong lai, m i d i t canh t i e bi thu hep, de phuc vu cho nhihig m u e dich p h i t frien kinh t l - xa hdi eiia qudc gia - Ke't hop ddng bo nhiiu giai phip tao viec lim, ca nong nghiep, cdng nghiep vi dich vu; Website: www.tapchicongnghiep.vn NBHIENCIM TRAO DOI Hien frang ndng thdn Viet Nam, d n h i i u viing que dang thilu viec lam, chua ke d i n nhiing dia p h u a n g cd da't bi thu hdi cho muc dich p h i t trien kinh t l - xa hdi khic, thi nguy co thilu viec l i m cang tiim frgng hon, n l u chi nhin v i o quy d i t de phat frien ndng nghiep, Chinh vi viy, ciing vdi viec tao them viec l i m frong ndng nghiep, n h u t i n g vu, p h i t frien c h i n nudi, frdng frgt cic gidng eiy eon mdi, cin tao viec lam d n h u n g linh vue khac n h u cdng nghiep, dich vu (tham gia \ ' i o cic d u i n cd sii dung d i t tai dia phuong) v i p h i t frien cic n g i n h n g h i tieu thii cdng nghiep k h i c , ke c i thi trudng xuit khau lao ddng 2.2 He thong cic giai phip -Tao dieu kien de ngudi din duac gop von vio cic duin bang gii tri dit bi thu hoi Chu tiuong n i y d i dugc neu tii Hdi nghi BCH tiung uong l i n thii k h o i IX, phii hgp vdi Luat D i t dai hien h i n h , n h u n g den v i n chua dugc nhiiu dia phuong v i cie d u i n thue hien Cie hudng d i n cu the de thuc hien chii fruong n i y can dugc frien khai de ngudi d i n ed d i t bi thu bdi ed dieu kien tiep ttic fri vi the lam chu ddi vdi mdt tu lieu s i n x u i t mdi l i cie d u an mdi dugc dua v i o boat ddng Thdng thudng, ngudi d i n bi thu hdi d i t , sau n h i n dugc tien den bOi, thudng tieu dung eho nhieu muc dich khic nhau, it ngudi nghi den viec p h i i tim cho minh mdt cdng viec mdi, sau khdng cdn d i t de canh tic ndng nghiep Giii p h i p n i y neu dugc thue hien, se tag dilu kien cho ngudi d i n gdp vdn vao nhiing du i n cd tiien vgng dat bieu qua cao, tii dd cd dieu kien dam bao cugc sdng dn dinh mdt cich tuong ddi cimg vdi boat ddng eua cic d u in Mat khic, n h i d i u tu (ngudi sii dung dit), khdng p h i i bd nhieu tiln de den bii, ma lai p h i t hanh dugc cd phieu eho chinh ehu d i t cd, Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi khdng ed nguyen vgng dugc gdp vdn b i n g gii fri d i t bi thu hdi, v i n dugc n h i n tien den bii theo quy dinh ciia tiing d u i n de cd phuong an d i u tu phii hgp, - Chii diu tu va chinh quyen dia phuong phai xiy dung KH dao tao nhin luc ciing vdi KH thu hoi dit Nhu tien d i ndi, tiong x i hdi hien v i n tdn tai quan niem giai quylt viec lam eho ngudi d i n la tiich nhiem ciia N h i nude, ma cu the la nha nude trung uong Hien tai, d dia phuang nao ciing ed cic trung tam giio due thudng xuyen, boat ddng eiia cic trung Wetsite: www.tapchicongnghlep.vn t i m chii yeu phuc vu nhu ciu cua dia phuang hoac cie vung Ian can Mdi nghe thi thiy li phu hgp vdi nhu ciu thi trudng, nhung that ra, hieu qua giai quyet viec lim eua cac trung t i m na\' thudng r i t thip Hg ehi ed tiich nhiem dao tao ma it chii y den d i u ra, Trong do, ngudi lao ddng cua chiing ta khdng cd dugc nhiing thdng tin eu the \'e nhu ciu eua tiing nganh nghi, ma chu y l u tu di dao tao theo frio luu ciia x i hdi, nen mac d i u dugc dao tao, nhung tdt nghiep \ ' i n khd tim dugc \dec lam Giai p h i p frong thdi gian tdi dugc de x u i t l i : Ben canh viec d i o tao nghe eho lao ddng dia phuong theo cic d u i n p h i t frien tieu thu cdng nghiep, n g i n h nghe ndng thdn n h u van thudng lam, cie dia phuong c i n phdi hgp vdi cic chii d u i n , xiy d u n g ke hoach dao tao n h i n lue, tren CO sd nhu c i u ciia d u i n va hien frang nhan luc ciia dia phuong, tii liic d u i n dugc phe duyet ke hoach su d u n g d i t Tii dd giao ke hoach eu the cho cic CO sd d i o tao fren dia b i n hoac phdi hgp vdi cic ca sd d i o tao k h i c frong ca nude frien khai P h i i ed che t i i cu the quy dinh, neu chii d u an khdng trinh ke hoach n h i n lue eua d u i n , khdng phdi hgp vdi dia p h u o n g xay dirng ke hoach eu the d i o tao n h i n lue tai chd eho d u an, dia p h u o n g se khdng giao d i t Q u i frinh n i y phai dugc tien h i n h sdm, tii lap d u i n v i keo dai frong thdi gian frien khai x i y d u n g n h i m i y (thudng tii 2-3 n i m ) N h u v i y , d u an di vao boat ddng, thi n h i n luc dugc dao tao ciing vira tdt nghiep v i cd the dugc sii d u n g cho d u i n -Tao dieu kien cho ngudi din tiep can vdi nhung thdng tin ve thi trudng lao ddng Ngudi d i n d mgi mien dat nude, ke ca cic dd thi r i t it dugc tiep can vdi cic thdng tin ve thi frudng lao ddng Nguyen n h i n cd c i cic y l u td chii quan (cic ca quan q u i n ly) v i k h i c h quan (ciia b i n t h i n ngudi lao ddng) Mdt ket q u i dieu fra tai H i Ndi vira qua cho thiy, mdi phien giao dich viec lam Trung tam Giao dich viec lim H i Ndi td chiic ed den bang frim chi tieu lao ddng phd thdng, nhung thudng chi tuyen dugc dudi 50 ngudi Cic doanh nghiep ciing ludn thieu lao ddng true tilp s i n xuit, frong dd lai cd k h i nhieu lao dgng khdng biet tim viec d d i u , vi khdng tiep can dugc vdi cie thdng tin viec lim Theo fruyen thdng, ngudi lao ddng thudng ehi tim viec qua su gidi thieu ciia hg h i n g , ngudi t h i n , m i chua cd thgi quen tim den cie frung tam gidi Ky 1, thang 12/2010 «CdNG NGHIEP ^NCHIENCirU-j III I thieu viec l i m cua cic dia p h u o n g Ngugc lai cae frung t i m n i y frong boat d d n g ciing chi chii frgng v i o cie doanh nghiep (ngudn d a u ra) ma it chii dgng dua thdng tin den vdi ngudi lao ddng (dau vio) bang cich hen he vdi chinh quyen eg sd (phudng, xi) de dua thdng tin den vdi ngudi d i n , chua ket ndi dugc doanh nghiep v i ngudi lao ddng de c i u ed dieu kien gap cung Ban t h i n ngudi lao ddng frong cic khu vue d u i n , cin chii ddng n i m b i t thdng tin de cd dieu kien tham gia dao tao diing vdi n h u c i u ciia nhirng nganh nghe m i d u i n cin TOr dd v i n chuyen ddi dugc nghe nghiep m i khdng phai xa que huong, diing vdi chii fruong "Ly ndng b i t ly huong" m i N h i nude dang frien khai - Cic giai phip khac: Se la thilu sdt, neu khdng n h i e d i n cic giai p h i p fruyen thdng, nhu: - Tiep tuc p h i t frien ndng nghiep d mire cao hon: Theo dieu fra, sau bi thu hdi d i t , v i n cd tdi 40% lao ddng bi thu hdi dat van tilp tuc lam ndng nghiep Do vay cic giai p h i p khai hoang phuc h o i , phat trien kinh te trang frai, p h i t frien cic gidng eiy mdi, t h i m canh, t i n g vu v i n cin dugc d i t de thu hiit sd lao ddng mdi m i t viec fren cic thiia rudng ciia minh - Tao dieu kien eho ngudi d i n bi thu hdi dat dugc vay vdn n g i n h i n g d l p h i t frien cac nganh nghe s i n xuat mdi ddi vdi nhiing ngudi cd dieu kien va mong m u d n chuyen ddi nghe, ke ca nhiing ngudi m u d n p h i t frien s i n x u i t ndng nghiep d quy md cao bon - Phit frien tieu thu cdng nghiep, l i n g nghe dich vu (ke ea dich vu du Uch l i n g nghi) phii hgp vdi d i l u kien ciia tiing dia phuong D i e biet chii frgng thu hiit lao ddng dia p h u a n g c i c boat ddng dich vu (bio ve, n i u i n , tap vu ) cho chinh cic d u an thu hdi dat v i td chiic cie dich vu di kem frong khu vuc d u i n , nhu: n i u i n , nha trg.,, phuc vu ngudi lao ddng cic d u i n Trong p h i t trien tieu thu cdng nghiep, ling nghe c i n chii y de khac p h u c tinh frang dao tao nghe d at, theo kinh phi dugc c i p , ma khdng chii y den d i u ra, nen nhieu lao ddng sau dugc d i o tao, n h u n g khdng cd " d i t d u n g vd" Liu ngay, kiln thiic khdng dugc sii d u n g lai mai mdt v i lai tham gia dao tao ldp khic, t h i m chi nghe khic Ket q u i la chi tieu d i o tao thi h o i n thinh, n h u n g thue chit ngudi d i n van t h i t nghiep - Day manh x u i t khau lao ddng Diy la mdt frong nhiing giai p h i p ca trudc m i t va lau dai, mang lai hieu q u i kinh te kha cao cho ca ngudi lao ddng va Nha nude Ngudi lao ddng di xuit khiu, vira cd thu n h i p cao, viia cd dieu kien n i n g cao tay nghe Tuy nhien, c i n quan ly chit che de boat ddng n i y b i o dam chit lugng eiia lao ddng xuit khiu, giii dugc uy tin qudc gia ddi vdi thi trudng n h i p khiu; ddng thdi giim sit de b i o ve quyen lgi eho ngudi lao ddng, die biet la lao ddng ndng thdn, khdng bi lira dao qua cac vu mdi gidi xuit k h i u Iao ddng T A I LIEU T H A M K H A O Cac KCN, KKT Hai Phong va nhung nhan to tich cue qua trinh phat trien Tap chi Kinh te va du bao, so T.9/2010 (IT 14, 15) Lao dong van thieu thong tin viec lam Bao Lao dong so 30/9/2010 Thoi bao Kinh te Viet Nam sd257 27-10-2010 Dd gd xudt vao EU phai cd ngudn gdc hdn Phap Tai hdi nghi v l v i n d l xay d u n g h a n g rao ky thuat n h a m d a m b a g tinh p h a p ly ciia gd, n g a n c h a n tinh t r a n g p h a r u n g biia bai, x a m hai mdi trudng sinh thai, Bg N d n g n g h i e p va p h i t trien n d n g t h d n chg b i l t , hien cac thi t r u d n g gd tren t o a n t h i gidi n g a y cang cd nhieu p h a n iing v l van d e gd b i t h g p p h a p v i b u d n b i n gd trai p h e p N h i e u qudc gia da b a n h a n h chinh sach d l n g i n c h i n gd t r i i p h e p gia n h i p thi t r u d n g eiia hg O khu vue ASEAN, cac nude n h u Indonesia, Malaysia va Viet N a m ciing d a n g nd luc t h a m gia chuong trinh d a m p h i n thda t h u i n ddi t i c t u nguyen vdd EU de ngan chan viec khai t h i c C6NCNCBliP»Ky 1, thang 12/2010 gd t r i i p h e p Theo dd, cac ddi t i e se cam k i t chi ed cac san p h a m gd h g p p h i p mod d u g c xuat v i o thi frudng EU, d a m bao viec q u a n fri rung cd hieu qua N h a m ngan c h i n vi^c khai thac gd v i lam san b i t h g p p h a p Lien minh c h i u Au (EU) se a p d u n g L u i t FLEGT (Forest Law Enforcement, Governance a n d Trade) vao n i m 2012, budc doanh nghiep xui't k h i u gd Vi§t N a m phai d a m bao n g u d n gdc gd h g p p h i p xui't khau c i c s i n p h a m gd v i o khu vuc Hien EU la thi trudng xui't k h i u s i n p h a m gd cua Viet N a m ehi diing thii sau My vdi ty frgng khoang 30%./ Thanh Tti Website: www.tapchicongnghlep.vn ... hien tugng thieu viec l i m cho lao ddng ndng thdn noi cd d i t bi thu hdi, thi mdt loat he luy sinh tii n h u c i u tim viec lam eiia nhiing lao ddng thilu viec: - Ddng lao ddng n h i p eu cic t... xuat mot sd giai phap 2.1 Quan diem giii quyet viec lam cho lao dgng bi thu hdi dit Rd r i n g li, giai quyet viec l i m cho ngudi dan bi thu hdi d i t eho cie d u an p h i t trien kinh t l - xa... dCi ddng d i t bi thu hep, n h u n g vdi nhiing dien tich cdn lai, thieu lao ddng de girth v i e nhirng cdng viec n i n g nhgc, nen ddi cdng bi bd hoang Chinh dieu dd lam cho sd lao ddng d lai ndng