Tập quán sinh hoạt truyền thống trong gia đình người giáy ở sa pa

Nghien ciiu Gia dinli va G i i So - 0 Tap quan sinh hoat truyen thong gia flinh nguoi Giay of Sa Pa Nguyen Tham Thu Ha Vien Dan tdc hoc Tom tat: Bai vie't trinh bay khai quat mot so' tap quan tieu bieu sinh hoat truyen thong gia dinh ciia ngUdi Giay d lang Mudng Va, xa Ta Van, huyen Sa Pa, Lao Cai Cac tap quan bao gdm viec thd cung td tien, tap quan cUdi xin vdi cac bUdc dan de'n le cUdi, le va sau le cUdi Tap quan ma chay bao gom cac nghi le tir lam chung cho de'n sau tSt thd, le nhap quan, an chay, de tang, to chirc dam tang va tao mo Tac gia bai vie't cho rang nhiSng net sinh hoat gia dinh truyen thorig ciia ngUdi Giay kha uyen chuyen, linh hoat va co xu hUdng cang dOn gian hoa xu the gia dinh nhd dang phat trien Day la nhiing net sinh hoat gia dinh truyen thong dang quy can dUdc chon loc va tiep thu de tao dUng moi trUdng van hoa lanh manh Tii khoa: Gia dinh; Tap quan sinh hoat truyen thdrig; NgUdi Giay Lang Mudng Va (ngudi ta hay ggi la Mudng Hoa) xa Ta Van, huyen Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai la mdt lang cua dan tdc Giay sdng giiia cac dan tdc Hmdng, Dao Lang Mudng Va cd 146 hd, dd cd 114 hd la ngudi Giay, cdn lai la ngudi Hmdng Dan sd cd 782 ngudi, dd ngudi Giay cd 597 ngudi (Bao eao 2005 cua huyen Sa Pa) Tuy la mdt lang ed tdc ngudi cting cu trii da lau ddi nhung mdi tdc ngudi deu gitr dugc truyen Nguygn T h a m T h u Ha 27 thd'ng ciia tdc ngudi minh nhu ve thd ciing, phong tuc, ngdn ngtr, trang phuc, trang siie Dang chu y la tdc ngudi Hmdng du cung mdt lang nhung lai cu tru mdt xdm rieng d vi trf eao han Tgc ngudi Giay cting nhu cac tdc ngudi khac deu cd tap quan sinh hoat gia dinh rieng Tap quan sinh hoat gia dinh truyen thd'ng ciia ngudi Giay phong phu nhung khdng phiic tap bdi cd su linh hoat cae ting xir nhu thd cung td tien, tdt 16, cudi xin, ma chay Mac du la quy dinh nhung nd cd the thay the hay gian luge nhtrng chi tie't khdng quan trgng Thd cung to tien Vai trd, vj tri ban thd td tien ciia ngirdi Giay Vi trf ban thd ciia ngudi Giay dugc dat d phia ben eua gian gitra tti etra chfnh nhin vao Hudng ban thd nhin ddng thdi ciing la hudng nha cua ngudi Giay Chfnh vi the chgn hudng nha cung la chgn hudng ban thd Dd'i vdi dan tdc Giay thi ban thd cd vai trd rat quan trgng ddi sdng tam linh Ngay sau dimg nha, viec dau tien la lap ban thd va thinh mdi td tien de'n ngu Ngudi Giay coi ban thd td tien la chit nha, chii da't, chu nai d Chfnh vi vay, ne'u nha ma khdng ed ban thd se mang lai cam giac ehong chenh, khdng cd chd dua, khdng binh yen va cudc sdng gidng nhu d leu nuong, nha trg chii khdng phai la nai dinh cu lau dai Trong tam linh cua ngudi Giay thi viec thd td tien diing d vi trf hang dau, tie'p de'n la thd tien phat, sau dd mdi de'n than Vi the nha cd cdng to viec Idn, cd viec vui, viec budn bao gid ngudi Giay cung thap huong khan bai td tien phu hd, tham chf ca viec mua to gid Idn hay trau bd, ngua bi lac, khdng tim tha'y Dieu cang khang dinh dd'i vdi tdc ngudi Giay thi viec thd td tien ludn ngu tri ddi sdng tam linh, khdng bao gid cd the ma't di Thd td tien ciia ngudi Giay la thd ddng hg, chii khdng thd ngudi cu thd nao ca Mdi nha cd ngudi qua CO, sau doan tang ngudi ta lam Id nhap vao td tien va thd chung d dd, cho nen cau khan hay cung bai ngudi ta ggi td tien nha hg Hoang, hg Vang Ban thd td tien la noi thieng lieng nha't eua gia dinh ngudi Giay nen chi duge dat huong, vang, ma, banh keo, hoa qua, a'm ehen ngoai khdng duac dat ba't cu' vat nao khac 28 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 19, so 5, tr 26-37 Thd Cling to tien cua ngudi Giay Nhu da ndi d tren ngudi Giay thd ddng hg nen mdi mdt hg lai ed each thd khae nhung cd mdt diem tuang ddi gidng Dd la each dat bat huong thd: bat d gitia la thd td tien, ddng hg, bat ben phai nhin vao thd tao cdng, tie'p giap ggi la "rao vang" (Tao Vuong), bat ben trai nhin vao thd ba mu (tieng Giay ggi "Va Fita" bat chi cd d nhiing nha ed tre dudi 15 tudi) ne'u toan ngudi Idn thi khdng cd bat hucmg nay) Nhiing diia tre dudi 15 tudi cung cha me sinh thi thd ciing mdt bat huong ba mu vi ngudi Giay cd quan niem ne'u da cting cha me sinh at phai cung ba mu Day la mdt ngudi phu ntr trdng coi, cham bdn cay hoa, nhthig dira tre sinh la nhiing bong hoa dd, bong hoa dd la trai, bdng hoa hdng la gai Ne'u ddi vg chdng nao la'y lau ma khdng sinh nd dugc ngudi ta lam Id lam cd, vun gdc tudi tam cho cay Hoac ne'u sinh nd nhieu nhung khdng nudi dugc thi ngudi ta cho la hoa bi sau benh va ngudi ta se lam Id Cling thay hoa Ben canh diem chung thi mdi gia dinh lai cd su khac vd noi dat, vf du nhu dd'i vdi nha thd quan am thi bat huong thd quan am d vi trf gitra, ben trai nhin vao la bat huang thd td tien, eon bat hucmg thd tao cdng vSn d vi trf nhu phan chung gidng Cd nha bat huang ba mu lai thd budng diia tre, cd nha bat huong thd tao cdng lai dugc thd d bep Id Nha nao thd dng tao d bep Id thi lam bep khdng dat chan len bep Id nhat la dd'i vdi phu nii Ve dd Cling thi cd nha ciing ga, vit, thit 1cm, neu ciing tet ed nha cdn Cling ca ca, rau xanh sdng, hanh tdi sdng ca cay, cCing rugu nep, na'u thit chan gid ham Nhung da so chi cung thit Ign, ga Vf du nhu dd'i vdi hg Nung phai cting them ca Tet Nguyen Dan, hg Vang cung them rugu nep nau thit chan gid ham Hg Phan thi cting them rau xanh sdng, hanh tdi sdng ca cay Tet Nguyen Dan Hg Ly cting them xdi nhudm dd Trong Tet Nguyen Dan thi hau nhu dan tdc nao eung cd Id hoa vang nhung ddi vdi ngudi Giay thi mdi hg cd hoa vang khac nhau, vf dia nhu hg Vang thi hoa vang chieu mung mgt, hg Van, hg San la mdng ba vao budi sang hoac budi chidu Cdn lai cac hg khac hoa vang mong hai Su khac dugc giai thfch qua truyen thuyet xa xua dat nudc loan lac, cac hg phai cir trai trang len coi tran tuyen De'n Tet Nguyin Tham Thu Ha 29 trai trang phai thay lan lugt ve an Tet Ngudi ve trudc an tet trudc rdi lai len thay ngudi vd an sau Mdi mdt ddng hg ed mdt kieng ky rieng, ngudi Giay ggi la "van sriet" tiic la thiet Hg Vang kieng Dan, hg San kieng Ty, hg Lii kieng Than, hg Ly kieng Hgi Ngudi ta dua theo ngu hanh de tfnh kieng va dugc bat dau tfnh tir trudng sinh theo thii tu de'n chti thiet thi se kieng vao dd, each tfnh la hg nao thudc kim, mdc, thuy, hoa, thd ngu hanh dd trudng sinh d dau de tfnh thii tu de'n thiet, tiic kieng cua hg dd (San Chang, 2003) Thdi gian cting va each cung Dd'i vdi ngudi Giay 12 thang thi hau he't deu cd an Tet nhu: Thang Gieng ngudi Giay ggi la "Duan Xieng" nghia la thang Tet Thang tir bat dau tir chieu 30 thang chap de'n hoa vang, day la nhting khdng bao gid de huong tat Sau hoa vang den 15 thang Gieng thi sang sdm thap huong va ciing nude che, budi tdi thSp huong De'n 29 thang Gieng lai cung Tet va ngudi Giay ggi "Xieng noi" nghia la tet nhd, tet be, ndi each khac la Tet thang gieng ke't thtic, thi thang hai cd tet mung hai, thang ba cd tet mdng ba, thang bdn tet mdng bdn, thang nam tet mdng nam, thang sau tet mdng sau, thang bay tet mudi bdn, thang tam tet mudi lam, thang chin an tet com nudc, khdng cd xac dinh thudc vao chin ciia lua Thang mudi tet banh day, cung khdng cd xac dinh, thang mudi mgt tet mung mudi, thang mudi hai (thang chap) tet mudi lam dugc ggi la Tet chd Tet, 23 tet tidn tao cdng Ta't ca nhtrng dd ngudi Giay deu phai ciing td tien, ngoai ra, sang mdng mgt va ram hang thang deu phai thap hucmg Cling nudc tra mdi pha (khdng dugc udng trudc ciing) Yd dd ciing bao gdm ed thit, xdi, cam, banh trai, rugu, nudc tra Trudc ciing thit, xdi, com bao gid cung phai cting nudc tra mdi pha, da cung thit, xdi hoac com thi phai thay nudc tra bang rugu trang nhung phai ba lan rdt mdi lan each tii 10 - 15 phiit, sau lan thii ba thi dot vang ma va lai tie'p tuc ciing nudc tra cho de'n he't tuan huong Dd eiing thudng cd thit ga va thit vit Ga va vit luge de ea con, dau hudng vd ban thd, thit Ign thi cat khd to, luge chin dat canh ga vit Hai la ta't ca dd cung deu dugc chat thai dat len mam cting, cung xong mang an Ngudi Giay kieng cting td tien bang thit sdng, thit thii riing, thit dai gia siic, thit ga trang, thit vat da bi chet 30 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 19, so 5, tr 26-37 Viec Cling td tien la ngudi chu nha dam nhiem, song dd'i vdi viec cudi xin, dung nha hay ma chay thi ngudi Giayphai mdi thay cting ve cting Tap quan ciid'i xin Ndi den cudi xin cua ngudi Giay thi cd nhirng dac diem ra't phirc tap nhung tren thuc te cting cd diem kha gian don Phiic tap la ngudi Giay phai lam diing cae budc quy dinh, nhung ngudi ta cting cd the bd qua mdt sd budc nhu cham ngd, an hdi, ddn dau Cac budc de dSn de'n Id cudi Trudc he't nha trai (ngudi trai) xem mat ngudi gai ngudi Giay ggi la "Xim na" (xem mat), budc khdng can thu tuc nghi Id ma ngudi trai dd ed the ciing me hay mdt ngudi than nao dd hoac ban be den nha ngudi quen ciing lang vdi ngudi gai, va bang each nao dd hg din ngudi trai den choi nha ngudi gai Ne'u la ngudi ciing lang ma hai ngudi da bie't thi khdng can budc tren nira Budc tiep theo la xem nha ("Ilia ran") Ngudi eon gai cung bang each nao dd den nha ngudi trai dd xem gia canh cua Thd ba la tha mai mdi Ngudi mai mdi phai la ngudi ed gia dinh hoa thuan, hanh phuc, cd day du trai, gai khoe manh Ngudi cd the la dan dng hoac dan ba song phai cd hg hang than quen vdi ben nha trai hoac ben nha gai Nhiem vu ciia ngudi lam mai, mdi la thay mat cho nha trai de'n nha gai de thua chuyen ddng thdi chuyen Idi cua nha gai de'n nha trai ve viec thach bao nhieu rugu, thit, bac trdng, quan ao, rdi lai chuyen Idi lai de'n nha trai xem hg cd ddng y hay khdng, xin giam bao nhieu Ngudi lam mai mdi cd the di lai hai ba lan nhung cting cd phai di lai tdi nam sau lan theo su thoa thuan gitra nha trai va nha gai nhanh chdng hay cham Lan thir nha't ne'u nha gai va ngudi gai ddng y thi hg trao cho nha trai td la sd Khi da cd td ghi la sd thi nha trai se de'n nha thay de xem ngudi eon trai va ngudi gai cd hgp hay khdng Neu khdng hgp thi nha trai tra lai la sd va coi nhu khdng ed chuyen gi xay Ne'u hgp thi ba mdi thay nha trai de'n mac ca vdi nha gai Bdn la sau da thoa thuan, khdng cdn cd va'n de gi nira thi ngudi ta lam Id "cat fac" nghia la "ngat Idi" hay "doan Idi" Tai Id nha trai trao dii dd thach cudi cho nha gai va sau Id ddi trai gai coi nhu vg chdng, hai ben ed cdng viec deu dugc di lai lam giup Nhung sau Id ba nam ma nha trai khdng td chiic dugc Id ddn dau thi ngudi gai cd the di lay Nguyin Tham Thu Ha 31 chdng khae neu chua du ba nam ma ngudi gai di la'y chdng khac thi phai hoan tra mdt phan hoac ta't ca dd thach cudi Neu nha trai "pha rao" trudc thi nha gai khdng phai tra dd thdch eudi da nhan hoac ed tra thi cung phai chd ngudi gai di la'y chdng sau thi nha chdng sau tra Ld cudi Trude td chiic Id cudi ngudi ta phai chgn gid de ddn dau, dac biet la gid cd dau budc chan vao nha chdng Doan ddn dau bao gdm: re, mdt phu re, hai cd gai (tugng trung cho em cd), hai dng, hai ba dai dien cho dng ba nha trai Ngoai cdn cd tir hai de'n bdn chang trai ganh dd, khieng dd din cudi Doan dua dau cting tuang tu nhu doan nha trai, gdm cd phu dau, hai di, hai dng, hai ba dai dien cho dng ba nha gai Dd dan cudi thi ngoai nhting dd da dem de'n tir hdm trudc, dua di cung doan ddn dau cdn cd mgt ganh banh ran hoac banh day (gdm mgt tram hai muoi chiec) tir 10-12 can xdi mau, hai coi trau Cdn dd ma cd dau mang theo vd nha chdng bao gdm chan dem cua minh, chan dem cho bd me chdng, neu cdn dng ba thi chan dem cho dng ba cua chdng, giay vai, gd'i nam cho cac chii bac, cd di eua chdng Vd trang phuc cua doan ddn dau, dua dau Ngudi Giay khdng cd quan ao cho cd dau, chu re rieng, va ciing chi gidng nhu trang phuc mac thudng, nhung la quan ao mdi chua mac lan nao Trong phan di ddn va dua dau mdi ngudi cd hai bang vai dd quang cheo qua vai, rieng ed dau churn khan dd kin mat (dieu ra't gidng vdi Id cudi cua Trung Qudc xua, phai chang ngudn gdc tir Trung Qudc sang nen van chiu anh hudng nghi Id cua hg) Trudc nguc cd dau deo mdt chiec gucmg, vai cu hanh, mdt nhum hat thdc, hat rau budc tum lai Chiec gucmg the hien su trang cua cd dau Cdn cu hanh, hat thdc, hat rau la de eau mong cho cd gai cd dugc cudc sdng day du, dan chau ddng Cd the ndi day la mdt nhiing nghi thtic mang y nghia cua eu dan trdng liia nudc, cu dan ndng nghiep Khi doan ddn dau nha trai den, nha gai se dem cai ban Mdt cai dat d ngoai cdng va chang qua cdng hai sgi chi dd, xanh, tieng Giay ggi la "cam chim may" (cdng kim chi) Tren ban dat khay diJtng cai chdn, chai rugu trang, chau hoac bat to nudc la, hai choi ram nhd Chiec ban cdn lai duac dat cira vao va tren dd cung dat nhtrng dd nhu tren nhung khdng ed chi va nudc 32 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 19, so 5, tr 26-37 Khi doan nha trai de'n dimg d ngoai cdng, nha gai bao gdm cd, di, thfm cua cd dau se ddn d dd va hat hdi: cd doan ngudi day du gai trai, ganh gdng dinh di dau? Cdn doan nha trai cung phai hat dap lai: vang, doan chiing tdi gdm gai, trai vdi ganh gdng khdng di lang tren, khdng di xdm dudi ma tdi nha ngoai de xin gidng liia, gidng rau, de ddn dau ddn nang (San Chang, 2000), Tie'p theo nha gai se mdi rugu, nhung trii ehii re cdn lai mdi ngudi phai udng hai ehen, udng het nha gai mdi md cdng eho vao Trude va:o nha gai la'y hai chiec choi ram nhd nhiing vao chau hoac bat nudc la rdi vay nude vao doan nha trai vdi y nghia la doan nha trai di dudng xa biii bam nen rira mat, rira chan trudc vao nha De'n trudc cira vao lai phai diing lai de thuc hien nghi Id gidng nhu ngoai cdng Khi da vao nha thi nha gai md ganh banh, xdi sap len dia dat len ban thd cung vdi coi trau, nhung md ganh, nha trai phai cd bao ly xi mdi bao la 510 nghin nha gai dua eho Khi da lam tat ca cae thu tuc xin dau, chi gai hay ngudi thfm cua cd dau se dua cd dau tii budng va lam Id gia tien Sau dd chi gai (cd the ngudi cd, di, chi dau) cdng cd gai khdi cira trao cho nha trai va nha trai ciing cir mdt ngudi cdng cd dau va dua di ludn Di khoang 50-100 met rdi dd cd dau len ngua neu la dudng xa, cdn neu cung lang thi nhiing phii nii di ddn dau se thay cdng vd tan nha trai Khi dua dau cita didn mdt khdng khf nao nhiet "giang lai cd dau", dd, em gai, chi gai, cd, di eua cd dau cd gang giang lai cd dau, nha trai phai bd li xi cho nhiing ngudi dd va vdi vang dua cd dau di Ve nghi Id ddn dau tai nha trai: ngudi Giay rat coi trgng gid cd dau budc vao nha chdng Do dd ne'u d xa, ngudi ta phai ddn tii hdm trude va de ed dau ngu d ngoai cixa mdt dem Neu d gan thi tfnh toan nhu the nao dd de kip gid vao nha Trudc budc vao nha thi phai thay giay mdi va d cira trai mdt doan vai dai khoang mdt met rudi den hai met, cd dau duge me chdng, chi gai hoac chi dau chdng dat vao cira rdi tien thang de'n ban thd lam Id gia tien Id hai ben ta hiiu cd cac chii, cac bac, cd di, thfm va bd me chdng ngdi Sau dd chu re dat tay ed dau vao budng bd me trudc rdi mdi quay lai budng minh Khi vd budng minh, chu re ngdi tren giudng, cd dau quy dudi da't de chii re cdi chiec khan chum khdi dau cd dau rdi mdi dugc dimg day Khi ca nha an com xong thi mdi mgi ngudi va trd lai lam cdng viec binh thudng Sau dd la Id trao dau: khach an da van va thdi gian cung da mudn Nguyin Tham Thu Ha 33 nha gai ndi vdi nha trai sap mam com tren hai chiec ban ndi lien vdi nhau, nha trai mdi hg hang ciia minh nhu bd, me, dng ba ndi ngoai (ne'u cd), bac, chii, di, thfm ben ndi ben ngoai ciia nha trai ngdi vao hai mam com dd Sau dd nha gai dua khay rugu vdi 8-12 ehen rugru mau dd dat len ban rdi mgt dng ba di dua dau dumg len thua chuyen ring: thdi gian cting da mudn, gid nha gai trd ve, sap d6'n xin phep dugc giao kim giao chi, giao dau cho nha trai va dan "chau cd Idn khdng cd khdn, nha trai khac day bao va rdng lugng ehi din cho chau" (San Chang, 2001) Ne'u nha gai biet hat thi se hat bai trao dau, cd dau phai quy canh mam com (ngay chi diing ben canh) vira la de hg hang nhan mat vira la de td long hie'u thao cua ed dau Liie doan nha gai chuan bi ve, nha trai se tidn mgt doan dudng, mgi ngudi hd vang cudi ndi vui ve Ndi de'n dam cudi ciia ngudi Giay thi khdng the khdng nhac tdi tuc bdi pham dd, ma dd'i tugng "bi bdi" la doan nha trai de'n nha gai (trir chu re va phu re), doan nha gai de'n nha trai (trir ed dau, phu dau), khach tre tudi de'n du dam cudi (ca nha trai, nha gai) Ngudi ta cho pham dd hoa vdi rugu rdi dung vao ehen hoac bat an cam sau dd de'n ben ngudi minh dinh bdi xin phep dugc "danh dau" Day la mdt each the hien phep lich su va ngudi "bi bdi" cting se tu nguyen Tuc mang y nghia la tdt, lanh ciing "dd", tao khdng khf vui nhdn Nhung y nghia sau xa hem ngudi Giay cho rang day la vui, "dd" cua ddi vg chdng tre, nhung dd'i vdi mgi ngudi thi dd lai la d ue, den diii eho nen phai cd mau dd de la'y may Cung vdi y nghia dd nhiing ngudi di ddn dau, dua dau ddu phai quang bang dd va nhan bao li xi dugc gdi bang gia'y dd de la'y may Sau Id cudi Sau Id cudi dan tdc Giay cung nhu cac dan tdc khae ddu td chiic lai mat thii hai hay thd ba sau cudi Ld lai mat cd hai hinh thiic: Hinh thtic thii nha't la neu nha ed dau d gan thi sang thii ba se bao gdm hai vg chdng tre, mdt phu nii ed tudi va ed tai an ndi cd the la ngudi thfm hay chi dau hoac ba bac, ba di ciia chu re cung de'n nha gai lam Id lai mat Ddi vg chdng tre dem theo mdt ddi ga vit (mdt ga mdt vit) de'n nha bd me vg de lam Id cung gia tien Nha gai cung mdi hg hang de'n an cam va gidi thieu vdi re vd cae mdi quan he gia dinh Nhung ne'u nha cd dau d xa thi hinh thdc lai mat se duge td chtic vao thir hai sau cudi Ld lai mat chi bao gdm mdt vai ngudi nha di mdt quang 34 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 19, so 5, tr 26-37 dudng mdt cay sd rdi dimg lai thap nen hucmg, mang xdi, thit da lam sSn tir nha an mdi ngudi mdt ehiit rdi quay vd nha Cdn d nha trai vln phai md ga vit eiing gia tien va mdi hg hang de'n an com de gidi thieu hg hang vdi ed dau Rieng nha trai ed dau cd the cd gd'i, giay bie'u, eac bac, cac chu thim, cd di Dua qua bieu d ngudi Giay cung cd hai each: each thir nha't la bie'u tai Id lai mat, mgi ngudi an com xong, cd dau chuan bi cho mdi ngudi mdt chau nude a'm, mdt khan mat rdi bung mdi tirng ngudi rira mat Viec nhan qua bieu eua cd dau ciing vao vai ve'ciia ngudi dd gia dinh ma hg se dugc nhan gd'i hay giay, vf du dng, ba, bac cd the nhan gd'i, ehii thfm, di la giay song cung vao su chuan bi ciia cd dau Khi nhan qua bie'u mdi ngudi se dua li xi cho cd dau va dugc dat ben chau nudc Cd dau cd the dugc me chdng hoac ehii thfm nhan giiip li xi Cach thii hai, me chdng hay bac, cd di, thfm dan cd dau den tan nha nhiing ngudi nhan qua bieu Rdi cung phai thuc hien nhiing thit tuc nhu d tren da neu Tap quan ma chay Khi lam chung Khi nha cd dng ba, cha me bi benh chira chay mai khdng khdi thi ngudi sap lam chung se an tam vi da cd chau ludn d ben canh Bdi vi tam ly cua ngudi Giay ra't sg chet cd dan, khdng cd chau d ben Cdn dd'i vdi chau, vira duge canh hoi thd cudi eung ciia dng ba hay cha me ngudi Giay ggi la "Tau Su" cting la de nghe dng ba, cha me cd dan dd gi khdng de cdn lam theo Ndi ehung du ban tram cdng nghin viee thi de'n dd, chau phai vd d ben canh nhin mat lan cudi (trir trudng hgp vd khdng kip) Sau tat thd Viec dau tien la chau mac ao dai, di chan da't de'n trude ciia ttmg nha lang de thdng bao dng ba, cha, me da ma't, cdn ngudi d nha thi dun nudc thorn bang la budi de tam cho ngudi qua cd Sau dd thay quan ao mdi, giay mdi cho ngudi da ma't rdi dua hg dat giua nha, dau hudng vd ban thd, mat phu giay vang Dudi thi the la ta'm giap tre mdi, ta'm chieu trcm mdi, tie'p dd la ta'm vai trdng, tren la nhtrng ta'm vai trdng cua eon chau dem ve phu, hai dau thdp huong, thdp den va dat mdt ga ngdng, bat cam day phu gia'y vang, ddi diia vot bdng, rdi cang man cho ngudi da khua't Nguyin Tham Thu Ha 35 Nhap quan Ao quan cung dugc lau rira bang nudc la budi Dudi day rai da't, than, thdc, gao, giat, chieu va toan bd dd vat dang phu len thi the Rieng gao thi quy dinh ngudi ma't bao nhieu tudi se rai ba'y nhieu ehen Sau dd dat ngudi da ma't vao ao quan, xung quanh lay toan bd ao quan cii, mdi ciia ngudi qua ed ehen vao, rdi day ndp thien va sau dd la'y lat budc quan tai doan nfu chat Trudc nhap quan ngudi ta phai lat giay va vai phii mat Gd'i ddu dugc dan bdng tre nda, nhet ram, hai ben tai up bat an com de ngan khdng eho giun, de chui vao tai, tranh cho sau eon chau se bi diec Tuy theo tumg ddng hg ma linh ciiu cd the dat theo nhiing hudng khac nhu hg Vang, hg San la dat quan tai ngang, ddu ve hudng Ddng, chan ve hudng Tay Hai dau quan tai vdn tie'p tuc thdp huong, thdp den An chay, de tang Ngudi Giay an chay, de tang nhtrng ngudi qua cd d bac tren nhu: dng, ba, bac, chii, thfm, cd, di, anh, chi Khi mdt nhtrng ngudi dd qua ddi, nhtrng ngudi bac dudi phai an chay tir luc ngudi tdt thd Vd viec de tang thi ngudi Giay cd quy dinh la khdng dugc hat, dan sao, khdng dugc td chtic cudi xin, khdng an tiet canh, rau Trong trudng hgp cha me mat, trai khdng dugc cdt tdc, ne'u de tang cha thi thang cdn tang me phai thang mdi dugc cdt Ngudi Giay de tang mdt nam, ne'u da de qua nam thi phai de du nam, ne'u lam nhu vay se can trd mgi sinh hoat nen nam dd ngudi Giay se ke't thiic viec de tang trudc budc sang nam mdi bang mgt Id dot tang Dam tang Dd'i vdi Giay thi chet can dugc td chtic lam ma, bdi vi hg quan niem the gidi ed tang, tang am phii thi cd ma quy, nhiing ngudi tgi Idi, tang tran gian la tang ciia ngudi, tang khdng trung tang ciia nhting hdn ma lang thang, tang tren trdi tang cua tien, phat, Nggc Hoang, tang ciia td tien cac ddng hg Ngudi chet dugc thay Tao, thay Mo tidn dua len d vdi td tien ne'u khdng hdn se di lang thang Khi mat ngudi ta de d nha ft nhat ngay, cdn ddi vdi ngudi ma't vi gia yeu ngudi ta cd the de tir de'n (San Chang, 2003) Linh ciiu cd the dugc lau la ngudi Giay cd each lam ca'u triic cua ao quan cdng vdi ky thuat kham liem tdt va chi can nai de linh ciiu khd rao, thoang mat 36 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 19, so 5, tr 26-37 Thay lam dam tang ngudi Giay ed hai loai: thay Mo, thay Tao Cd Mo diing cam sach vd, cd Mo diing khdng can sach vd Dung cu gdm mdt kie'm, mdt ehudng Ide, edn bai cung dugc dgc bdng tieng Giay Ca thay Mo va thay Tao ddu ciing cimg mdt chit dd la: ke vd cai chet ciia eon ngudi, ve su khd dau, thuong nhd, vat va eiia cai chiia chay dm dau va chay vay lam ma mat Ke ve su mang thai, nudi va't va ciia ngudi me, rdi thi chi dudng ddn Id'i cho hdn di len trdi vdi td tien, thinh cau phu hd eho chau va cudi cimg la len de'n Tien Phat Dam ma eua tgc ngudi Giay thudng la lam mdt hai dem hoac mdt mdt dem Ngay xua, nhting nha giau ed lam tdi hai ba dem, edn hien chu yeu la lam mdt mdt dem Do eiing te dam ma bao gdm Ign, ga, vit, xdi Nha nao ddng hg hang, ddng khach cdn phai md trau de lam thtic an Tat ea mgi viec phiing vieng ddu dugc ngudi nha ghi chep day dii de sau cdn phai biet dap lai nha khac cd dam Dua ma Ngudi Giay khae vdi mdt sd dan tdc khac la viec dua ma khdng ddng ngudi ma chi cd khoang tii 20 - 30 ngudi bao gdm chau va nhting ngudi phai khieng linh ciiu va ngudi di ddp md Mat khac thdi gian dua tang rat nhanh nhung dgc dudng phai cd dot nghi Khi khdi cira, chau phai ndm bde cau de hnh ctru di qua Hai lan ndm xudi theo dudng linh ciiu di, lucrt thii ba dau quay lai nha Y nghia cua viec la de den cm dap nghia ngudi da ma't Khi dua linh eiiu thi cd mdt so nghi thtic nhu di trudc la mdt bd dude soi dudng, di giiia la tha gia'y vang de mua dudng, sau la vai gao de xua ta ma di ciing Sau chdn cat xong, ngudi Giay cd tuc la chau phai dua cam nudc, lira Hdm dau tien phai dua de'n tan md, hdm thir hai de'n dgc dudng, hdm thii ba md ga, lam banh thdp huang cung bai vi lai nha (hdn vd lai nha) Sau hdm thti ba thi khdng phai di dua cam nudc, liia niia ma ddn tai nha va cd chau nudc rira mat, ciing nudc che Ld ddt tang Ngudi Giay td chiic Id dot tang thudng tir thang 10 de'n thang Chap am lich Ld dot tang cd the cd thu Ign, bdn cai chan Ign, mgt ga, mgt vit de Cling sudt dem Sang hdm sau dot toan bd dd tang, bai vi sau dd nhap bat huong thd dd vao bat huong ban thd va tir dd thd chung cimg mdt bat hucmg td tien Sau nghi Id cung cd nghia la doan tang N g u y i n T h a m T h u Ha 37 Tao mg Ngay 3/3 am lich ngudi Giay tao md nhung rieng ve ngudi mdi chet thi nam dau phai tao md vao thang Gieng, khdng dugc qua rdm thang Gieng Hai nam dau, mdi lan tao md phai cd ga, vit, hai khd thit Ign Den nam thii ngoai vit ta phai cd mdt Ign tii 20 can trd len, ne'u khdng cd Ign ciing phai cd mdt thu Ign, bdn cai chan Sau nam thi chd de'n 3/3 am lich hang nam mdi tao md va cung khdng phai ciing Ign ga nua Ket luan Nhiing net sinh hoat gia dinh truyen thd'ng ciia ngudi Giay ra't uyen chuyen, linh hoat the hien dugc net van hoa, lich su dung vdi tfnh each eua ngudi Giay Nhtrng net sinh hoat gia dinh truyen thd'ng ngudi Giay dang cd xu hudng cang dan gian hoa bdi xu the gia dinh nhd dang phat trien, nhidu the he se khdng sdng chung mdt gia dinh Idn va the he tre khdng mudn le thudc nhidu vao cha me, dng ba, dd nhieu quy tdc kieng cii gia dinh khdng cdn dugc tri Nhiing net sinh hoat gia dinh truydn thd'ng eiia ngudi Giay rat dang quy can duge chgn Igc, tie'p thu cai hay, cai dep de tan dung vao xay diJng gia dinh van hoa mdi Viee xay dimg ddi sdng van hoa mdi, tao dung mdi trudng van hoa lanh manh dang la chie'n luge hang dau khdng chi la ciia qudc gia, dan tdc Viet Nam ma eua ea cdng ddng qudc te Tuy nhien hien vdn cdn thie'u eac nghien ciiu mgt each day dii vd nhiing net sinh hoat van hoa gia dinh cac tdc ngudi, de tir dd chgn Igc, tie'p thu va van dung vao viec xay dung gia dinh van hoa mdi phu hop vdi thdi dai.B Tai lieu tham khao San Chang 2000 Dan ca Giay Lao Cai Nha xuat ban van hda Dan tgc Ha Ngi San Chang 2001 Dd« ca dam cudi vd tiec rugu ngudi Giay Nha xua't ban Van hda Dan tgc Ha Ngi San Chang 2003 Gidi thieu mo tang li ddn tgc Gidy Lao Cai Nha xua't ban Van hda Dan tpc Ha Ngi San Chang 2003 Mgt sd phong tuc tap cpidn ddn tgc Gidy Ldo Cai Nha xua't ban Van hoa Dan tgc Ha Ngi Sd lieu thdng ke Bao cao 2005 ciia huyen Sa Pa  ... eua ngudi Giay Nhtrng net sinh hoat gia dinh truyen thd'ng ngudi Giay dang cd xu hudng cang dan gian hoa bdi xu the gia dinh nhd dang phat trien, nhidu the he se khdng sdng chung mdt gia dinh... rieng d vi trf eao han Tgc ngudi Giay cting nhu cac tdc ngudi khac deu cd tap quan sinh hoat gia dinh rieng Tap quan sinh hoat gia dinh truyen thd'ng ciia ngudi Giay phong phu nhung khdng phiic... dd va nhan bao li xi dugc gdi bang gia' y dd de la'y may Sau Id cudi Sau Id cudi dan tdc Giay cung nhu cac dan tdc khae ddu td chiic lai mat thii hai hay thd ba sau cudi Ld lai mat cd hai hinh thiic: