CHINH TRI -AN NINH THE GlCli Xa hoi dan sy Dong A: Mot so dac diem tien hoa TS DANG XUAN THANH Ddng A Id mdt khu vice dia ly rdng ldn, da dgng ve vdn hod, ea cdu xd hdi, trinh phdt triin kinh te vd the che chinh tri Tic sau Chien tranh the gidi ldn thic II, su lan tod cua cdc qud trinh cdng nghiep hod, tu hod, ddn chu hda vd todn cdu hod dd tra thdnh nhicng ddng luc chinh Idm biin ddi sdu sdc cdc xd hdi mang ndng tinh triiyin thdng tgi day dd cd khu vice ddn su Mice ddng nhdt cdc quy dgo tien hda xd hdi ddn su Ddng A thuc SIC gdy kinh nggc Xuat phat diem Cac xa hdi Ddng A ve ca ban deu cd cimg mdt cdi re van minh ndng nghiep lua nudc Cbinb dieu nay, nhu sir gia kinh te David S Landes nhan xet, da quydt dinh mgt mau hinh ve td chirc xa hdi va chinh tri dac tbii vdi cbinb quyen trung uong tap quyen d mire cao' Cho den nay, dae trung van bien dien tai hau khap cac nude Ddng A Them vao dd, so vdi cae nudc phuang Tay, cac qudc gia Ddng A cd mire da nguyen chinh tri thap, nha nudc nam giir hau bet quyen luc xa hdi, dd hanh phap cd vai trd ap dao, it cd sir tach bach rd rang giua vai trd nha nude la ehii sd buu dat dai, ngudi san xuat hang boa cdng cdng, hay ca quan phan xir, cudng che^, tu phap cung xuk phat tir quan diem bao dam an ninh chinh tri va trat tu xa hdi, chir khdng phai tir quan diem bao * Vien Nghien ciiu Dong Bac A ' David S Landes (2001): Su gidu vd ngheo eua cdc ddn toe: vi mot sd gidu den the md mot sd Igi ngheo de'n thi, Nxb.Th6ng ke Ha Noi tr 32 - Bamett F Baron (2002): The Legal Framework for Civil Society in East and Southeast Asia// The International Journal ofNon-for-Profit Law, Vol 4, Issue 4, July dam tir ca nhan^ Cac yeu td van boa, truyen thdng va tdn giao thudng dugc sir dung hd trg, chir khdng chia se, ddi trgng vdi quyen lire nha nudc Su phat trien ciia cac the che thi trudng va xa hdi dan sir, vi the, dien kha cham chap Tuy mirc loan tri Idn, cac nha nude Ddng A cung khdng lap day loan bd khdng gian xa hdi Trir nhirng giai doan dac biet, boat dgng cdng ddng cd mire tu quan tuang ddi eao ludn tdn tai dudi cac hinh thiic khac ben ngoai khu vuc nha nudc va thi trudng Dii theo truyen thdng Nho giao, Phat giao, Hdi giao hay du nhap Thien Chua giao, cac xa hdi dan cu ddng diic deu kha ddng nhat ve chiing tdc, van boa va cd mire cd ket cdng ddng cao Cae gia tri, chuan muc, Igi ich hanh vi tap the thudng ed vai trd quyet dinh ddi vdi timg ea nhan, su ddng thuan cua cgng ddng ed vai trd chi phdi vide de cae quydt dinh Mang ludi cac quan he gan gtii phi cbinb tbire nhu huyet thdng, lang gieng, nghe nghiep va tin Thomas Silk, Ed., (1999): Philantropy and Law in Asia, San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1999 NhOng vin di KINH i t VA CHINH TRj IHt GICTI Sd (165) 2010 Pang Xuan Thanh Xa hdi dan su Ddng A: Mdt sd dac didm ngudng ludn ddng vai trd dac biet quan trgng, kbi cae luat le, quy dinh cbinb thirc thudng ed mirc hieu lire khdng eao neu so sanh vdi cac xa hdi phuong Tay Tir day, bdn Ioai binh thidt chd cdng ddng phi cbinb thirc ddng vai trd chu dao eau tnic cac xa hgi Ddng A truyen thdng la: lang ban, hg tdc, giao doan va phudng bdi Thiet che lang ban la cac don vi dan cu tu quan, dae biet manh me, va nhidu trudng hgp Ian at ea thiet che hanh chinh dia phuang Sir cd ket lang ban giiip phan bd ngudn lire dat dai, tri an ninh, dn dinh xa hdi va ban sac van hoa, nhung ddng thdi eiing can trd su ddi mdi Thiet che bg tdc gan bd nhiing ca nhan ed quan be huyet thdng thdng qua boat dgng thd phung td tien, giir gin truyen thdng gia tdc, tri dn dinh ve thira ke, tuong trg, giup dd Ian v.v Cac cdng ddng tdn giao cd vai trd dang ke vide tri trat tu' xa hgi, giao due dao dire v.v Cae phudng hdi quy tu nhiing ngudi eiing nghd nghiep hay sd thich cho phep trau ddi chuyen mdn, thiet lap cac chuan muc san pham, giir gin va phat trien bi quyet nghe nghiep, thdng nhat gia ban v.v Trong mdi trirdng the chd cdn thd sa, cac dang thirc td chirc xa bdi phi nha nudc ed mirc tu tri tuong ddi cao, nhung khdng tach biet, ddc lap vdi nhau, va ciing khdng Ioai trir Trong nhieu trudng hgp, cae cdng ddng lai dan xen, chdng cheo len nhau, vi du nhu dudi binh thuc cac phudng hdi mang tinh gia dinh hay lang ban ddng thdi la cac xir dao Tridu Tien, Viet Nam Su tham gia tich cue cua khu vuc dan su da gdp phkn quan trgng tbiic day su sup dd eiia cac cbinb the phat xit va thuc dan tai Ddng A Nhip cham chap ciia tien trinh xa hdi dan su Ddng A bi dao ldn bdi cudc Chien tranh the gidi thir II, lam biing phat dir ddi cac phong trao quan chiing Dd la phong trao phan ddi chien tranh eac lire lugng canh ta dan dau tai cac nudc thudc phe phat xit nhu Nhat Ban, Thai Lan, phong trao yeu nudc, dan ehii, chdng thuc dan, gianh ddc lap dan tdc ciia ddng dao eac fang Idp nhan dan tai cac nude nhu Malaysia, Indonesia, phong trao cgng san tai Trung Qudc, Vai trd nha nudc cang ldn, ap lire len khu vuc dan sir cang tang va tac ddng theo ba budng Thic nhdt, che mdt dang cam quydn trd ndn phd bien tai eac qudc gia Ddng A sau Chien tranh the gidi thir II, tham chi d mdt vai nai nhu Han Qude, Dai Loan, Thai Lan cdn cd cbinb quyen ddc tai quan su, che da dang neu cd ciing chi mang tinh hinh thuc Chinh quydn ed xu hudng dat toan bd khu vuc dan sir dudi su kidm soat, cbi phdi ciia minh, ngan Cong nghiep hoa Sir trdi day ciia khu vuc dan su tai Ddng A cdn tidp dien mdt vai nam sau Chien tranh the gidi thir II, nhung yeu dan khdng gian boat dgng cang thu hep cac nha nudc dan tgc dugc tai lap va cung cd Dii chinh quyen dugc thidt lap bang eon dudng nao, each mang dan tgc, dao cbinb quan su bay tranh cir nghi trudng, thi cae thd lire chinh tri mdi ndi len nam quyen ddu e4n cd thiet che nha nudc manh, tap trung quydn luc dd tap hgp dan chiing, dn dinh chinh tri, trat tu xa hgi, ky luat lao ddng, nham kidm soat, chi phdi, bao dam thue hien qua trinh cdng nghiep boa cd cudng eao Ndi mdt each khac, quyen lire chinh tri trd "nhan td san xu§t" quydt dinh cho muc tieu cdng nghiep hda Dan dku la Nhat Ban tir dau thap nien 1950, qua trinh timg budc lan sang cae ndn kinh te khac khu vuc theo md thire "dan nhan bay": eac nudc sau ggi la NICs gdm Han Qudc, Dai Loan, Hdng Kdng va Singapore tir thap nien 1960, rdi cac nudc Ddng Nam A khae nhu Thai Lan, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia tir cudi nhiing nam 1960 Tuy khdng phat trien theo dudng TBCN, nhung qua trinh tap trung quyen lire vao ta.y nha nudc va cdng nghiep boa ciing dien tai cae nudc Ddng A di theo dudng XHCN nhu Trung Qudc, Bac Trieu Tien va Viet Nam NhOng vin di KINH it VA CHINH TRj IHt GICTI Sd 1(165) 2010 Dang Xuan Thanh chan va thang tay dan ap neu cin mgi bieu hien chdng ddi Mdt mat, cae td chuc chinh tri - xa hdi dang ckn\ quydn lap nham quy tu ve mgt mdi cac ting Idp nhan dan dudi hinh thire hgi nien, hgi phu nir, cdng doan, hdi ndng dan, tri thuc cac nhdm lgi ich khae khdng dugc cip phep lap Mat khac, cac quy dinh, luat le dugc ban hanh nham ban che cae quydn tu do, dan chu, kiem duyet gat gao mgi boat ddng dan sir Thu hai, theo md binh "nha nudc phiic Igi", chinh quydn cd gang bao cap loan bd vide cung img cae dich vu cdng cdng thiet yeu tir ca sd tang, cham sdc sire khoe, giao due - dao tao den ve sinh mdi trudng Cac quy dinh quan lieu phirc tap dugc dat de ban chd, ngan chan den muc tdi da khu vuc dan su tham gia vao ITnh vuc Thic ba, qua trinh edng nghiep boa vdi nhip cao nha nudc chi dao tien hanh d at da tai phan edng lao ddng xa hgi tren quy md ldn, lam xao trgn khu vuc dan su, pha vd eac thiet che truyen thdng nhu lang ban, phudng hdi Vao thap nien 1950 - I960, qua trinh dien theo md thirc va Id trinh mang tinh hudng ngi, thay the nhap khau, vdi mirc md cira va tu hoa kinh te ban chd, nham tdi da boa tang trudng kinh te, da sd trudng hgp bat chap cae hau qua ve xa hdi va mdi trirdng Dieu ludn ddi hdi phai cd mdt nha nudc manh ma thue chat la su tap trung quydn lire vao tay bg may hanh phap de cd the ap dat cac chinh sach uu tien phat trien cdng nghiep, tri ky luat lao dgng, phan bd cae ngudn luc mgt each nhanh chdng, bao gdm ca ngudn nhan lire, theo cac chien lugc cdng nghiep boa dugc lap ke hoach thdng nhit toan bg nen kinb te, cap tap gianh lgi thd nhd quy md Mat trai eiia sir tap trung quydn lire vao tay bd may hanh phap la lap phap va tu phap cbi ed dia vi yeu dt, phan nhidu mang tinh hinh thirc Hinh mdi quan he mang tinh cdng sinh giua nha nude va thi trudng, ma cu the la giira cae thd luc cbinb tri va cac tap doan kinh doanh, viia tri dgc tdn vd chinh tri, vira eiing cd Xa hdi dan su Bdng A: Mdt sd dac dilm ddc quyen ve kinh te Rat khd eho cac td chirc xa hgi dan su (XHDS) cd the ldn manh mdi trudng khdng minh bach, nang ve quan he mdc ngoac, tham nhiing, cae tap doan kinh te, tai chinh, ngan hang duge bao bgc bang eac mdi quan he than hiru md am, ea che xin eho Hinh thai cgng sinh nha nudc - thi trudng thudng dugc ggi la "nha nudc nghiep chii"'' hay "ehu nghTa tu ban than hiru" (cronyeapitalism) gay tac ddng ldn xa hdi dan su theo hudng: i) Hoac gat cae yeu td dan sir ria; ii) Hoac de nen, lam que quat, meo md; iii) Hoac bien bang loat cae boat ddng dan sir nhu vide cung cap eac phiic lgi xa hdi, cae sinh boat van boa va cgng ddng boat ddng phu thugc ngi bg ca quan, cdng ty, tap doan Ndi each khac phan ldn khu vuc dan sir bi cudn vao nha nudc va doanh nghiep Su thue la khdng gian phat trien bi thu hep, va nhieu trudng hgp bi chen dp, da ddn mgt bd phan khu vuc dan su ve hai ben Id ta, him dudi hinh thirc phong trao phan khang, dau tranh ciia cae nghiep doan lao dgng, hay xu hudng cap tidn boa vdi nhiing bidu hien nhu cac giao phai cue doan, cac td chuc kbimg bd, ly khai tai Nhat Ban, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines Cd the ndi, qua trinh tap trung quyen lire vao tay nha nudc va cdng nghiep boa cap tap dien tai Ddng A tir sau Chien tranh the gidi thir II cho den giira thap nien 1970, mdt mat, da xao Iron nen tang xa hgi dan su truyen thdng, gia tang tinh ea dgng xa hgi, nhung ddng thdi lai kim ham su phat trien ciia eac nhan td xa hgi dan su hien dai Su ydu kem, meo md cua khu vuc dan su la nguyen nhan quan trgng khien eho eac thiet che nha nudc loan tri va thi trudng than hiru tai Ddng A can kiet dan tiem nang tao tang tardng Trong do, ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan duge nang len nhd tang trudng kinh td keo dai lai chuan bi cac dieu kien cho mgt eao trao biing nd xa bdi dan sir mdi Robert Wade (2005): Diiu tiit thi trudng: Ly thuyit kinh te vd vai trd cua chinh phii cong nghiep hda a Ddng A NXB Chinh tt-i Qudc gia, Ha Noi, tr 446 NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH 1R\ iHt GICTI S6 1(165) 2010 -5, Xa hdi dan s u Ddng A: Mdt sd dac d i l m Pang X u i n Thanh Ty hoa va dan chii hoa Sau gan ba thap nien lien tuc md rgng, md hinh nha nude "vira cheo, vira lai" cang giam silt ddng lire, d nhieu nudc vide cung img cac dich vu cdng xudng cap tram trgng, tinh trang im tac cac quy dinh trd phd bien Thap nien 1970 danh dau sir thay ddi mang tinh budc ngoat ciia khu \'uc nha nudc theo hudng CO lai ca ve quy md, pham vi sa hiru va vai trd dieu tiet, trudc bet la ITnb vuc kinh te Phan cap, phan quyen ciing lam cho quyen lire nha nudc khdng edn bi qua tap trung vao trung irong Qua trinb bat dau tai eac nudc TBCN phat trien, trudc het la Anh, My, rdi Ian rdng dan toan cau, dieu dugc sir gia ngudi Anh Niall Ferguson nhan xet la "mdt nhiing xu the kinb te rd ret nhat mdt phan tu the ky trd lai day"'\ Vao dau thap nien 1980, trao luu tu boa, md cira ve kinh te da dat tdi mdt ngudng tdi ban, cham ngdi cho mdt qua trinb mdi - dan chu boa xa bgi Xu the thuc su biing nd tren loan cau vao dau thap nien 1990 sau kbi Lien Xd va khdi XHCN Ddng Au siip dd Su thang the cua quan diem "nha nudc nhd" tao ca hdi Idn cho su phat trien cua xa hdi dan sir tren loan cau Ddng A nhanh chdng cudn theo hai trao luu Cac nen kinh te Ddng A lan Iirgt chuyen ddi md binh phat trien: giam dieu tiet nha nudc, md rdng tir kinh doanh, tham chi tidn hanh cd phan boa va tu nhan boa khu vuc qudc doanh, chuyen tir md hinh thay the nhap khau sang thu hiit dau tu trirc tiep nudc ngoai va hudng manh vao xuat khau Qua trinh da dua den nhung thay ddi sau sac cac xa hdi Ddng Thd nhdt sir giam bdt mdi quan be than buu giira cac cbinb the ed mirc loan tri eao, tham cbi dgc tai quan sir, vdi cac tap doan kinh td Idn da lam ca bai khu vuc bugc phai co lai mdt Niall Ferguson (2008): The Ascent of Monev: A Financial History of the World Penguin Press, p 211 each tuong doi, miic can thiep ciia nha nudc vao boat dgng thi trudng bj ban che, dac quyen, dae Igi eiia khu vuc tu nhan than him giam bdt, xam nhap ciia vdn dau tu nude ngoai gia tang canh tranh Thic hai, khdng gian mdi cho cac boat ddng ben ngoai nha nudc va cdng ty lap tire dugc lap day bdi boat ddng dan su ciia tang Idp trung luu mdi dang ndi len, cang it phu thugc vao sir kiem soat cua nha nudc va ea che xin - cho Ddng hanh ciing vdi tang trudng kinh te va su phat trien ciia tang Idp trung lim la cac nhu eau xa bdi cang md rgng, dd cd nhu cau ve dan tri, sue khoe, mdi trudng, eac quyen tu do, dan chii, ddi hdi minh bach hoa cac boat ddng ciia nha nude va thi trudng Thic ba, cac ban che ve luat phap ddi \'di khu virc xa bdi dan sir bat dau dugc ndi Idng, cho phep khu vuc cd tieng ndi, tham gia nhieu ban vao vide giam sat va phan bien xa hgi, cung img mdt sd Ioai binh dich vu cdng cdng nhu giao due, khuyen hgc, hudng nghiep, cham sdc sire khoe, tin dung vi md, xoa ddi giam ngheo, khuyen ndng Dien hinh la phong trao tu nguyen lam sach cac ddng sdng d Indonesia, boat ddng tu quan he thdng thuy ndng d Philippines He qua la thap nien 1980 sd lugng cac td chire xa hgi dan su tai nhieu nudc Ddng A tang len nhanh ebdng^ Tuy nhien, vao giiia thap nien 1980, sir biing nd eua xa hdi dan sir d bang loat nude Ddng A da chuyen phong trao quan chiing gia tang sire dp cang manh ldn chinh quyen, chdng tham nhiing, chdng dgc tai, ddi dan chu boa, tu ngdn luan va thuc hien cac cai each cbinb tri Hinh cac lien minh dan chu ddng dao tir cac td chire xa hgi dan su nhd le, phan tan Diing nhu theo ly thuyet xung dot xa hdi eua Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf, nai nao cd mirc da nguyen cbinb tri cao hon thi nai dd xung dot dien it cang thang bon'' Tai Nhat Ngan hang The giai (1998): Bdo cdo Phdt triin thi gidi 1997: Nhd nudc mot the gidi dang chuyen ddi NXB Chinh tri Qu6c gia Ha Noi, tr 142 Ralf G (1959): Dahrendorf Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society- Stanford University Press NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA C H I N H TRj THE GICTI S6 1(165) 2010 Xa hdi dan su Ddng A: Mdt sd dac dilm Dang Xuan Thanh Ban, cao trao budc Dang Dan chii Tu (LDP) cim quydn lau nam phai tidn hanh cai each, tai cac nude cd mirc da nguyen thip lai xay sir sup dd hang loat cbinb thd ddc tai nhu Ferdinal Marcos d Philippines (1986), Chun - Hoan d Han Qudc (1988), sir suy ydu ciia Qudc Dan Dang cam quydn d Dai Loan (1987), su riit lui vao hau tmdng eua phai quan su d Thai Lan (1988), md dudng cho cac lire lugng dan su gianh quydn lire chinh tri d nhidu nai Viec sira ddi hien phap tai hang loat nude da md dudng cho vide xay dung khudn khd phap ly day dii hon cho cac boat dgng dan sir, cung cap mdt sd dam bao can thiet cho sir tdn tai eiia cac td chire phi lgi nhuan kbi bau, ngheo ddi, bat binh dang trd tidu diem thu hiit su quan tam eiia ddng dao cac td chire xa hgi dan sir Rat nhieu NGO nhu cac quy, cac vien nghien ciru phi cbinb pbii, cac hiep hgi tir eac nude phat tridn md rgng boat ddng ben ngoai, binh cac NGO xuyen qudc gia va mang ludi cac td chiic xa hdi dan su toan cau Cae td chiic tham nhap manh vao cac qude gia khae, truyen ba tu tudng, hd trg tai chinh va ky thuat, kich thich, tiep sire cho vide lan truyen trao luu xa hdi dan su trdn loan cau, trd nhan td mdi cang cd tieng ndi quan trgng tai cac dien dan qudc td ldn tir Lien hgp qudc cho tdi cac hgi nghi ,, - ,.(, -,-;r./iidJ thugng dinh loan cau Su kdt hgp eiia hai qua trinh tu boa ve kinh te va dan ehu boa ve cbinb tri thap nien 1980 tai Ddng A da tao budc tien nhay vgt ca ve sd lugng va chat lugng eua khu vuc dan su Mdt mat, khu vuc thu but dugc cang nhieu cac ngudn lire de md rdng td chiic va boat dgng, mat khac su phat tridn eiia khu vuc dan su lai gay sue dp bugc nhidu cbinb pbii phai tidn hanh tu boa kinh td hon nira Cung cbinb thdi gian nay, lan sdng eai each tbi trudng va md cira kinh td lan dau tien da lan tdi cac nudc cd ndn kinh te ke hoach boa tap trung nhu Trung Qudc, Viet Nam, md giai doan phat trien mdi cho xa hgi dan sir tai day Tai Ddng A, cac NGO cua My va chau Au nhd cd ngudn tai chinh ddi dao tir phia cae nha tai trg da di dau viec md rdng dia ban hoat ddng thdng qua nhieu chuang trinh, du an phat trien, xoa ddi, giam ngheo, bao ve sire khoe cgng ddng, bao vd mdi trudng, hd trg xay dung chinh sach xa hgi, nang cao nang lire quan tri, thuc thi quydn ngudi Thap nien 1990 danh dau su ldn manh va di the gidi ciia cac NGO Nhat Ban va Han Qude, eiing vdi ddng vdn ODA va FDI tham nhap manh va tang cudng anh hudng tai cac nudc khu vuc Tren thuc te, ed su bd sung cho rat manh giii'a boat ddng ciia cac tap doan va ciia cac NGO - la dieu trai ngugc vdi su gan ket giua doanh nghiep vdi nha nude d giai doan trudc Xa hgi dan sir trd mdt kenh ngoai giao quan trgng, cho phep can du manh vao cac tien trinh quyet dinh tai cae nudc khu vuc Sir hd trg tir ben ngoai giup cac td chire xa hdi dan su tai nhieu nudc dang phat trien Ddng A phat trien ram rd tir thap nien 1990 den Tien trinh eai each kinb te va md cira hgi nhap qudc te eiing cho phep khu vuc dan su tai Trung Qudc va Viet Nam cd budc phat trien mdi theo hudng da dang boa Ioai hinh td chirc va ITnh virc boat ddng Joseph Stiglitz cho rang, "loan cau boa da giai phdng nhiing sue manh ciia thi Toan cau hoa Lan sdng tu boa kinh te va dan ehii boa xa hgi tir cudi thap nien 1970 - diu thap nien 1980 song hanh eiing vdi sir biing nd ciia qua trinh toan cau boa mdi, trd nhung ddng lire chinh cho sir phat trien ciia khu vuc dan su, dac biet la cae td chuc phi chinh phu (NGO)l Cac van de toan cau nhu an ninh nang lugng, an ninh luong thue, d nhiem mdi trudng, bidn ddi Barnett F Baron (2002): The Legal Framework for Civil Society in East and Southeast Asia The International Journal of Non-for-Profit Law, Vol 4, Issue 4, July NhOng van di KINH i t VA CHINH TRj IHt GICTI So 1(165) 2010 Pang Xuan Thanh Xa hdi dan su Ddng A: Mdt sd dac dilm trudng, manh den noi cac cbinb pbii, dae biet chinh phii cac nude dang phat trien, thudng khdng kiem soat ndi chimg" Hai cudc kbimg hoang tai cbinb khu vuc va toan eau vdng bon mgt thap nien qua da chimg td nhan dinh Cudc khiing hoang tai chinh chau A nam 1997 - 1998 da gay eii buych manh lam thay ddi sau sac tuong quan giiia ba khu vuc: nha nudc, thi trudng va xa hdi dan sir theo hudng ed lgi cho khu vuc thir ba Vide nhieu chinh phii sa siit uy tin, tham ehi siip dd nhu Suharto d Indonesia, cung nhu cac yeu cau tu hda va dan ehii hda ngat ngheo ciia IMF, V/B da md khdng gian phat trien mdi eho khu vuc dan su d day trdi day Cudc kbimg hoang kinh td - tai cbinb thd gidi 2008 - 2009 dang gay tac ddng ngugc lai Vide gia tang vai trd eiia khu vuc nha nudc nham bii dap su suy sup eiia khu vuc thi trudng gay tac ddng phu len khu vuc dan su Thay cho Idi ket Su' tien boa ciia xa hdi dan sir d eac nude Ddng A tir sau Chien tranh the gidi Ian thir II den mang tinb quy luat cao dudi tac dgng chi phdi eiia cac qua trinh edng nghiep boa, bien dai boa, tir boa, dan chii boa va loan cau boa Giai doan cdng nghiep boa ciia md hinh Ddng A thudng la thdi ky thoai trao ciia khu vuc dan sir khu virc nha nude va thi trudng bat tay ciing md rdng Tuy nhien, chinh su thieu vang boat ddng giam sat, phan bien dan sir lai khien cho sir cau kdt giira hai khu vuc nha nirdc va thi trudng thudng di qua gidi ban lanh manh, triet tieu hieu qua xa bdi mirc ddc quyen, tham nhung cang trd nen khd kiem soat Giai doan hoan tat cdng nghiep boa tbuimg kem theo viec biing nd xa hdi dan su, hudng manh vao cac yeu cau chdng dgc quyen, chdng tham nhung, bao ve mdi trudng, dan cbii boa xa hdi Joseph Stiglitz (2008): Making Globalization Work Ban dich "Van hdnh Todn cdu hod " ciia NXB Tre, tr 62 Tuy nhien, cbinb kidu tidn hda theo cae eao trao bung nd ciia xa bdi dan sir tai cac nude Ddng A lai tiem an nguy ea mat dn dinh Thic nhdt, thieu nen tang xa hdi chac chan nen tuong tac vdi nha nudc va thi trudng, boat ddng dan su non tre de bi cbinb trj boa (nhu d Indonesia) hay thuong mai boa (nhu nhieu td chirc d Philippines) Dae biet la bj chen dp, khu vuc dan su ed the tap hgp lai eac the lire chinh tri doi lap, hoac cd the bi day lech ve phia cac boat dgng circ doan, ly khai, khiing bd, mapbia Thu hai, thieu khudn khd phap ly viing chac nen eac td chire jca hdi dan su huge phai tu ve bang dudng thoa hiep hoac chdng ddi Tinb "ddng danh", de thay ddi, de dao chidu ciia khu vuc dan sir khien vide giir eho khu vuc khdng sa da vao chay cbgt kidm Idi hay dau da chinh trj, chia re be canh, tham chi nga sang cae boat ddng circ doan, trd nen khd khan Thu ba, ea sd tai chinh chua dii manh nen xa hgi dan sir tai nhieu nudc Ddng A thudng phu thudc vao ngudn tai trg tir ben ngoai, dan den de bi ehi phdi ve muc tieu boat dgng, mgt sd trudng hgp cdn di ngugc lai Igi ich qude gia ,; , n Kinb nghiem phat tridn khu vuc dan su Ddng A cho thay su can thiet phai tien hanh qua trinh dan chii boa xa hdi theo trinh tu timg budc tiem tidn, tranh de cac mau thuan xa hgi tich tu, ddn nen lau khdng dirge giai quydt dan den biing phat xung dot Xay dung mgt khudn khd phap ly pbii hgp vdi trinh phat trien eua xa bgi dan sir la didu kien can nham vira tao khdng gian phat trien cho khu vuc nay, tiep tuc giai phdng sire nang dgng va sang tao ciia ngudi dan, vira dinh hudng, dieu tiet cac boat ddr\g dan sir, dap img cae nhu cau thiet thuc ciia nhan dan Cling nhu lgi ich sdng cdn eua qude gia Mgt khudn khd phap ly viing chac la nen tang eho phep xa hgi dan su phat huy day dii vai trd tich cue eua minh, phdi hgp hai hda vdi nha nude va thi trudng, ddng gdp tdi da vao tien trinb phat tridn chung eiia dat nude* NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRj TH^ GICTI Sd (165) 2010 Oang Xuan Thanh Xa hdi dan su Ddng A: Mdt sd dac dilm Tai lieu tham khao: Joseph E Stiglitz, Shahid Yusuf (Ed.) (2002): Suy ngdm lgi su thcin ky' Ddng A NXB Cbinb tri Qude gia Ha Ndi Vu Duy Pbii, chii bien (2008): Xd hdi ddn su: Mdt sd vdn de chgn Igc, NXB Tri thirc Robert Wade (2005): Diiu tiet thi trudng: Ly thuyit kinh te vd vai trd cua chinh phu cdng nghiep hod a Ddng A, NXB Cbinb tri Qude gia Ha Ngi Ngan hang The gidi (1998): Nhd nude mdt thi gidi dang chuyen ddi Bdo cdo vi tinh hinh phdt triin thi gidi 1997 NXB.Chinh tri Qude gia Ha Ngi Bamett F Baron (2002): The Legal Framework for Civil Society in East and Southeast Asia// The International Journal ofNon-for-Profit Law, Sd 4, Issue 4, July Gilson Julie (2008): NGO Coalition Building: East Asia and the Rise of Civil Society, Allaeademic Research, 19/3/2008, http:'www.allaacademic.com Mutbiah Alagappa (Ed.) (2004): Civd Society and Poldical Change in Asia Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space, Stanford University Press Emma Porio (2002): Civd Society and Democratization in Asia New York: St Martin's Press Lee Hock Guan (2004): C/v/7 Society in Southeast Asia, Singapore 10 Le Thanh Huong (2007): Vdi net ve xd hdi ddn su a Ddng Nam A, Tap ehi Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A, Sd 4, tr 23 - 29 11 Sebak D.C., Hudson W (2003): Civd Society in Asia, Hampshine: Ashgate Publishing Limited 12 Matsuba Masafumi (2001): Civil Society and Contemporaiy Japanese Economy: Between Civil Society and Corporation-centered Society, Kobe Gakuin Economic Review, Vol 32, N 3/4, March, pp 27 - 46 13 Wang Yizhou: Civil Society in China: Concept and Reality, Japan Center for International Exchange 14 Carolina G Hernandez (2008): The Role of Civil Society in Philippines Democratization, VASS's Conference on "Civil Society: Historical and Theoretical Issues and Foreign Experience, Hanoi, 25 - 27 February 15.Rustam Ibrahim (2006): Indonesia Civil Society; A Long Journey to a Civil Society, CIVICUS, Jakarta 16 David S Landes (2001): Sic gidu vd ngheo cua cdc ddn tdc; VI mdt sd gidu den the md nwt sd lgi ngheo din thi, NXB Thdng ke Ha Ndi, Tr 32 17 Ralf G Dahrendorf (1959): Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, Stanford University Press NhOng vin di KINH it VA CHJNH TRI TH^ GICTI So 1(165) 2010