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Qlqhiht euu • ddi S6 (222) -2010 XA HOI DAN SIT: KHAI NIEM, NGHIEN Cftl VA HUHTNG TIEP CAN TRONG BOI CANH VIET NAM • • • PHAM QUANG TU & DANG HOANG GIANG * LIS: Xa hoi ddn su la mot khdi niem vita mang tinh lich sit, vita co tinh thai dai Noi dung ciia khdi niem xa hoi ddn sit hien van ton tai nhieu y kien khac nhau, khdi niem ditac dien gidi theo nhifng truyen thong nhan tlutc khac Trong so nay, Tod soqn thch ddng kit qua nghien ci'm cua cac tac gid Pham Quang Tii, Ddng Hodng Gang - Vien Tit van Phat trien (CODE) Trdn gidi thieu cimg ban doc V a n de xa hoi dan su (civil society) dang thu hut sir quan tam dac biet cua gidi khoa hoc va chinh tri gia tren toan the gidi Nguyen nhan, khong chi vi tinh lich sir lau ddi hay hao quang qua khu ciia no ; quan hon, no da bat re sau vao ddi song duong dai de trd mot van di thdi su toan cau ke tir sau 1945 Su kien trudc het bat nguon tir chau Au, nhu mot phan ung trudc nhung bien dong kinh te - chinh tri tren ca mien Dong - Tay thai hau chien the gidi Den map nien 1970, cuoc khiing hoang nang luong toan cau da khoi mao cho mot loat thay ddi Cong luan A u - My nhan tinh trang tri tre he thong chinh tri ciia ho da chuyen hudng quan tam sang xa hoi dan su va hi vong no se la cong cu ddi mdi xa hdi Trong dd, d cac nha nude toan tri Ddng Au, xa hdi dan su cung trd khau hieu hanh ddng ciia cac phong trao dan chu Trong the gidi dang phat trien, tu nhan hoa va co che thi trudng da md mot chan trdi mdi: Cac td chuc xa hdi dan su cd nhieu khoang trd'ng hon de hoat ddng cac chinh phu so tai chap nhan sir ton tai ciia chiing Bdi vay, tir nhung nam 1990 trd lai day, xa hdi dan sir dupe xem la van de ndi bat ciia he tu tuong nhan loai thdi hau chien tranh lanh Su khdi ciia cac trao luu tu tuong ben ngoai dien diing vao liic Viet Nam dang chuyen minh Ddi mdi danh dau mot budc ngoat quan vi kinh te, chinh tri va hdi nhap toan cau Tir giua nhung nam 90, mdi trudng the' che Viet Nam da tao dieu kien cho nlueu nhan to ngoai nha nude vuon len - vdi hai nhan to chinh: Cac td chuc phi chinh phu (NGOs) va cac hdi/hiep hdi dudi nhieu hinh thtrc khac nhau: Tu nguyen, phi loi nhuan, phi chinh phu, hop tac, vi cdng ddng Dieu dd khdng khdi kich thich nhung ngudi cuoc nhan thuc ve ddi tuong mdi - cai ma lau van dupe goi dudi nhieu khai niem khac nhau: Xa hdi dan sir, xa hdi cdng dan, cac td chirc nhan dan Bai viet mud'n he thong hoa nhung nhan thuc ay: Ghi nhan cac qua, neu len cac han che d£ lam co so dd xuat cho mot nghien cuu mdi sau sac va toan dien hon ve xa hdi dan su bdi canh Viet Nam Bai viet se bat dau bang mot lupc thuat vi ndi dung khai niem qua chieu dai lich sir, chu yeu la cac truyen thong ly thuyet phuong Tay Lupc sir khai niem Theo hoc gia Nguyen Ngpc Giao, cum tu xa hdi dan su mai den the ky XVII mdi xuat hien (ten tieng Anh: civil society, ten tieng Phap: societe civile), * Vien Tir van Phat tren (CODE) EH Dan chu & Phap luat S6 (222)-2010 Qlghiin euu -tfrna(tdi nhung nguyen ban Latinh cua no {societas ciyilis), da dupe sir dung lan dau boi cac nha triet hoc Hi La Trong thoi cd dai va trung cd, xa hdi dan su dupe ddng nhat vdi nha nude Tir civilis dupe hieu theo nghia: Mot la van minh, ddi lap vdi trang thai tu nhien; hai la cdng dan, tuc nhirng ngudi tham gia true tiep vao sinh hoat dan chu ciia qud'c Thdi can dai danh diu mot giai doan mdi vi ndi dung khai niem Cudc each mang cdng nghiep the ky XVII - XVIII bat dau hudng chau Au vao quy dao hien dai hda Giai doan nay, cac nha tu tudng (Hobbes, John Locke, Jean - Jacques Rousseau ) nd lye dinh hinh lai mdi quan he giua nha nude va xa hdi Ban Mu, cac nha Khai sang Au chau, mac du vSn h3u nhu ddng nhat xa hdi dan sir vdi nha nude, nhung quan niem cua hp da lap Id nhirng net mdi Den Jean - Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), xa hdi dan su bat dau duoc tdch khoi Nha nuoc Ong phan biet: Nha nude la quyen lire chinh tri, xa hdi dan su la khu vuc cua quyen tu huu Cuoi the ky XVIII, Adam Smith day quan niem ciia Rousseau len mot budc nua: Xdhpi ddn su hoan toan tdch khoi Nhd nuoc Vay la, ke tir Smith, sir ddng nhat keo dai hang the ky giua Nha nude va xa hdi dan sir da nhudng chd cho sir khac biet, tham chi ddi lap giua hai khai niem Den dau the ky XIX, mach ngudn tu tudng se dupe tiep tuc bdi cac nha tu tudng ndi tieng nhu A de Tocqueville, J S Mill Trong dd, Hegel va Marx dupe xem la hai nha tu tudng ddng gdp dang ke nhat vao sir phat trien ciia cac quan niem xa hdi dan sir hien dai Quan diem co ban ciia Hegel la: Mot mat, dng thira nhan sy khac biet giua xa hdi dan sir va Nha nude; mat khac, dng chi mdi quan he le thudc ciia cai trudc vdi cai sau Trong dd, quan niem ciia Marx ve xa hdi dan su thay ddi theo thdi gian Trudc nam 1847, Marx khdng he phu dinh xa hdi dan su Trai lai, dng coi nd nhu mot td chuc xa hdi lau dai toan bp lich sir Den nam 1847, Sit khdn cung ciia triet hoc, Marx cho rang, xa hdi dan sir se tieu bien xa hdi mdi (xa hdi cdng san) ddi Tir dd trd di, khai niem xa hdi dan sir khdng dupe nhac den trudc tac ciia Marx Sau Hegel va Marx, den lupt Gramsci dua mot dien dich mdi ve khai niem, dd dng da chi vai trd yeu ciia cac thuc the tri thuc - van hda ket cau xa hdi dan sir, ben canh cac pham tru kinh te va chinh tri Tom lai, truyen thong hoc thuat phuong Tay van xem xa hdi dan sir la pham tru bao gdm cac dac tinh co ban sau: (i) La nen mdng can ban ciia che dp dan chii , (ii) Lay ddi song hiep hdi, phi chinh phu lam nen tang; va (iii) Dieu hda quyen lire va tang cudng trach nhiem cua Nha nude banh trudng Nhung phan tich ve xa hdi dan sir tiep tuc dupe cac cdng trinh duong dai md rdng Dac biet, tir map nien 80 trd lai day, nhirng tranh luan hoc thuat xoay quanh xa hdi dan sir trd nen nd rd Joseph Hannah phan loai chiing nhdm Idn: Nhdm tuong ddng va nhdm hdn ddn Nhdm tuong ddng {commonality) gdm bp phan nhd: (i) Bp phan thu nhat cho rang xa hdi dan sy la phan rieng biet ciia xa hdi, tdch biet vdi Nha nude va khu vuc tu nhan (thudng dupe hieu la ca nhan va gia dinh); (ii) Bp phan thu* hai chi mot dac trung Idn ciia xa hdi dan sy la cac hiep hdi tu nguyen hay cac nhdm hiep hdi Ndi tiep luan diem ciia Hegel, Tocqueville va Gramsci, hp cho rang xa hdi dan su la nhung nhdm dupe tap hop lai ben ngoai gia dinh, Nha nude va thi trudng Tuy nhien, ke ca nhung ngudi ddng quan diem nhu vay cung rat khd thd'ng nhat vdi ban den ket cau cua xa hdi dan su V i du, nhieu hoc gia dat van de: Thi trudng va Nha nude la hai the lye ddi lap vdi xa hdi dan sy? Hay, cac td chuc dua vao thi trudng {market-based organizations) cd thudc ve xa hdi dan su hay khdng? Dan chu & Phap luat 25 Qtffkien euu - -Jrati ddi Nhdm hdn don {confusion): Joseph Hannah neu len each phan loai noi bat: (i) Thu nhat, theo Kaldor, khai niem xa hoi dan su dupe sir dung pham tru: l Xa hoi dan sir (Societas civilis): Mot xa hdi dan dung va hoa binh; Xa hoi tu san (Bourgeois society): nam giua gia dinh va Nha nuoc, gan lien vdi sir xuat hien ciia chu nghia tu ban, gdm: Thi trudng, cac giai cap xa hpi, Luat Dan su, cac td chuc phuc lpi; Md hinh phi tu (The neo-Iiberal version): Khu vuc thu ba - mang tinh tir nguyen va phi lpi nhuan, han che quyen lire nha S6 (222) -2010 giai quye't van de mang tinh ban the" luan: Thuc chat xa hdi dan su la gi? Theo chiing tdi, can phai dat khai niem xa hdi dan sir bdi canh van hoa cua tung qud'c gia Cd the nhan thuc xa hdi dan sir tu cap dp: nude va cung cap cac dich vu ma nha nude khdng vuon tdi dupe; Md hinh cua cac nha hoat ddng xa hdi (The activist version): Gdm nhung ca nhan hoat ddng ben ngoai cac "kenh" chinh tri chinh thong d£ - Cap dp 1: Xa hdi dan sir la mdi trudng xa hdi ma d dd, cac ca nhan da biet tir lien ket lai de giai quyet nhung van de ciia rieng hp ma khdng can den sir can thiep ciia Nha nude - Cap dp 2: Xa hpi dan sir nen dupe hieu la "vuong qud'c" ciia cac hdi/hiep hdi vdi cac dac trung co ban sau day: Gdm cac td chirc ngoai Nha nude (phi quan phuong); Hoat ddng theo nguyen tac tir nguyen (cd td chuc); Tu chu, ddc lap vi tai chinh (tir trang trai); Cd quy md, hinh gay ap luc len nha nude; Md hinh hau hien dai (The post-modern version): Khu vuc ciia da nguyen thuc ton tai, thiet che td chuc da dang; Lay sir phat trien ciia cdng ddng cdng cdng lam muc tieu hoat ddng Tuy nhien, cac hoi/hiep hdi chi la nhung td chuc xa hdi dich thuc neu chiing bat ngudn tu mot nen tang xa hdi dan chu va nang ddng Chii the cua nen tang ay la nhung ngudi cdng dan da biet tao nen mot khu vuc cdng (public sphere) di bay td nhan thuc, trach nhiem cua hp trudc cac cac su kien chinh tri, xa hdi Chinh cac hoat ddng mang tinh phan bien gdp phan dang ki vao viec hoan thien nang lire bp may nha nude va cac thiet che quan ly Mat khac, can luu y rang, khong cd tu ca nhan thi khdng cd tinh nang dpng xa hdi, khdng cd mdi hdi ndi rieng di nudi dudng cac md hinh dan su vi trudng lanh manh vun bdi cho cac thuc the- dan sir mot chinh the" dan chu; Trudng phai thu hai xem xa trien no Trong mot mdi trudng thieu tu ca nhan, hdi dan su la khu vuc hoat ddng ddc lap vdi nha cac thuc the dan su, hoac bi che't yeu, hoac phai nude, cd kha nang tich tu sue di khang de chong lai bien sinh theo mot chieu hudng it nhieu lech lac so cac chinh the ap buc vdi mau hinh mong dpi cua nd Cac cong trinh nghien cuu Lupc thuat tren day cho thay tinh da dang, 2.1 Nhung nghien cuu ly thuyet phong phu ciia cac quan niem lien quan den xa hdi Tieu luan Tim hieu khai niem xa hdi cdng dan dan sir, nhat la bdi canh duong dai Day la (1991) cua Nguyen Kien Giang la cdng trinh tien nguyen nhan chinh lam cho ly thuyet xa hdi dan su trd nen phuc tap Den day, chiing ta bupc long phai phong gidi thieu ly thuyet xa hdi dan sir va tranh luan; (ii) Thu hai, Michael Edward cho rang cac van ban da dang vi xa hdi dan sir cd the' quy loai quan diem hay truyen thd'ng ly thuyet Loai hinh thd nha't dupe tao nen tir cac md hinh phan tich (analytical model); Loai hinh thu hai bao ham cac md hinh quy pham (normative model); Loai hinh thu ba la cac van ban xem xa hdi dan sir nhu mot "khu vuc cdng cdng" (public sphere); (iii) Thuba, Foley va Edwards quy vd trudng phai Idn Trudng phai thu nhat chu yeu dua vao cdng trinh ciia Tocqueville - nhan manh den nang lire ciia ddi song hiep hdi ndi chung va mdi trudng ciia cac hiep x EH Dan chu & Phap luat Qlghiin euu - Qra& del S6 (222)-2010 Tieu luan giai thieu chi tiet nhirng noi ham co ban ciia khai niem xa hoi dan su tU thai Hi-La den dau the ky XX Vai tieu luan nay, Nguyen Kien Giang la nguoi dau tien he thong hoa cac luong quan niem ve xa hoi dan su tu truyen thong den hien dai Nhung phan tich cua ong ve tu tuong ciia cac triet gia Khai sang va cac triet gia DUc (Hegel, Marx) den van to sac va giu nguyen gia tri Gin day, co nhieu hon nhirng nghien ciru huong ve muc dich gidi thieu l i thuyet Viet Nam, khuon kho cua mot bai bao khoa hoc, co the ke den: Mot so quan niem co dien ve xa hpi dan su (Tran Huu Quang) , Xa hpi dan su: Khai niem va cac van de (Bui Quang Dung) , Xa hpi dan su: Tinh dac thu va van de d Viet Nam (Ho Ba Tham) , Xa hpi cong dan va xa hpi dan su: Tu Arixtot den Heghen (Tran Tuan Phong) , Tim hieu khai niem xa hpi dan su (Nguyen Nhu Phat) , Khung tu nhan thtrc ve xa hpi dan su (V6 Khanh Vinh) , Nha nude phap quyen, xa hpi dan su vdi van di quyen va nghia vu cong dan (Pham Thi Ngpc Tram) , va Ban vi xa hpi dan su cua Nguyen Tran Bat Cac cong trinh vita neu, khuon kho cua mot bai bao khoa hoc, chi de cap mot so y niem co ban lien quan den thuat ngu xa hpi dan su O do, npi dung khai niem trd co sd de tic gia di vao trien khai nhirng van de cu the Do vay, khong co nhirng tim toi ly thuyet mdi Thuoc vi nhdm nay, gay chu y hon ca la tieu luan cua Nguyen Tran Bat Tac gia da phan biet cac khai niem xa hpi dan su va xa hpi cong dan, phan tich nhung he luy ciia tinh trang thieu vang xa hpi dan su tai cac nude dang phat trien Tir do, ong de xuat tien di ca ban cho su ton tai ciia xa hpi dan su: Thira nhan quyen sd huu de tao nen tang vat chat; Thira nhan tu va da nguyen van hoa de tao nen tang tinh thin Tieu luan the hien ldi tu sang tao va tinh than xay dung thang than, 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 cdi md cua tac gia Trong khuon kho nhung cong trinh co quy mo Idn hon, noi bat la dau sach Xa hpi dan su: Mot so van de chpn lpc (Vu Duy Phu chu bien) Day la tdng ket budc dau ciia gidi hoc thuat nude ve xa hpi dan sir Cong trinh da ban den npi ham khai niem xa hpi dan sir va trinh bay mot so khia canh mdi: Van de xa hpi hoa noi chung, van de xa hpi hoa cac dich vu cong, van dd phan bien xa hpi va van dong hanh lang Han che ciia cong trinh la phan lich sir khai niem rat so lupc Hon nua, viec lap lai cac van di l i thuyet giua Chuong va Chuang cung anh hudng dang ke den tinh nhat quan ciia sach Cong trinh mdi xuat ban cua TS Nguyen Manh Cudng, Co sd ly luan va cac nguyen tac co ban de hinh va quan tri cac to chuc dan sir tai Viet Nam , cung la mot dau sach can chu y Yeu diem Idn nhat cua cong trinh la thieu nhung phan tich dudi goc dp triet hoc de riit mot kien giai rieng vi chu de dang ban luan 18 19 Ngoai ra, co the ke den mot so hoc gia khac: Nguyen Ngpc Giao, Cao Huy Thuan Han che ca ban cua cac nghien ciru ly thuyet la: H3u het cac tac gia van di theo ldi mon chau Au luan Trong khi, truyen thong nhan thUc d cac nen van hoa ngoai chau Au hau nhu chua dupe de cap Han nua, ly thuyet chau Au mdi chi dimg lai d giai doan nira dau the ky XX 2.2 Nhung nghien euu ddi song ddn su truyen thong Nhieu hoc gia, nhu TS Nguyen Manh Cudng cho rang, pham tru "xa hpi dan sir" dupe "nhap cang" tu phuong Tay, nhung mot so npi dung cu the cua no da ton tai d Viet Nam Bui Manh Dung cung dua vao quan diem ciia cac hoc gia nude ngoai hp nghien ciru v6 cau true co truyen ciia lang xa dong bang Bac Bp de khang dinh sir hien ton ciia cai goi la ddi song dan su chieu dai lich sir Ldi nhin dupe the hien cong trinh "Quan 20 Dan chu & Phap luat 27 Qlgkim euu -tfrao(tdi he giua nha nuac va xa hoi dan sir Viet Nam: Lich sir va hien tai'* ciia dong tac gia Le Van Quang va Van Due Thanh Noi chung da phan cac nha nghien euu 21 nuoc deu to dong tinh vai tra lai cau hoi: Co hay khong mot xa hoi dan sir xa hpi Viet Nam c6 truyen? Hp cho rang da tung co mot xa hpi dan sy Viet Nam lich su du moi d dang ban so Nhung tri thuc dan toe hoc dac biet la nhung qua nghien euu ciia NguySn Tu Chi da gdp phan hau thuan nhan thuc ay Theo Tu Chi ton tai ben mdi lang Viet cd truyen (trudc Cach mang thang Tam 1945) la mot mang gdm cac loai hinh td chuc: Phe phuong hpi giap Trong nhung td chuc cac vien vua chia se hop tac ve lpi ich; vua giao cam tinh than nham bu dap cho vong quay moi mdn don dieu ciia nhip song lang xa Noi each khac ngudi tieu nong cd truyen da biet tim nhung giai phap cu the thiet thuc de ty giai quye't nhung van de ciia hp Tu nen tang ay truyen thong tu quan lang xa dupe hinh Dau vay, khong thi lang quen hien thuc nay: Nhung sinh hoat chi didn khuon kho nhdm va chu yeu nham thoa man nhu cau npi tai giua cac vien ma thoi Noi theo thuat ngu hien dai quan he tuong tac cua chiing la quan he hudng npi Do vay mot vien ngdi lang Bac Bp cd truyen tuong nhu co "tinh xa hpi" rat cao (vi cung luc thuoc vi rat nhieu td chuc: Phe phuong hdi giap ) nhung ban chat ciia van la mot tieu k i ton tai mot mdi trudng lang xa chat hep 22 Yeu diem cua cac nghien euu xa hdi dan su truyen thong la cac tac gia mdi chi neu ma chua dat hien tuong mot co tang kinh te - van hda - xa hdi ciia xa hdi cd truyen de tu dd di vao md ta va phan tich co che van hanh ciia chiing Ngoai ddi tuong nghien euu mdi chi bd hep khuOn khd • Dan chu & Phap luat S6 (222) -2010 ddi song xa hdi ciia ngudi Kinh Trong tren thuc te, ngudi Kinh chi la mot bp phan du la bp phan ndi trpi cdng ddng cac dan tdc Viet Nam 2.3 Nhung nghien euu xa hoi dan su duong dai Nhung nghien euu di theo hudng cd the chia lam nhdm: Cac nghien euu pham vi mot bai bao khoa hoc (nhdm 1) va cac nghien euu pham vi mot chuyen de hay mot bao cao chuyen sau (nhdm 2) Cac nghien ciru thudc nhdm da dupe chiing tdi neu len muc 2.1.0 nhdm cac tic gia da neu va giai quye't nhieu van de quan trong: Mdi quan he giua cac ca quan nha nude va cac td chuc xa hdi dan sy: cac td chuc phi chinh phu: Ngudn gdc - loai hinh - vai trd: su tac dpng qua lai giua vd'n xa hoi va chat luong xa hpi dan su d Viet Nam; cac chieu kich ciia xa hdi dan su nhin tu phuong dien: Cau true - mdi trudng - he gia tri - muc dp anh hudng: cac nguyen tac co ban de hinh va quan tri cac td chuc xa hpi dan su tai Viet Nam Tuy vay, den nay, dang thieu mot nghien euu cho phep hinh dung xa hdi dan su Viet Nam nhu mot tdng the Tdng the dd gdm cac vain de: Loai hinh ket cau, co che van hanh chuc nang chieu hudng van ddng khung phap ly cho sy ton tai - phat trien? day ben canh cac chi so chung ket qua nghien euu chi cd gia tri dua tren cac miu phan tich vua cu the vua da dang Ket luan Xa hdi dan sy la mot khai niem vua cd ti'nh lich sir lau ddi vua cd tinh thai su sau rdng Den nay, nhung tranh luan vi ndi dung khai niem van dang dupe tiep tuc Mot nhirng nguyen nhan lam cho van de trd nen phuc tap, ay la: Khai niem dupe dien giai theo nhieu truyen thd'ng nhan thuc khac Bdi vi nhu Marlies Glasius va David Lewis goi y khdng cd mot xa hdi dan su ddng nhat Qlahiin euu - Qrao ddi S6 (222) -2010 cho moi quoc g i a Do vay, de co mot nhan thUc 24 24 Vu Duy Phu (c.b) (2008), Xa hdi ddn sit - mot so hop ly ve khai niem, can dat no boi canh van hoa - lich su - chinh tri cu the cua tung cong dong quoc gia - dan tpc van de chpn loc, Nxb Tri tlutc, H, tr 28 10 Trdn Hitu Quang (2009), Mot sd quan niem cd dien ve xa hoi ddn sit, Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hpi, (7) Gan day, da co mot so tac gia nghien euu ve xa hoi dan sir Viet Nam Chiing toi tam chia nhung 11 Bui Quang khdi niem vd cac van de, ddc thit vd van de dViet duong dai Du cd nhirng diem manh - yeu khac nhau, cac nghien ciru ciing chung td rang: da va Xd hpi ddn stf: Tinh Nam, http://chungta.com.vn 13 Trdn Tudn Phong (8/5/2009), thd'ng va ( i i i ) Nhdm nghien ciru xa hdi dan sir Xd hpi ddn sit: http://chungfa.com.vn 12 Ho Bd Thdm (10/4/2009), nghien ciru nhdm: (i) Nhdm nghien ciru li thuyet; (ii) Nhdm nghien euu xa hdi dan sir truyen Diing (15/412007), xd hpi ddn sif: Tit Arixtot den Xdhpi cdng ddn vd Heghen, http:llchungta.eom.vn 14 Nguyen Nhit Phat (2006), Tim hieu khdi niem xd dang ton tai mot nhu cau nhan thuc ve xa hdi dan sir hpi ddn sit, Tap chi Nhd mfdc vd Phdp ludt, (6), tr - d nuoc ta 15 VoKhdnh Trong bdi canh nhu vay, hudng den mot nghien ciru toan dien va he thong ve xa hdi dan sir Viet Nam la mot viec lam cd y nghia cap thiet Nghien euu ay khdng chi dd xuat mot each nhan thuc khai niem va phuong phap tiep can, ma quan • 16 Pham Thi Ngpc Tram (2006), quan trong sinh hoat hoc thuat plutang Tay the ddn, Tap chi Triet hoc, (4), tr - 17 Nguyen Trdn Bat (15/8/2007), sit, Ban ve xd hdi ddn http:llcluingta.corn.vn Carother: Lai ban ve xa hpi ddn sit (Think again: Civil Society), Foreign Policy Magazine, Ngpc Giao (2008), Xa hoi ddn sit, Trung dpi (15), nguon: Nguyen Kien Giang (1991), Tim hieu khdi niem xa (Theories Cac ly thuyet of Civil Society), Joseph Hannah xa hpi ddn sit (2007), Cac tochi'tc phi chinh mdi quan he nhd nifde-xd hpi (Local plui Non-Government in Vietnam-Development, Relations), Civil tr 68, nguon: Society hftpjlfaleu- ty.washinhton.edu Joseph Hannah, Ddn theo Joseph - Vien nghien ci'tu xd hpi - Van phong hd ti er tit van gidm 20 Ciing thuoc Nguyen nhdm Plutang (CHLB 21 LeVdn nay, xem them bdi ciia TS Di'fc): Nhd mtdc, truyen hien tai, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hd Npi lit lieu dd ddn, p.17 tit lieu dd ddn, tr 19- Nguyen Tif Chi (2003) Gdp phan nghien ci'fu van hda vd tpc ngifdi, Tap chi Van hda nghe thuqi vd Nxb \'dn hda ddn tpc, Hd Npi 23 Tieu ki: Mot cd the be nhd 24 Marlies Glasius, David Lewis (2004), Khdm phd xd hpi ddn sif: Cac bdi canh (Exploring Hannah, thong Quang, Van Ddc Thanh (2003), Quan he 22 Xem them: 312009 dia plutang d Viet Nam: Sir phat trien, xa hdi ddn sit vd and State-society clu'fc xd hoi clan sit tai Viet Nam, The Asia Foundation giCta nha mtdc vd xd hpi ddn sit Viet Nam: Lich sit vd httpllphanuhilwai.orgltalawas Baglioni, Organizations Ca sd ly luan vd vd xd hdi ddn sit (221812009), cliungta.com www.viet-student.info Simione 19 Nguye'n Manh Citdng (2009), dinh & phcin bien xd hdi, Hd Npi edition Qud'c vd Viet Nam, Tap chi Thai hpi cdng ddn, Xd hdi ddn sit, cac nguyen tac ca ban de hinh vd quan tri cac to' kyWII, Win, XIX Nguyen phdp Nxb Tii tlutc, Hd Ndi Xd hpi ddn siCtitng Id pham tru triet hoc - chinh tri Winter 1999-2000 Nhd mtdc quyen, XI hpi clan sit vdi van de quyen vd nghia vu cdng 18 Vu Duy Pint (chu bien)(2008), Thomas tlutc 3-7 hon, can phai dua vao nhan thuc ly thuyet dd xir ly cac van dd cu the bdi canh Viet Nam Vinh (2006), Khung tit nhan ve xd hpi ddn sit, Tap chi Nhd mtdc vd Phdp ludt, (2), tr texts), York civil society Taylor chinh - political and Francies group, tri vd van hod and cultural London con- and New Dan chu & Phap luat 29Q ... dia plutang d Viet Nam: Sir phat trien, xa hdi ddn sit vd and State-society clu'fc xd hoi clan sit tai Viet Nam, The Asia Foundation giCta nha mtdc vd xd hpi ddn sit Viet Nam: Lich sit vd httpllphanuhilwai.orgltalawas... vai tra lai cau hoi: Co hay khong mot xa hoi dan sir xa hpi Viet Nam c6 truyen? Hp cho rang da tung co mot xa hpi dan sy Viet Nam lich su du moi d dang ban so Nhung tri thuc dan toe hoc dac biet... S6 (222) -2010 ddi song xa hdi ciia ngudi Kinh Trong tren thuc te, ngudi Kinh chi la mot bp phan du la bp phan ndi trpi cdng ddng cac dan tdc Viet Nam 2.3 Nhung nghien euu xa hoi dan su duong dai
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