Ha Thi Thu Thuy i-(/ dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 41 -44 iTNG XU TRONG GIA DINH NGUOT TAY HUYEN NA HANG - TUYEN QUANG Ha Thi Thu Thiiy , Vu Thi Ha Trudng Dgi hgc Sir phgm - Dll Thdi Nguyen TOMTAT Bai bao tim hieu ve cac kT nang irng xtr truyen thong aia dinh cua ngudi Tay d Na Hang Tuyen Quang Tac gia da de xuat nhung giai phap bao ton va phat huy nhung gia trj van hoa cong cuoc xay dung cuoc song mdi hien Tii- khoa: Ung xir gia dinh, ngirdi Tdy, Na Hang MODAU Dan tdc Tay la cu dan ban dja chiem sd ddng d khu vuc trung du mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam Trong qua trinh tdn tai va phat trien ddng bao Tay da sang tao nen mdt nen van hda vira ddc dao, vira da dang, gdp phan lam phong phu them nen van hda dan tdc Mdt nhung yeu td cau nen van bda ay la su Q-ng xir xa hdi tire la mdi quan he gia dinh ddng bg, cdng ddng Bai viet dudi day la ket qua cua qua trinh nghien ciru nhung bieu bien cu the ve van bda ung xu gia dinh cua ngudi Tay d huyen Na Hang tinh Tuyen Quang N Q I DUNG Na Hang la mot huyen vung cao cua tinb Tuyen Quang Theo sd lieu dieu tra dan sd nam 2009, huyen Na Hang cd 21 xa thj tran, vdi tdng sd 300 thdn ban va 60.151 nhiin khau bao gdm cae dan tdc: Tay Dao, Mdng, Kinh dd dan tdc Tay chiem 55,2 % dan sd cua huyen Hg sdng tap trung d thj tran Na Hang va cac xa Son Phu Yen Hda, Phuc Yen Lang Can NgircTi Ta\ o- Na Hang la cu dan ban dja hg sdng tung ban cu tru chu yeu cac thung king, ven sdng, ven sudi Ung xir ciia bd me vdi chau Gia dinh la tl bao eua xa bdi Dd la nai nudi dudng ca ddi ngudi, la mdi trudng quan trgng giao due nep sdng va hinh thiinh nhan each cung nhu y tuong xa bdi cua ngudi Gia dinh cua ngudi Tay la gia dinh phu quyen ' 'let: 09I2S04.U9 r i- i Trudc day, d Na Hang chu yeu gia dinh Idn nhieu the be Hien nay, ngudi Tay d huyen Na Hang cd rat it gia dinh Idn ba hoac bdn the he cung ehung sdng ma chi tdn tai cac gia dinh nhd vdi bai the he (bd me va cai) Con cai sinh lay- hg bd ke ca trudng hgp trai di lam re 6a\ de thd cung huong boa nha vg Truyen thdng phu quyen quy djnh mdi quan he qua lai giQa cac vien gia dinh Trong gia dinh phu quyen, tinh chat gia truong bieu hien rat rd net, tieu bieu la ngirdi clui gia dinh bao gid cQng la ngirdi dan dng \ai trd cua ngirdi chdng ngudi bd, ludn ludn la tru cdt quyet djnb mgi viec Idn nhd Cung chinh vi the ma quan he ung xu giua bd chdng anh chdng va dau, em dau, me vo va re cd sir ngan each nhat djnh Ngitirl phu nu nhdl Id ddu phai ludn ihu nhung quv ldc img xir chdi che nhu-; khdng diri/c dl ngang qua phia Irudrc cdc hem ihi) tnmg nhd, khdng ngdi vdo chd tiip khcich cua nam gicji a gian ngodi, khdng ngdi cung chiiu viri hd chdng anh chdng khdng dtrgc tdi chd ngu vd no'i ddnh riing cho bd, chu, hdc, anh clidn^ Con ddu ludn phai to thdi kinh trgng, nghe iheo nhung Idl chi bao cua hd chdrng vd anh em hg hdng nhd chdng; khdng din/c true Hip trao ddi vdi hd chdng vd anh chdng .Niu mudn bdy lo diiu gi ddu phai thdng qua chdng hay em trai e-i gdi chdng, hoac mdt ngudrl khde gidri nhd chdng: Bd chdng vd anh chdng cting khdng dirge vdo hudng ddu, em ddu, khdng dirge true liep dua cdc dd vdt cho ddu cm ddu md phai ddl vdo mdi chd ndo dd di ddu em ddu 41 Ha Thi Thu Thuy vd dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE den lay vd ngirac lgi ddu em ddu cimg khdng duac trirc tiip dira cho bd chdng anh chdng Quan hi giua me va vd ri gia dinh citng nghiim ngdt tirong tu mac dit tren danh nghia ccm ri dirac coi nhir trai nhd.[l,trl79] Ngdy nay, bdi cdnh ddt nude day mgnh su nghiep CNH, HDH vd hdi nhap qudc ti, md md hinh gia dinh ngdy cdng cd xu huang hat nhdn hod mgnh thi tap tuc da thay ddi khdng cdn nghiem ngat nhu trude day nua Trong gia dinh, ngudi vg cd quyen tham gia y kien ve eae cdng viec, la lao dgng chinh gia dinh, la ngudi true tiep nudi day cai nhung quyen quyet djnb bao gid cung thudc ve ngudi chdng Phu nu Tay rat sg bj xa hdi di nghj che cudi neu khdng nghe ldi chdng, cai lai hay phan khang lai chdng Vi vay, chuyen vg chdng eai rat hiem xay Tinh chat phu he eua ngudi Tay cdn dugc the hien d viee phan chia tai san: Chi ed eon trai mdi duge quyen tbira ke Tai san de phan ehia gdm: rudng dat, trau bd, rung, thdc, kia, tien bac, cdng cu san xuat, Viec phan ehia tai san thudng dugc tien hanh kbi bo me da ve gia, tat ea eai da ed gia dinh rieng Cae bae cha me gia dinh ngudi Tay thudng irng XU' vdi eac eon theo hudng: "d ut, chet ca" nen chia gia tai thudng dl lai mdt phan (rudng, trau bd, tien cua) dl dudng gia, sd lai se ehia deu cho eac trai Sail dd bd me thudng d vdi eon ut cho din luc gia, ut ed trach nhiem ehinh viec phung dudng cha me vi phan Idn tai san dk dudng gia eua cha me dugc giao cho ngudi eon ut quan ly Khi bj dau 6m benh tat, bilt khdng qua khdi thi bd me se chuyen sang nha eon ea de viee tang le duge tien hanh tai day; Song cd nhQng trudng hgp bd me vln d vdi eon ut cho den luc chet Theo tuc cua ngudi Tay, bd me chet ma cai chua trudng ngudi bae rudt va chu rudt cd vai trd Idn ddi vdi cac chau Bac rudt bay chu rudt se thay the ngudi qua eo dam nhiem viec thd phung td tien, quan ly tai san ed trach nhiem dung vg ga chdng Iam nha cho cae chau Ngudi Tay d Na Hang rat quy eon Cha me it chui mang hoac danh du dd la 42 84(08): 41 -44 nudi hay eon de Chang the ma nhung eau "can nhang cua nhang"( cdn ngudi edn cua), "teo mjnh tay xien kim, ngam chen bau ta can'" (con ngud'i dang ngan vang; tien bac khdng biet tiec) dugc luu truyen rdng rai d hau khap eae vung [I,tr 212] Cha me nudi nang, day dd cai va truyen dat eho eon nhung kinh nghiem san xuaL chan nudi, trdng trgL eae cdng viee gia dinh, udn nan eai vi each img xu- gia dinh rdi hg hang, lang xdm ma khdng he nang Idi vdi cai.Cae eon duge bd me Io chu toan cho tdi kic lay vg lay chdng Cd the ndi, mdi quan he giQa cha me va cai la mdi quan he gan nhu binh dang Mdt truyen thdng quy bau cua ngudi Tay la cae bae cha me va dng ba rat quan tam tdi viee giao due truyen day nghe cho eon chau, ren luyen kha nang lao dgng cua ehiing Cha me, dng ba ed vai trd quan trgng viec nudi day chau, khdng ehi day "hgc an, hgc ndi" hg cdn la nhung ngudi thay dau tien, ngudi dng, ngudi cha day cho trai, chau trai minh nhung cdng viec hg dam nhiem nhu: cay, bira, san ban va ngudi ba, ngudi me day cho eon gai, chau gai minh cdng viee hg thao nhu: ngi trg, lay rau rung, lay cui, theu thua nhung cdng viee ma phu nu nao cung phai biet va lam Ddi vdi eon trai chau trai, dng, cha se day eho ehung nhQng kien thu'c vl nghi ndng nhu: cay, bira, xem thdi tilt dl ma biet Ijch trdng cay va thu hoach, biet each chgn gidng cay trdng, vat nudi, chgn dkt trong, chgn hudng lam nha, eac nghi ll, tin ngudng cua gia dinh va cdng dong Tat ea diu la kinh nghiem ma hg thu dugc tu- the he trude va qua qua trinh lao ddng, san xuat ciia hg Cae be trai tu 3- tudi da dugc cha me eho di chan vjt, ehan trau "slam pi hen pet, chit pi hen vai" Khi 10-13 tudi cd thi theo cha, anh rudng tap bua Ddi vdi gai, ba, me day eho chau minh biet ngi trg: lay rau, nku cam, giat quan ao, cho Ign, cho ga an, trdng em Khi Idn han mdt chut cac em se hge duge each bdng det vai, khau va, theu thua, quay sgi, len nuong, ehgc Io tra hat, thu hoach mua vu Ha Thi Thu Thuy vd dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Dira be Tay nao cung thudc eau: "ma kin khau dudi a, ma hdm pa lai day" (ve an com vdi cd ve dap chan hoa ke) Con gai khdng biet det chang nhung bj che cudi ma cdn rat khd lay chdng Cham ngdn Tay cd cau: "'ndc cat tuay can na doai doai me nhinb bau chac het phai pen hen'" (bim bjp budc re re tren bd rudng, dan ba khdng biet det vai la gidng cao) da phan nao ehung td dieu dd Tre em Tay tu 10-13 tudi trd di bat dau thugc nhung bai bat ddi giao duyen ggi la "'khap lugn", "sii cd lau" Va vai nam sau bg cd the lay vg lay chdng Trong gia dinh, bd me, dng ba thudng day chau minh dao ly lam ngudi, kinh tren nhudng dudi, ndi nang le Con cai phai ngoan ngoan, khdng cai ldi cha me, kinh trgng dng ba, anb chj em biet thuong yeu nhudng nhjn nhau, biet quan tam tdi cac vien gia dinh, biet cac phep tac coban irng xir chang ban nhu: kbi nha cd khach thi khdng dugc ndi to khdng dugc k h d c v i the la khdng ngoan khdng tdn trgng khach Khi an com khdng duge gd bat, an xong khdng dugc gae dua ngang mieng bat, khdng dugc lay dua ca gd len mieng ndi nau com, khdng dugc cudi dua luc an, cha me, dng ba cdn giao due chau minh phai biet quan he tdt vdi lang xdm biet ve ngudn gdc td tien truyen thdng van boa eac tap tuc le nghi hay qui udc cua ddng hg, cdng ddng lang ban vi the ma Idn len, dira tre dd se lam trdn nghTa vu vdi gia dinh cdng ddng va xa hdi Viee giao due dao ly lam ngudi cho con, chau la tlurdng xuyen Qua giao tiep img xu hang ngay, cac hanh vi thudng gap ma nhin vao dd, chau dugc hgc hdi rat nhieu tu chinh dng ba, cha me cua minh Khdng dau xa gia dinh chinh la noi nudi dudng tre ngudi, tao nen nhan each cho cluing Ung XU' ciia chau vdi bo me, dng ba Ong ba, cha me chinh la tam guong sang cho chau vl ung xu vdi nhung ngudi xung quanh, ddng hg va lang ban Ngugc lai, cai cung phai cd trach nhiem vdi ngudi sinh minh Khi cha me cdn sdng cai 84(08): 41 -44 phai quan tam chain sdc cho cha me Ngudi Tay d huyen Na Hang cd tuc lam le sinh nhat cho cha me bay ndi each khac la lam le mung sir sdng, mong keo dai su sdng cho ngudi cao tudi Theo quan niem cua ngudi Tay, nhung ngudi sdng qua tudi 49 tro- di dugc ggi la ngudi cd phuc bdi d tudi 49 ngudi ta thudng bj dm dau tai nan bay gap van ban khd ma qua khdi Vi vay ddi vdi ngudi dan dng tudi 49 gia dinh tlurdng td chirc lain le mung phuc( sii cau) Den djp mung thg, ban be gan xa chau den nha de chuc thg neu la khach mdi thi hg thudng dem theo mdt ddi cau ddi bang vai dd, viet mue dd bang chu Han: Phuc; Thg; Khang; Ninh Thay cung duge mdi den de lam le van khau ludng (tire la chuyen ldc chuc thg) Thay cung ngdi ben mam cung hat bai chuc thg; cai ngdi mdt vdng trdn quanh mot chiec dau dan giay theo thir tir tir ca den ul Con ca lay mdt chiec bat xuc tirng bat gao tir mdt chiec dau dung gao, chuyen qua tay nhirng ngudi em tiep theo, ngudi cudi cung de bat gao vao chiec dau dan giay Cir nhu the den thay eung hat xong bai chuc thg thi ngirng tay Neu sd gao van khau ludng dugc cang nhieii tire la ldc cho ngudi cha dtrgc chuc thg cang Idn cang khoe manh sdng lau Sau kbi lam le xong, gia dinh, hg bang, ban be cung an com de mung Khdng budi le mung thg rat am cung, chan chira tinb thuong yeu, sir kinh trgng va niem phan khoi Tuc le mirng sinh nhat nd da an sau vao tiem thirc cua ngudi Tay noi day Dd la su bao hieu, Idng kinh cQa cai ddi vdi cha me kbi cdn sdng Khi cha me mat, de td rd su bao hieu cua ngudi sdng ddi vdi ngudi da khuat, cai phai td chirc lam ma cho cha me theo nghi tluic cua ddng hg Tap tuc ma chay la linh vuc thugc cdi tam linh nham thoa man nhu cau tinb cam eua ngudi vdi ngudi, la sir the hien ldng bieu thao cua chau vdi nhQng ngudi qua cd Trong mdt gia dinh ed ngudi chet, theo tuc le: cai phai nhjn an den kham liem xong de td Idng dau ddn thuong tiec vdi ngudi da khuat 43 Ha Thi Thu Thiiy va dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Luc na} cac trai ngudi qua cd deo dao nhgn d ben hdng de "trdng coi"" thi the cha (me) Con dau eon gai chau trai chau gai phai chuan bi khan tain, dun mot ndi la tboin cd tinh dau nhu budi chanh cam que tao, dao, tre true de tam rira tay ue bui tran cho ngudi chet lam cho linh hdn ngudi chet duge mat me sieu thoat Ngudi chet mac bg quan ao mdi bang vai trang tu det dat nam d gian giira tren chiec chieu lat mat trai dau ke gdi va quay ve phia ban thd Con chau khdng dugc khde phai tinh tam thu xep quan ao cua cha (me), gap ggn gang, cai nao mdi dep de rieng cho vao quan tai cai nao cu rach thi dem ddt hoa cung kic vdi nha tang Sau liem cac dugc an boc bang tay vdi mudi de la chudi va tien banh phat tang cho chau bg hang Trong nghi le tang ma cua ngudi Tay vai trd cua thav Tao rat Idn Thay Tao chu tri mgi nghi le cung te de cau mong cho ngudi chet ngirdi chet dirge md yen ma dep chau dugc khoe manh yen dn lam an.Vi vay mdi gia dinh ddng hg deu cd gang mdi dugc thay cung ma gia dinh, ddng bg cho la cao tay la hgp vdi minh de dudi dugc mgi ta ma benh tat xui xeo Kbi dua tang eae thav lan chay len phia trudc de nam xudng cho quan tai di qua vdi y nghia trai dudng cho cha me di Khi chdn xong tren dudng quay \ e nha eon chau khdng dirge khde Tuy da lo cho ngudi chet cd md yen ma dep nhung chau cung chua bet bdn phan vdi ngudi qua ed, bg cdn phai lam cae nghi le cung 40 (thi thip) 120 (pac nhi) nam (tat khde) Ngoai le lam ma tuoi ngudi Tay cdn cd tuc dang nha xe cd dieu kien sau nam cd the la 10 nam sau dam tang ggi la lam ma khd (nhang phi heo) 84(08): 41 -44 Theo qui djnh cua dja phirong, neu gia dinh nao khdng lam dugc ma tuoi sau chdn cat tbi khdng dugc lam ma khd thdi gian sau vi rat lang phi ve thdi gian va tien cua Song dav la mot nghi le da di vao tiem tbu-e cua ddng bao, neu khdng lam dugc thi se bj mang tieng la bat hieu vdi cha me ngudi sdng khdng the than va ngudi chet se lang thang khdng nha khdng cira Hau het cac nghi le tang ma va cac irng xir cua ngudi deu gan vdi cae quan niem cua ddng bao Tay ve vu tru va than phan ngudi sau chet nham ly giai cho su tdn tai cua linh bdn o- the gidi ben Dieu quan trgng hon ca la tang ma eua ngudi Tay tap trung dao hieu, dao ly cua chau ddi vdi dng ba cba(me) bieu hien sau lang tinh cam sir xe chia cua ngudi than, gia dinh cdng ddng, lain tang them tinh nhan van cudc sdng Cd the ndi nhQng net irng xQ- gia dinh ngirdi Tay d Na Hang-Tuyen Quang hien van edn giQ- dugc cae gia tri truyen thdng dac trung mang dam ban sac van boa tdc ngudi Va nd cdn in dam tam thue eua ddng bao noi day trdi qua bao the he Day la mdt net van hda can dugc bao tdn va phat trien nhirng gia trj tdt dep dd TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I].Vien Dan tgc hoc (1992) Cdc ddn tuc Tdy N'iing a Viet Nam [2] Hoang Ngoc La, Hoang Hoa Toan, Vii Anh Tuan(2002), Vdn hud ddn gian Tiiy, Sd van hoa thong tin Thai Nguyen [3] Ban dan tgc tinh Tuyen Quang(l972) Cdc ddn tgc thieu sd d Tuyen Quang [4] Ha Van Thu - La Van L6(1984), Vdn hod Tdy - Nimg Nxb Van hoa Ha Ngi [5] Njnh Van Do (chu bien)(2003) Vdn hod truyen thdng cdc ddn tgc Tdy, Dao, Sdn Diu a Tuyen Quang Nxb Van hoa dan tdc Ha Ngi SUMMARY THE BEHAVIORS IN THE TAY FAMILY IN NAHANG DISTRICT, TUYEN QUANG PROVINCE Ha Thi Thu Thuy*, Vu Thi Ha College of Education - T,\U The article learns about the skills of traditional behaviors in the Tay family in Na Hana District Tuyen Quang Province The author proposes preservation solutions and brings into play those cultural values in the task of building up a new life nowadays Key words: Behaciors, fimily the Tay .Na Hang district Tel: 0912804549 44 ... nudi nang, day dd cai va truyen dat eho eon nhung kinh nghiem san xuaL chan nudi, trdng trgL eae cdng viee gia dinh, udn nan eai vi each img xu- gia dinh rdi hg hang, lang xdm ma khdng he nang... cua ngudi than, gia dinh cdng ddng, lain tang them tinh nhan van cudc sdng Cd the ndi nhQng net irng xQ- gia dinh ngirdi Tay d Na Hang- Tuyen Quang hien van edn giQ- dugc cae gia tri truyen thdng... ddi giao duyen ggi la "'khap lugn", "sii cd lau" Va vai nam sau bg cd the lay vg lay chdng Trong gia dinh, bd me, dng ba thudng day chau minh dao ly lam ngudi, kinh tren nhudng dudi, ndi nang