Vai trò của nhà nước và các tổ chức xã hội dân sự trong hệ thống kiểm soát biến đổi xã hội cấp vùng ở cộng hòa liên bang đức, gợi mở cho việt nam

KINH TE - PHAP LUAT CHAU AU Vvni TRO cun NHR Nirdc cnc TO CHUC xn Hdi DRN sir TftONG Hf THONG KICM SORT BI€'N DOI Xfl HOI CAP VUNG d CONG HOn UCN BONG DUTC, GOI M d CHO VlfT NHM D i n h C o n g Tuan* Tom tit: Trong viic xdy dung md hinh phdt triin bin vimg tren thi gi&i ndi chung, & Viet Nam ndi riing, mdt nhiing nhiem vu quan trgng dgt Id cdn phdi nghiin cm nhirng bien ddi xa hpi tren phgm vi Idn & khdp ddl nu&c, ddc biel & timg viing mien Vai phuang chdm "ldy ngodi phuc vu trong", Viet Nam cdn dgc biet di sdu tim hiiu nhiing kinh nghiem qudc ti nhdm ggi ma hu&ng phdt trien VI vdy, bdi viit ndy se tap trung lugn gidi sy kiim sodt nhirng biin ddi xd hpi cdp vitng a Cdng hda Lien bang Due (CHLB Due) vd vai trd cua td chirc xa hpi ddn sy (TCXHDS) he thdng kiem sodt bien ddi xd hpi cdp viing & CHLB Dire, tir dd se rut nhirng kinh nghiem cd tinh ggi m& cho viic nghien cuu d Viet Nam Tur khda: he thdng kiem sodt, biin ddi xa hdi, cdp vung, td chuc xd hpi ddn sy, CHLB Dire Nhvng khai niem co* ban 1.1 Bien ddixd hpi hdi nhu sau: "Biin ddi xa hpi Id mpt qud trinh qua nhiing khudn mdu cua cdc hdnh vi, cdc quan he, cdc thiet che xd hpi vd cdc Cd nhidu dirih nghia vd "bien ddi xa hpi" Theo quan fiem ciia August, bidn ddi xa hpi la "chdc chdn se xdy ra, nd theo mpt duang phdt triin, nhiing tien bp tdt nhiin huong lai mpt xa hpi tdt dep han " va "thong qua biin ddi xd hdi, nhdn logi se chuyen tir nguyin thuy ddt ndt den ngu&i dugc gido due" Hai nha xa hdi hge Viet Nam Pham Tit Dong va Ld Nggc Himg cOng da dua nhung dinh nghia v l biln ddi xa • PGS.TS,Vien Nghien cihi Chau Au hi thdng phdn tdng dtrgc thay ddi qua th&i gian" Tir dinh nghia dd, hai ong da dua hai loai hinh bidn ddi xa hpi nhu sau: Thu nhdt la bidn ddi vT md, dien trdn mpt pham vi rdng Idn va mdt thdi gian dai; Thu hai la biln ddi vi md, lien quan den nhiing biln ddi nhd, dien nhanh hon Dgc tnmg ciia biln ddi xa hdi bao gdm: (1) Didn nhiing mdi tnrdng, khdng gian xa hpi khac nhau; (2) Cd tdc dp va tinh chit khac nhau; (3) E)ien trdn nhilu phuong didn 33 (Vol ti^ eua nha niiSe khac nhau; (4) Vira cd tinh ty giae, vira mang ddi mdi trucmg ty nhidn, bien ddi vd chinh tinh phi ke hoaeh, hogc cd the hogc khdng trj, kinh tl, tu tudng, van hda, cdng nghe va the luong trudc dugc; (5) Vira mang lai kdt kl thuat, tdn giao v.v qua tdt, nhung cung mang lgi hgu qua xau; (6) Cd nhiing bidn ddi didn thdi gian ngan, nhung eiing cd nhimg bidn ddi xa hgi didn thdi gian rit lau dai "He thdng kidm soat bien ddi xa hgi cap vimg d mdt sd nudc chau Au" la he thong kilm soat nhihig biln ddi xa hpi d cap viing lanh thd d mdt sd nudc chau Au Bai vidt Nhu vgy, bien ddi xa hdi la khai niem "trung tinh" de chi sy thay ddi da dang cua dua trudng hgp CHLB Diic lam ddi chiing nghidn ciiu xa hdi: nhu tir bdn va ben ngoai, vi md va vT md, bd phgn va tdng thl, tich cyc hoac Nhiing npi dung chinh he tieu cue, di len hoac di xudng Bidn ddi xa thong kilm scat bien doi xa hpi cap vung hdi bao gdm cac khia canh: (1) Bidn ddi dan if CHLB Dire sd; (2) Biln ddi mdi trudng; (3) Bien ddi vl chinh tri; (4) Bien ddi ve kinh td; (5) Bidn CHLB Dire cd didn tich 357.000 km^ ddi vd tu tudng; (6) Bien ddi ve van hda va vdi dan sd khoang 80,62 trieu ngudi (nam tdn giao; (7) Bien ddi ve cdng nghd va kT 2013), bao gdm 16 bang, dd cd ba thugt phd tham quydn bang la Berlin, 1.2 He thdng kiem sodt biin ddi xd hpi Humburg va Bremen (1) Theo miin dia hinh ty nhien, nudc "He thdng" la mdt tap hgp cac phin tii khac nhau, giGa chiing cd mdi lidn he va tac ddng qua lai theo mdt quy luat nhat dinh tao mdt chinh thl, ed kha nang thyc hien dupe nhiing chiie nang cu thd nhat dinh CJ day, "phin tii" la nhiing tl bao cd tinh ddc lap tuong ddi tao ndn he thdng Mdi phin tii cd nhiing tinh ehit rigng cua nd "He thdng kilm soat biln ddi xa hdi" la he thdng kilm tra, giam sat nhung khudn Dire dugc chia ba vimg dia hinh la: Ddng bang Diic - vimg dat dpc bidn Baltic va Bic Hai Day la mdt phan cua ddng bing chau Au nim giiia bien Bac Hai va bien Baltic trai rdng vd phia Nam va Ddng Diic Ddng bang Bac Dire la vimg thdp, cd nhidu tai nguyen khoang san, ed nhiing phd ndi tilng nhu Hanover, Hamburg, Bremer, thii Berlin, Dresden mlu cua cac hanh vi xa hpi, cac quan he xa (2) Viing mien niii va cao nguyen phia hpi, cac thilt chl xa hgi va cac he thdng phan Nam Vimg dat la sy kit hgp giiia vung ting xa hdi dugc thay ddi theo thdi gian Cu ddi trdn vdi cac thung liing tuoi dep Vung thl, he thdng kilm soat biln ddi xa hpi bao bao gdm cac phd nhu Munich, gdm hd thdng kilm soat biln doi dan sd, bidn Stuttgart 34 NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 (182).2015 (3) Vimg dat sdng Rhine, hanh lang tap phd cd Binge, Borm - thu dd CHLB Due cii; nap cua Diic Noi bit ngudn ciia sdng Cologne (thanh Idn nhit eiia thung lung Rhine nim sd eac dinh niii phii tuydt sdng Rhine); cac phd Bochum, Essem, cao ciia day Alps eiia Thuy ST Trong khoang Duisburg d thung liing sdng Ruhr 288 km, sdng Rhine chay qua cac thung IQng cdng nghidp Idn nhat nude Dire viing nudc Diic vao Ha Lan Vimg cd cac vi td chirc hdnh chinh, d CHLB Diic, phd nhu Frankfurt d thung liing sdng CO cau nha nudc duge chia bdn cip: Main (thanh phd Idn thii nam nudc Ditc sau cap lien bang, cap bang, cap vung, cip dia Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne), phuong (thanh phd, xa) Sc do: Ca cau to chirc hanh chinh cua CHLB Due CONG HOA LIEN BANG DLTC BANG BANG HA SAXONY BANG YUNG HANNOVER XAr ] | XA XA THANH PHO XA XA XA, Nhu vgy, cap vimg la cip dudi bang, vimg Co eau td chitc bd may hanh chinh cua tren cap xa va phd CJ cap vimg, ngudi viing Hannover kha don gian, gdm cd Chu dan se bau co quan dgi dien (gidng nhu tich Viing va bdn ban phu trach eac mang hpi ddng nhan dan) nhidm ki nam va chii khac nhau, vdi khoang 2.000 nhan vidn tich vimg (nhidm ki nam) Hpi ddng cd 85 Ngoai 2.000 cdng chirc, vidn chiic true thupc vien, ehu tjch la vidn ciia hdi bd may chinh quyen vimg cdn ed khoang ddng vimg va cd quyln bd philu Chu tich 14.000 nhan vien lam vide tgi cac td chirc phu trach toan bg bd may hanh chmh eiia khac nhu benh vidn, giao thdng, xu ly rac (X)al / m eua nha miSe ciing thudc quydn quan ly cua vung Day la nhiing cdng ty hoat ddng theo luat cdng Nhidm vy ciia chinh quydn vimg dugc quy dinh luat vimg Hannover, dd quan trgng nhat la nhung nhiem vy nlu dl cap dia phuong thuc hipn se khdng hidu qua nhu van de vd giao tiidng ndi vung, khuyin khich phat tridn kinh td, day nghi D I thyc hidn nhidm vu ndi trdn, vimg cd ngan sach khoang gan 1,5 ti EUR moi nam, dd chi Idn nhat la cho an sinh xa hdi, tiep theo la giao thdng cdng cdng Ngudn thu ciia ngan sach vimg bao gdm phan ddng gdp tir cac dia phuang thudc dia ban va eac khoan hd trg ngan sach tir Lidn bang va tir EU (cac ehuong trinh ho trg cd lign quan) Vimg khdng cd ngudn thu tryc tidp tir thue, vi vgy vimg cd it kha nang tac ddng vao ngudn thu eua minh Mdi bang (trong 16 bang) ed nhidu viing, vi dy bang Baden-Wiirttemberg cd bdn vimg, bang Bayem cd bay viing, bang Hessen cd ba vimg, bang NordrheinWestfalen cd nam vimg, bang Sachsen cd ba viing v.v Nhung ndi den nudc Diie, ngudi ta thudng xem xet sy phat trien kinh te, xa hdi qua hai vimg la phia Ddng va Tay Sau Thl chiln thii Hai (1945), nudc Diic bi chia cit lam hai vimg miln Ddng va Tay Ddng Dire phat triln theo dinh hudng chii nghTa xa hpi, cdn Tay E)u:c phat trien theo eon dudng tu ban ehu nghia Biic tudng Berlin, hang rao ngan each hai niia Ddng - Tay hi sup dd nam 1989, nudc Diic taitiidngnhit theo Lugt Ca 35 ban (Hidn phap) cua CHLB Dire Ngay 9/11/2014, nudc Diic da ki niem 25 nam thdng nhat dat nudc 1/4 the ki da trdi qua, nhung din sy phat triln kinh tl - xa hgi giua hai vung midn Ddng - Tay vln cdn khoang each khac biet rit xa Tay Diic phat tridn manh me, cdn Ddng EKrc phat tridn cham chap Theo Vien Nghidn cihi Kinh te Halle, khu vyc vtog phia Ddng Dire cd tdc dp phat triln kinli te cham hon, cac co sd edng nghidp yeu kem ban so vdi vimg phia Tay Dire; cac nha dau tu eiong uu tidn khu vyc Baden-Wiuttemberg, NordrheinWestfalen d vimg miln TSy nude Dire thay vi viing Thiiringen, Sachsen thudc vimg miln Ddng Dire Ti Id that nghiep d viing mien Ddng Diic dang d miic kha cao, 9,7% so vdi miic trung binh trdn ca nudc Diic la 5,4% Nhung tap doan kinh td khdng Id ciia nudc Due tap trung chu ydu d mien Tay mdi trudng kinh td d day thuan loi hon nhieu so vdi midn Ddng Dien hinh la cae tap doan hang dau eua Dire (do Forbes binh chpn) nhu Daimler Chrysler, Siemens, Deutsche Bank deu cd tru sd ehinh tgi Stuttgart, Munich, Frankfiirt, nhiing giau co d midn Tay nudc Diic Theo nhung thdng kd mdi nhat, khoang each vd thu nhgp giiia hai vimg mien Ddng va Tay nudc Diic dang cang each xa Ndu nhu nam 2008, mdi edng dan Tay Diie ed thu nhgp tnmg binh 19.838 EUR, thi tai vimg Ddng Diic chi la 15.484 EUR Hamburg la phd phia Tay cd thu nhap binh quan Idn nhit, edn 36 NGHIEN CljrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 (182).2015 Mecklenburg la phd phia Ddng cd thu nhap thip nhit dit nudc Nhiing sd thdng kd ciia Van phdng Nha nudc Soxon cho thiy: khoang each vd tiiu nhap trung binh giira hai vimg midn Ddng - Tay nudc Due da Idn hon mpi nam So vdi nam 2008, miic tang trudng vl thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi d Tay Dire la 2,9%, cdn d Ddng Diic ehi la 2,5% Cd rit nhilu ly din din sir chdnh lech tiln luang giita hai vimg mien nude Diie, dd cd thd kd den gia cac dich vu d Ddng Diic thap hon so vdi Tay Diic va ngudn vdn dd vao dau tu tai Ddng Diic cung thip hon dang ke so vdi Tay Diic Bang: Thu nhSp binh qudntai cdc thdnh phd & CHLB Du:c Thanh Thu nhgp binh quan dau nguM (EUR) Hamburg 23.455 Bremer 21.068 Baden-Wurttemberg 20.748 Beyem 20.339 Nordrhein-Westfalen 19.837 Hessen 19.824 Saarland 19.022 Schleswig-Holstein 18.466 Dya vao nhiing khia cgnh bidn ddi xa hpi nhu dan sd, mdi trudng ty nhidn, chinh tri, kinh td, tu tudng, tdn giao, van hda, cong nghd va kT tiiugt, cd thd nhan thiy nhirng bien ddi xa hpi theo hai vimg phia Ddng va Tay nudc Diic nhiing nam gin day cd nhiing thay ddi Idn, theo xu hudng khoang each chdnh lech cang xa, miie dp cang sau sac, dac biet trdn ba ITnh vyc chinh: chinh tri, kmh te, xa hdi Da sau 25 nam thdng nhit nudc Diic, nhung van cdn tdn tai "hire tudng Berlin" giiia hai niia Ddng - Tay nudc Diic Mudn san lap khoang each chenh lech giiia nay, ddi hdi sy cd ging Idn eua Thanh Thu nhap binh quan dau ngu-M (EUR) Rheinland-Pfalz Neidersachsen Brandenberg Beriin Sachsen Thuringen Saehsen-Anhalt MecklenburgVorpommen 18.509 18.206 15.913 15.736 15.708 15.297 15.192 14.944 chinh phli cac cap va quan chiing nhan dan Diic, ma vide dau tidn la phai xay dyng dupcl he thdng kidm soat biln ddi xa hdi trdn ca hai cip do: mpt la d cip ehinh quyln nha nudc va dia phuang, hai la tiong eac td chiic xa hdi dan su Vai tro cua nha nvo^c va cac to chu-c xa hoi dan sir (TCXHDS) he thong kiem soat bien doi xa hpi cap vJing tai CHLB Dire 3.1 Vai tro ciia chinh quyin nhd nu&c vd dia phucmg h$ thdng kiim sodt biin dot xa hpi cap vung ^€ti trd- eua nhd nxiSe Nha nudc Diic da thdng qua cac bd lugt va dac biet la Hien phap Lidn bang (trong Dieu 72) lam co sd phap Iy quan trgng nhit cho vide hmh cac chinh sach phdt triln vimg va kidm soat nhiing bien ddi xa hdi cap viing Nudc Diic vai thap ki vira qua da chap nhan sy tdn tai mdt so trung tam phat trien nhanh hon, di ddng manh ban Nhidu vi dy d vimg Ddng Diic da ehi ro, mac dii Nha nudc Lien bang da dau tu rat nhidu vao xay dyng CO sd hg ting kT thuat, song van khdng thu hiit dugc cac nha diu tu va khdng ngan dugc lan sdng di dan, dac biet la dpi ngii lao dpng ti-e, tir ndng thdn cac trung tam dd thi, tir Ddng Dire sang Tay Diic Thuc tien dd dat mot cau hdi la lieu Nha nudc Lien bang cd can thidt phai bd nhidu tiln ciia dd phat tridn ca sd tang kT thuat d nhOng vung "bi mit dan" hay khdng? D I tra ldi cau hdi d6, cac chinh quydn tic trung uong xuong dia phuong phai xem xet lgi quan didm va hinh mlu qua trinh hoach dinh ehinh sach phat triln viing; tu xem xet lai nhung he luy biln ddi xa hdi cap vimg d Diic lam ca sd xay dyng he thdng kidm soat bidn ddi xa hdi cip vimg hgp ly va diing din hon Dg lam dugc dilu dd can: Thu nhdt, nha nudc, ehinh quyln cae cip dia phuang phai dua eac CO sd phap ly rd rang, cae bd luat cu tiid; Thu hai, cac chinh sach dua phai ro rang, minh bgch, tap trung vao nhiing npi dung quan trpng nhu quy hoach phat tridn vimg: chinh sach kinh tl vimg, chinh sach co cau, quy hoaeh ca sd hg ting gdm giao thdng, trudng hpc, bdnh vipn, cac ITnh vyc cung ling dich vu cdng nhu cip thoat nudc, quy hogch 37 canh quan va chinh sach ndng nghiep, cac chinh sach bao ve tai nguydn, bao gdm ca nhiing di san van hda, nhung chinh sach xa hdi gom an sinh xa hgi, vin de gia hda dan sd, phan ting xa hdi, biln ddng dan sd, bao vd mdi trudng sinh thai ; Thii: ba, dam bao sy hgp tac giiia cac chinh quyen dia phuang cang hidu qua ban, dap ling tdt han nhiing ddi hdi cua qua trinh phat tridn hidn nay; Thii tu, xay dyng va dd cao vai trd ciia he thdng kidm tra, kidm soat, giam sat nhung bien ddi xa hdi tir Nha nudc Lign bang dgn cac bang, vimg, dia phuang 3.2 Vai tro ciia cdc to chuc xd hpi ddn su (TCXHDS) viec kiim sodt biin ddi xd hpi cap viing Sau Chilnti-anhthl gidi thii Hai (1945), cu thd vao nam 1948, Ludwig Erhard, cha de eiia su than ki kinh td Diic, bai bd he thdng phan phdi theo khau phan phd bidn de tiln hanh cai each tidn td da dat ca sd cho mpt trgt ty kinh te mdi: kinh td thi trudng xa hdi Tir dd din nay, CHLB Diie dugc thl gidi bilt ddn nhu mgt mlu hinh phat triln ciia md hinh kinh td thi trudng xa hdi vdi dgc digm ndi bat la nha nudc giii vai tid trgng tai cam cdi giii nhip ciia cupc choi thi trudng cgnh tranh theo lugt Id nghidm ngat, xa hdi la san bdng va cau thu la cac tang Idp giai cap, cac doanh nghidp, cae TCXHDS can 70 nam qua, cac giai tang, doanh nghidp, TCXHDS d Diic da cd vai trd rat Idn vide thiic diy ndn kinh tl thi trudng xa hpi phat tiiln Vd mat chinh tri, kinh td, xa hdi, cac TCXHDS da day manh kilm tra 38 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVKW H°^^\ {1S2).2015 kilm soat, giam sat sy hoat ddng ciia nha nude tiong viec thyc thi ndn kinh tl thi tnrdng cgnh tranh hidu qua, dam bao quydn ty tdi da cho cac doanh nghidp kinh doanh, tren co sd tuan thu nghidm ngat lugt phap hidn hanh Cac TCXHDS da tham gia, thiic day nen kinh tl thi trudng phat tridn, phat huy ddi mdi, sang kien phat minh khoa hpc, ap dung cac tidn bd khoa hge cdng nghd san xuat, kinh doanh, cai tidn, nang cao nang simt lao ddng, tgo cac xung lye mgnh me thiic day kinh te phat trien va nang cao siic cgnh tranh Trong nen kinh td thi trudng xa hdi, vd mat xa hdi, eac TCXHDS da thiic day vide nang cao phiic lgi xa hdi, phan phdi thu nhap binh dang, dam bao xay dung mang ludi bao tig xa hdi rpng khap, tiong dd cac TCXHDS cdn cd vai trd kiem soat bien ddi xa hpi cap vimg va cac td churc dac biet nhu quy, hipp hpi TCXHDS d Dire dugc phan chia theo ITnh vuc thi trudng va nha nirdc, cac to chiic phi lgi nhuan cd thd phan bidt vdi cac doanh nghidp (cac td chirc boat ddng vdi muc dich lgi nhuan) Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, su phan bidt giira hai logi hinh cdn chua that rd rang Theo John Hopkins, cac tl chiic phi lgi nhuan ed nam dac didm chinh la: nd phai la mdt td chiic, ca nhan, nha phan phdi phi lgi nhuan, ty quan li va hogt dpng mang tinh tinh nguyen Tuy nhidn, John Hopkins khdng tinh den eac dang chinh tri va nha thd Mae dii vien cac td chiic chuydn nghidp thudng khdng phai la nhung ngudi tinh nguyen, nhung nhiing td chiic ciing dugc gidi thieu nhu la cac td chiie XHDS khdc^ Cac TCXHDS d Dire hogt dpng dudi hinh thiic cac td chiic tu nguyen, phi lgi nhuan theo cac ITnh vyc khac nhau; cd ddn 34% dan eu Diic (22 tridu ngudi) tham gia vao cac td chiic, cac hoat ddng tinh nguyen nhu cac hidp hdi, nha thd, td chiic tir thidn, phi lgi nhuan, cac phong tiao hd trg, cac cau lgc bp, eac nha td ban, cac phong trao chinh tri, cdng doan, dich vy tinh nguydn, eac nhdm tu luc, chudi ddi cdng, hgp tac xa v.v' CHLB Dire hidn nay, qua trinh phat tridn vung, kiem soat bidn ddi xa hpi vimg, vai trd cua cae hdi, hidp hdi vdi su tham gia cua eac dia phuong vung, vide quy hoach viing, lidn kit giiia cac dia phuong dd lap cac cdng ty phi lgi nhugn, xay dung cac quy phat triln viing, cdc quy hd trg dao tgo lao ddng, hd trg phat triln ndng thdn, quy phat triln eo sd hg ting, xay dung cae ngan hang dit lieu phuc vu doanh nghiep, quy hd trg lap nghipp, quy tu vin doanh nghidp, quy giiip dd nhdm "ben ll xa hdi" can dugc trg giiip xa hdi, v.v cang phat trien rdng rai va manh me Dgc biet nhiing nam gan day, cac td chiic xa hpi Cho den nay, d Du^c thuat ngii "td chuc xa hdi dan sy" it dugc su dung ma thudng dimg thugt ngii "cac td chirc phi lgi nhuan" ' Winfried Jung (2001), Kinh te thi trudng xa hoi, NXB Chinh tri Qu6c gia Ha Noi va Dinh Cong Tuln (2010), MQt sd vdn di ly lugn vd Ihuc tien vi xa hoi ddn su a Lien minh Chdu Au, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi Dinh Cong Tuin (2010), Mot sd ly ludn vd thifC tiin ve xa hgi ddn su a Lien minh Chdu Au, NXB Khoa hoc Xah0i,tr 83-84 ^ai ir^ eua nhd tu^Se , d E)ure da dat den sd 280.000 hidp hdi, thu hiit hon 60% so vidn 82,4 trieu ngudi dan Diic tham gia vao hiu hit nhfing cdng vide cua dat nudc trdn tit ea cac ITnh vyc kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hgi, du lich, tdn giao, dan tgc, Hg tham gia trdn cae didn dan cdng khai minh bach nhu cae cau lac bd, cac td chiic, hpi, hiep hpi, bao vidt, bao hinh, bio ndi va ca nhfing "didn dds\ ao" nhu tren intemet, blog, facebook, nhim thiic day xa hdi phat trien theo nguyen tic: tu do, binh ding, bac ai, ty nguyen nham hudng tdi xay dyng mdt xa hdi tdt dep^ Trong cudc khiing hoang di cu nSm 2015 vira qua, nudc Diie da di diu phong trao ciiu trg nhan dao cho ngudi dan Syria, Iraq, tir vimg chau Phi - Trung Ddng nhgp cu vao chau Au Chinh phii ciia Thu tudng Merkel da ddng y tidp nhgn 800.000 ngudi ti nan Cdn ngudi dan Diic, thdng qua cac td chiic xa hdi thidn nguydn, da tham gia bilu tinh rim rd khip dat nudc nham img hg chinh phu vide ciiu trg ngudi ti nan vdi nhung sang kiln giiip dd nhdm ngudi hoan canh khd khan mdi nhap cu vao Diic Nhung TCXHDS duge hogt dpng trdn nin tang ciia nha nudc phap quydn nghidm minh, vdi sy ty dan chu Idn va ttdn ndn tang kmh tl thi trudng xa hdi mgnh me, da giam sat nhfing boat ddng nhap cu ^ Nguyin sy Phucmg, CHLB Diic, Nhd nu&c, truyen thong vd x3 hgi ddn su http://tuanvietnara.vietnamnet.vn/nha-nuoc-truyenthong-va-xa-hoi-dan-su, ng^y 17/S/2009 v^ Dinh C6ng Tuin (2010), Mgt so ly ludn vd thuc tien ve xa hpi ddn su a Lien minh Chdu Au, Nxb Khoa hpc xS hpi 39 nhim kidm soat nhirng bidn ddi xa hdi d nude Diic ndi chung, d cae viing ndi ridng (gia vai trd tiong vide giiip chinh phu trung uong va dia phuang phan bd lugng ngudi nhap cu din cac vimg nham dam bao can bing, hai hda, 6n dinh va van phat tridn kinh tl, xa hdi dit nudc) Nhu vgy, vai trd eiia cac TCXHDS ciia Diic la rit to Idn Vi du nhu Hi?p hpi Quy hoach vimg Munchen gdm cac vien ciia 185 xa, phd, 18 lien xa va Munchen - phd tiiii phii Bang da biu Chu tich Luan phien giiia thu phu, lien xa va cac xa (2 nam/ian) vdi trach nhiem xii ly cac nhidm vy thudc chu dd quy hoach, phat trien viing vugt qua pham vi mgt xa, lien xa, vdi eac chit dd chuyen mdn vg khu dan cu, dudng sa giao thong, kinh doanh, nang lugng, nghi ngoi thu gian, kiem soat biln ddi kinh td, xa hdi Ngoai Hidp hdi Quy hogch Viing, d Diic cdn cd eac td chiic khac vimg nhu: Hidp hdi IVT: dam bao nhu cau thu gian eho ngudi dan, kidm soat sy bien ddi xa hdi; Hpi MVV: dam bao nhu cau nghi ngoi, nhirng nhu ciu xa hdi tdi thiiu; Hdi Dachanser: dam bao canh quan, dam lay, bao vd mdi tnrdng xanh, sgch, dep; Phdng Thuang mai va Cdng nghidp: dam bao nhu cau phat tridn ben vimg, dac bidt gifia phat tridn kinh td va xa hdi, mdi tnrdng; Hidp hdi Vimg dd thi Chau Au Munchen: phuc vy edng tac lap quy hoach d viing phia Nam cua bang Bayem dam bao sy hai hda gifia phat trien kinh td vdi xa hpi, mdi trudng, lay tidu chi phuc vu ngudi la cao nhat Tdm lgi, nhiing 40 NGHIEN COU C H A U AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 (1821.2015 TCXHDS d CHLB Diie ed vai trd kidm tra, kidm soat, phan bien xa hdi nham giup chinh quydn eac cap tiong edng vide kidm soat nhirng bidn doi xa hgi Nhiing gpi y cho phat trien ben vung viing d Viet Nam Hidn nay, d Viet Nam cd sau viing kinh td bao gdm midn niii va trung du Bac Bd, ddng bang Bac Bp, Nam Trung Bd va duyen hai mien Trung, Tay Nguydn, Ddng Nam Bd, ddng bang sdng Cuu Long Tuy vay, cho dgn van chua cd mdt ca quan nao quan ly va theo doi phat tridn vimg (hien chi cd ba ban chi dao ciia Ban Chap hanh Tnmg uong Dang la cac ban ehi dao Tay Bic, Tay Nguyen, Tay Nam Bd) Chinh vi vay, co the ndi rang chinh sach vimg chua dupe quan tam diing miie d Viet Nam sudt giai doan qua Trong giai dogn tdi, nlu khdng cd nhiing cai thien kip thdi vd ehinh sach vimg, sy chenh lech mire dp phat tridn giua cac vimg tiep tyc gia tang, thi chac chin se xuit hien khdng it nhirng van dd bien ddi xa hgi theo hudng xau nhu di dan va he lyy tilp theo la nhung khd khan vide dap ling hg tang dd thi, van dd d nhiem, tan pha moi trudng, pha vo van hda truyln thdng, tham chi cdtiidxuat hien nhiing bit dn ve chinh tri va xa hdi Ndu chinh sach vung d Viet Nam chua dugc quan tam diing miic, viec thidu lidn kit phat trien theo chidu ngang giua cac dia phuong se lam lang phi ngudn nhan lye, triet tidu chinh sach cua dia phuong vimg vdi dia phuang lan can Khdng kilm soat, sy biln ddi xa hpi gifia cae vimg sd cang Ion va theo xu hudng xiu han Ndu khdng xay dung he thdng kilm soat bidn ddi xa hdi thi nhirng hau qua tuong lai se rat kho luong Qua nghien ciiu van dd phat triln vimg va kidm soat bien ddi xa hdi cap vimg cua CHLB Dire, ed the nit mdt vai ggi md nhu sau: 4.1 Ve chinh sdch phdt trien vitng - Mdt nhiing muc tieu quan trpng nhat cua chinh sach vimg la thu hep khoang each phat trien gifia cac viing (didu da dugc xac dinh tai Hiln phap ciia CHLB Due) - Hinh thiic td chiic vimg cd thl tdn tai d nhirng miic dp phan cap khac nhau, co thl la mdt cap chinh quyen cd diy du eac thim quyln (dugc dan biu, hoge dua vao mdt dao luat) hoac cd thl la mdt td chiic dgi dien cho chinh quyen cap Bang d viing vdi quydn han bi ban ehl hon nhilu -Nhimg cdng cy ho trg quan ttpng va thudng xuydn dugc sii dung vide thuc hidn ehinh sach vimg la: ho ttg tai chinh cho vide xay dyng co sd ting, hd trg lap nghidp tgi cac vimg kem phat triln - Da cd sy thay ddi quan didm ve chinh sach vimg cua Diic theo hudng md rpng phgm vi cac viing can duge hd trg - Chinh sach vimg khdng thl cdng neu nhu chinh sach viing khdng phdi hgp, khdng thye hidn "nhuin ill