Vai trò của các tổ chức xã hội dân sự trong phát triển kinh tế xã hội đài loan

Vai tro cua cac to chtpc xa hoi dan SLH phat trien kinh te - xa hoi Dai Loan: So sanh vm chau Au va ggi mo' cho Viet Nam BINH CONG TUAN* Torn tdt: Hien Ddi Loan dd tra thdnh mot 30 nin kinh d cd cdc chi sd phdi Iriin kinh ti - xa hgi hdng ddu thi gi&i Co dugc kit qud Id cdc luc lugng chinh tri c6 gdng chuyin ddi xd hoi Irong khuon kho mot trdt tu dn hda cdi cdch khdng sit dung hgo lice Ngw&i ddn duac ldm quen vai cdc gid tri ddn chii vd ddn ddn dd ldm chit duac cdc gid tri ndy Ddi Loan phdt trien nha c& su dong gdp cita cdc tdng l&p trung km luon quan tdm den vdn hda, vdn minh ddn chit, lien bo xd hoi; luon Ion hoc vdn xdy dung nen giao due lien tien v&i ngudn nhdn hrc cao, ddng deu ket hap giua vdn hda Iruyen thdng v&i vdn hda hien dai cua the gi&i Ddng gdp vdo sir thdnh cong chung ciia Ddi Loan, khdng the khong nhac den vai trd ciia cdc td chirc xa hdi ddn su (XHDS) a Ddi Loan dd du tru&ng thdnh, gdnh vdc dugc cdc trdch nhiem ddn su, dieu tiet duac cdc hogt dong xa hot iheo hir&ng lanh mgnh phdt trien Tir khda To chirc xd hdi ddn sir, phdt trien kinh te - xd hoi, Ddi Loan Vai tro cua cac to chiic xa hoi dan sy phat tricn kinh tc - xa hoi d Dai Loan til-1987 din Sy phat trien ciia lo chiic XHDS Dai Loan CO boi canh lich sir, van hoa, chinh tri va xa hpi dac Ihii Trudc hit, nhan t l van boa da anh hudng den sy phat iri£n ciia cac l6 chuc XHDS d Dai Loan Trong quan niem liy gia loc truyen Ihong Iam nen Uing co sd nen ciic ihanh *Vicn nghien ciiu chau Au vien eac to chirc XHDS kieu Iruyen ihong phong kien Trung Quoc da khong tin -•ludng vao cac to chuc XHDS eong cpng Vi vay, cac to chiic XHDS d Dai Loan da khong the phat tricn dugc Ve mat chinh tri, Dai Loan da trai qua 38 nam dudi ach thong tri doc lai ciia chinb quyen Quoc Dan Dang (tir nam 1949 din 1987) Lual gidi nghiem dugc thyc hien giai doan da buoc Dai Loan cam lap hpi, quy, cae lo chirc xa hpi Sau lenh gidi nghiem duac bai bo -W/7(Jng vdn erg KINH T^VACHiNHTR! THE Giai So 11 (247)2016 Dinh Cong Tufln Vai tro cua cac to chi>c xa h6i dan SM' • da buoc Dai Loan c i m lap h6i, qu^, cac to chiic xa hgi Sau lenh gidi nghiem dugc bai bo nam 1987, hang toat cdc t l chiic xa hgi da dugc ddi Tir nam 1980 din ndm 1999, tdc dgng ciia xu thS khu vuc hoa va toan cau hoa, cac to chiic xa h6i ddn sy d Dai Loan nhu phong trao nhan quyin, cihi trg nhan dao, bao ve moi trudng, phong trao nii quyin, bao ve ngudi lao dpng, xay dung van hda da khong ngung ddi va phdt triSn, no tich eye hgp tdc chat che vdi cac to chiic xa hgi dan su quIc tl Hoat dpng ciia cac to chuc xd hpi dan sy da thiic day manh me cae phong trao ty hoa va ddn ehu hoa Cae to ehiic xa hpi dan sy da din din duge "to ehiic hoa" va "the che hoa", da true tilp diu yanh, phe phdn chii nghta quyin uy ciia chinh quyen Quoc Dan Dang, buoc ehinh quyen nam 1992 phai sua doi "luat to chirc xa hgi thdi gidi nghiem", md eon dudng ty hda va dan chu hoa sau sac hon, Iam eho eac t l ehiic xa hgi dan sy phdt trien manh me hon Dieu da lam thay doi sau sac moi quan he gitra nha nude va xa hpi Tir nam 2000 trd Iai day, eac t l chuc XHDS d Dai Loan da c6 budc phat trien ca be rpng va chieu sau Sy lien kit, hgp tac mang ludi XHDS ben mdi dugc ket noi, nang cao ve so lugng va chit lugng Tinh din nam 2006, nhimg to chiic XHDS da dugc dang ky d Bp Noi chinh Dai Loan Icn den so tren 20.000 to chiic Trong do, co den 2000 to chuc lay danh nghTa la hpi vien ea nhan va ciia to chuc dc tham gia vao eac loai hinh to chiic XHDS quoc lc' Giao su Hsin - Huang Michael Hsiro, mpt nha xa hpi hpc noi tieng d Dai hpc Quoc gia Dai Loan da cho rang, lir nam 1980, nhan dan Dai Loan da xay dyng nhan Ihuc chung, co tinh Lam Diic Xirong (L.iti dc Chang)' "i\'ghien ciht chi lieu xd hdi ddn sir Ddi Loan, kiem bdn ve sir tham gia cong cong cna ihanh nien", Uy ban Ira giiip Thanli men, Vien Hanh chinh Dai Loan, Dai Loan nam 2007 (Tieng Trung Quoc) tap thi, v l vi6c xac dinh chit lugng tu chu ciia "cai xa h6i" Va thdi ciia dan chiing d6i vdi Chinh quyin cung "thay doi"! Ngudi dan da kiln nghi vdi Chinh quyin xir 1;^ nhOng vin dk xa hgi mdi, biic xiic, nhu van de an todn c6ng c6ng kem di, chdt lugng moi trudng, t6i pham kinh te, phan bo thu nhap, vSn de giao thong thay cho nhitng vin dS ma chinh phu quan tdm CO tinh lau dai nhu an ninh quIc gia, on dinh chinh tri, tang trudng kinh te, Giao su Hsin dS dua khai niSm la lyc lugng chinh tri, lyc lugng kinh te, luc lugng xa hgi de phan tich nhung thay doi da b6c 16 ve cdc quan he quyen luc d Dai loan tir nam 1947 din Tir ndm 1947 din nay, Dai Loan da trai qua giai doan the hien cae d6ng thai quyen lyc khac Giai doan (1947 - 1962): la giai doan "cac lye lugng chinh tri nam giii quyen lye tuyet doi Bat dau tir sy kicn "18 thang 2" nam 1947, quan dpi quoe gia (nationalist) dan ap tan bao nhimg ngudi dan dia phuang Dai Loan Che dp Quoc Dan Dang da thiet lap mpt che dp doc tai tren hon dao Tat ea ddi song cong cpng ciia ngudi dan bi kicm soat toan dien dudi sy kiem soal ciia nha nude dang tri - quan phiet Cae lyc lugng chinh tri dugc dat Ien tren tat ea Xa hpi dan sy Dai Loan bi kicm soat hoan loan bdi bp may nha nude Irung uong ngudi Trung Hoa chay lir dai luc lanh dao Giai doan (1963 - 1978): la giai doan "cae lire lugng kinh le gan nhu giu vj tri hang diu" Chinh quyen QuIc Dan Dang lanh dao da dua tang trudng kinh te vao chuong trinh nghj sy uu tien de cam quyen d Dai Loan Sy chuyin djch tir chien luge cong nghiep hoa thay Ihl nhap khau (ISIS) sang chiln luge cong nghiep hoa hmrng vc xuit khiu (EOI) da "san sinh" nhimg nha tu ban tu nhan (bao glm ca ngudi Trung Hoa luc dia va ban dia Dai Loan) Day la giai doan biing no cac doanh nghiep vira va nho, su noi Icn cua ling Idp trung luu Ihi ben Nhung vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TR! TH^ GIO'l S6 11 (247) 2016- -29 Vai fro cua cac to chipc xa hgi dan si^ Dinh Cong Tuan canh ting ldp cong nhan cong nghiep vdi so lugng cang tdng len Cac dudng loi phat triln kinh t l dugc xem xet mgt each nghiem tiic, cac lgi ich kinh te da tao sue ep doi vdi nha nude nhim tao cac ca hgi cdi md hon giai doan thyc hien chien luge EOL Den cuoi thap ky 1970, hai luc lugng chinh tri va kinh t l da hinh lien minh va ket hgp siic manh de diy nhanh phat trien chii nghia tu ban Den cuoi giai doan nay, edc n6 lyc "tim kiem coi re" da duge day manh bdi cac bp phan khdc cua XHDS (trudc kia, XHDS van bi ep buoc va thuan phuc) Trong so hp, khoa hgc xa hpi da co budc khdi dau ddng ke Cdc phong trao, hoat dgng noi Ien nhu: Tim hieu tinh ban dia van hpc, am nhac, ky kich Cdc nha tri thirc dua tranh luan ve y thiic Dai Loan mdi Phong trao mdi chi goi gon tang Idp tri thiic, chua den duge vdi cae nhom xa hpi va nhom kinh te XHDS van chua dugc huy dpng dl thach thiic tryc tiep den quyen lyc ciia nha nude dgc tai Giai doan (tir 1979 din nay): day la giai doan cac lyc lugng xa hgi dugc phat triln XHDS phat trien xuyen suot cac giai cip va dan tgc, sac tgc, da phai irien sang mpt ehu trinh phat trien mdi Sy phat trien ctia cong nghiep da nuoi dudng XHDS vdi nguIn lye kinh tl mdi Nhirng nhu eau CO ban ciia cac bo phan khac xa hpi tu ban chii nghTa chin muoi d Dai Loan da gay ap lyc doi hoi phai Ihay dli ben irong quan he giua Nha nude \a xa hpi XhCrng tl chirc XHDS d Dai Loan eo tieng noi true dicn hon cac hanh dpng mang tinh lap thi, doi hoi nha nude phai dap img giai quyit cae nhu ciu Tuy XHDS Dai Loan la thyc thi khong ding nhal, nhung cac ll chirc XHDS Dai Loan vln Cling tham gia mot mat Iran, la doi ly chii, ihoal khoi sy thong tri cua \ h a nude Dilu da buoc Chinh qu\cn QuIc Dan Dang phai chu\en doi he thong lir "Chu nghia doc lai cirng sang doc tai mim" Phong trao XHDS da done vai tro quan trgng viec thuc day qud trinh chuyin ddi dan chu d Dai Loan Dai Loan giai doan ndy, ddc biet tir nam 1988 trd di ed khoang 18 phong trao xa hpi, dugc x6p vao mgt so nhom cdc phong trao chinh nhu: i) Nhom cdc kien nghi chdng lai tinh trang nhd nude khong hanh dgng phai doi mat vdi cdc van de mdi nhu: bdo ve moi trudng, bao ve ngudi tieu dimg, bdo ton sinh thdi ii) Nhdm cac phong trao bieu tinh chong lai cdc chinh sach cua Nha nude doi vdi cac quyen ngon ngir cua cae dan t6c thieu so, giii gin ban sdc van hoa, bao ton di sdn, kiem soat dat dai iii) Nhom cae phong trao bieu tinh chong lai nhung chinh sach yeu kem, hoac khong day du doi vdi vice cham sdc, bdo ve nhom ngudi dl bi ton thuong nhu ngudi cao tuoi, ngudi khuyet tat, ede eyu chien binh, hoac.doi xir cong bang vdi nhom ton giao khae iv) Nhom cae phong trao dau tranh vdi Nha nude nham chong lai su kiem soat doi vdi cac nhom xa hgi chii chot nhu: cong nhan, nong dan, tri thuc, giao vien, sinh vien, phu nO v) Nhom cac phong trao dau tranh vdi nha nude yeu cau doi thay doi nhung quy tac lau ddi quan ly cac van de chinh tri nhay cam nhu: cam doan liep xiic giira ngudi dan Dai Loan vdi Dai lue, thyc hien quyen ngudi eiia ede nan nhan chinh trj, Qua phan tich boat dpng eua 18 phong trao xa hpi d Dai Loan tir thap nien 1980 din cac hpc gia Dai Loan da rut mpt s l dac dilm chung nhu sau: - Cac phong trao xa hgi lien hanh diu Iranh, bieu tinh nhdm doi hoi Chinh quyin QuIc Dan Dang phai cai each Ihay dli m l i quan he nha nude - xa hoi, dam bao linh ly chii ciia XHDS - Cac xung dot giai cap khong pbai la dpng CO chinh de huy dpng hoai dgng phong trao co to chire Muc tieu chinh ciia phong irao la kiln nghi yeu ciu nha nude phai dilu chinb, thay dli chinli sach da lae hau - Nhung vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRI THE G i a i S l 11 (247)2016 Binh Cong Tuan Vai tro cua cac to chi>c xa hpi dan sy - Hau hit cdc phong ttao xa hgi dlu dp dung ehien luge phi chinh yi Hg tranh kit n i i vm phe dli l^p chinh tri Vi vay, Ddng Ddn tiln (DPP) khong ddng vai tro lanh dao d d n g k i nao dan dat cac phong trao xa hgi mgt each co t6 chiic - Nhan thiic chung ciia nhirng ngudi tham gia cac phong trao xa hgi la nhan thuc nan nhdn (eo cam gidc b; bd roi, bi loai trir) Hiu het cac vien tham gia cdc phong trao xa h6i deu coi minh la nan nhan, thdy minh khong dugc doi xii cong bdng - Trong mpt thdi gian ngdn, cac phong trao da dugc khang dinh ro rang va bit ddu dugc "the che hoa" Va nhiJng yeu cau phong trao dua da dugc Nha nude chii y va da cd nhiing dap ling nhat dinh - Giai doan dau, sy lien kit cac phong trao theo chieu ngang yeu kem Nhung qua thyc lien hoat dpng, dan dan eac phong trao da co sy lien ket mang ludi, hoat dpng eo t l chiic, lien ket chat che, da phat huy dugc siic manh buoc Nha nude phai dieu ehinh, cai each - Xa hpi Dai Loan da dan dan xuat bien mot loai van hoa chinh tri mdi, viJng ehae tir sy huy dpng cua XHDS XHDS Dai Loan da kliong eon la bp phan ticp nhan thu dpng sy thong tri eiia Chinh quyen Quoe Dan Dang No da dugc Bdng 3: huy ddng thdng qua qua trinh hgc hdi xuat phdt tir cdc phong trao xa hgi Qua do, XHDS Dai Loan nhu mgt ting thi khong chi cho nhfing ngifdi tich eye tham gia phong trao, ma da diic kit kinh nghiem nit tir thyc tien dau tranh, d l kiln nghi d l dat nguyen vgng ctia ngudi dan cho Nha nude Culi ciing nhdm thay d l i dudng lii chinh saeh da loi thdi, lae hau, xay dyng chinh sdch mdi tien bg hon, tot dep hon Co thi khdi quat la, "XHDS yeu cau mgt van hoa chinh tri tham dy mdi" - XHDS dat yeu cau doi vdi Chinh quyen Quoe Dan Dang, d mgt chirng myc nao da thiic day sy chuyen doi cua Nha nude tu quy each edm quyen "ciing ran" sang "mem deo" hon Ty hoa khong co nghta la dan ehu hoa, nhung ty hoa thudng thiie day dan chu hda, quy tac tro choi giiia XHDS va nha nude dugc thay doi Trong rat nhieu ITnh vyc chinh sdch, Chinh quyen Quoe Dan Dang buge phai thay doi, bat dau tir ty hda nham dap irng nhiing thach thicc tir phia XHDS doi hoi Chinh quyen da phai eho phep cong dan ve tham Dai luc, nha thd duge xay dyng d vung mien nui Cae CO quan quan ly da phai cai each quy djnh phap ly, cac luat mdi dugc ddi, nhu luat ngudi lieu diing, luat dai hgc, quy dinh dieu chinh quan he XHDS dang dugc dy thao va trinh Ihong qua Cac ehi ticu XHDS o Dai Loan Gia trj (Value) 2,3 Moi Irudng (Environment) 2,2 Cau Iriic (Structure) 1,5 Tac dpng (Impact) 2,0 Ngudn: Lam Dire Xuong (Lin de Chang, 2007): "Nghien cim chi lieu xd hdi ddn sir Dai Loan, kiem bdn ve sir iham gia cdng cdng cita nien", Uy ban trg giup Thanh nien, Vicn Manh chinh Dai Loan Dai Loan nam 2007 (Tieng Trung Quoc) Nhung vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRI TH^ GIQI S6 11 (247) 2016- Vai trd cOa cac t6 chi>c xS hQidansy Binh Cong Tuan Mac dii cac ddp iing tir phia Nha nude eon chua du hoac da khong nhit thilt dap iing ede doi hoi ciia XHDS, nhung Chinh quyin da co nhimg budc di, nhdm dap iing nhung yeu cau khong the bd qua cua phong trao XHDS dang cang phdt triln Va dilu da c6 tdc dpng thiic day xa h6i Dai Loan phdt trien manh me hon Lien minh thi gidi ve sy tham gia ciia XHDS (CIVICUS - World will alliance for citizen participation) la to chiic quan trgng lien ket mang cong dan toan cau, da siic thiic day sy phdt triln cua XHDS toan cau De co tinh he thing phan tich hanh vi ciia XHDS da anh hudng din sy phdt trien moi quoe gia, CIVICUS da tien hanh hgp tdc vdi 60 quoe gia tren the gidi, tien hanh dieu tra cdc chi tieu cua XHDS tir nam 2003 din 2005 Vd da cong b l cdc chi tieu XHDS cua 60 nude tren the gidi, CO Dai Loan vao nam 2006 Cuoi eiing, da dua mgt ban bao cao day du, toan dien ve cae chi tieu XHDS Dai Loan, chi ro hien trang phat triln XHDS Dai Loan, va vai tro XHDS phat trien kinh tl - xa hpi Dai Loan XHDS dupe ludng bdi ehi tieu, theo thang dilm cao nhit la dilm XHDS Dai Loan dupe ludng nhu sau: i) "Gia trj" duac 2,3/3 d, nhu vay chi lieu "gia tri" ciia XHDS Dai Loan xep vao loai tit ii) "Moi trudng" dugc 2,2/3 d, nhu vay cbi lieu "moi trudng" cua XHDS Dai Loan cung xcp vao loai tot iii)"Ciu triic" dugc 1,5/3 d, nhu vay chi lieu "eau true" cua XHDS Dai Loan xIp vao loai trung binh iv)"Tac dpng" dugc 2,0/3 d nhu \ay chi lieu "lac dpng" ciia XI IDS Dai Loan xep vao loai kha - Hsin - Huang Michael Hsiao: "Cdc phong irdo xa hdi noi ten vd gia lang dot hoi xd hot ddn sir a Ddt Loan (Emerging Social Movement)" ASIAN SURVEY, The Australian Joumal of Chines Affairs, \ o 24 July 1990 32- So sanh vfri chSu Au, va goi md cho V i | t Nam XHDS dugc biit din, dugc nghign cuu, ddnh gia va ho£it dgng bit ddu tijr chau Au Con cdc xa hgi phuong Dong, co Dai Loan, Viet Nam, biit din XHDS cham han chau Au, CO le tir diu thi k-^ XX Nhflng eo sd ly thuyit, edc thi che, hoat dgng cua XHDS, cdc nude phuang D6ng da hgc tap cdc kinh nghiem ciia ehau Au gilng nhu l;y thuyit khuyeeh tan tir trung tam ngoai vi Du la chau Au hay chdu A thi dinh nghta, khai niem v l XHDS ciing rat thong nhat eho ring: "XHDS la mgt khodng khong gian x3 hoi nam giiia cd nhan, cac nhom huyet thong true tiep (gia dinh) vd nhd nude"'' XHDS ham y la "khong gian tucmg tdc xa hgi, phi kinh t§ va phi nhd nude" "nham the hien eac gia tri va cdc lgi ich ciia hp": "XHDS la dien dan ndm giiia gia dinh, nha nude va thj trudng noi ngudi bat tay thiie day quyen lgi chung"'' vd "XHDS la Itnh vyc eua ede thiet che, to ehiic, nhom, ca nhan nam khoang khSng gian giita gia dinh, nha nude, thi trudng, mpi ngudi lien ket ty nguyen de thuc day cac Igi ich chung Cae chi bao, chieu canh ciia XHDS bao gom "mo hinh XHDS hinh thoi": ciu tnic, moi trudng, gia trj va tde dpng"^ Nhu the la, XHDS co muc tieu "dii la chau Au hay Dai Loan, Vicl Nam" nhdm hudng tdi xay dyng mpt "xa hpi tot dep" (good society); vdi phuong tien de dat dugc muc dich la "ddi song hiep hpi" (Assoeiational life), va la khung kho chung de mgi ngudi cimg tham gia thing nhat ve mue dieh va phucmg lien, ia "khu vyc cong cgng" (Public area)'^' ' Anhcir K, II vfi Carlson L, ei all (1999); Global civil society Dimensions of non -profits sector, Baltimore "• Dir iin CIVICUS' "Danh gia ban dau vc XMDS tai Vicl Nam", www civicus.org " Dmh Cong Tuan (2010)' "Mdt s6 vdn dS ly ludn vd thirc tien ve xd hoi ddn sir a Lien minh chdu An ", Nha xudl ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi '' Camiegie UK Trust (2007/- For ihe common good'^ The changing role of civil society tn ihe UK and Ireland Camiegie UK Trust - Nhirng vin di KINH Tt \lk CHJNH TRj T H ^ GIDI So 11 (247)2016 Binh Cong Tuan yai trp cua cac t l chuc xa hgi dan sy hoa, ty bau cir eac to chirc XHDS Dai Loan da dan dan trudng Tir sy trg giiip eiia ede XHDS quoc te, den sy boat dgng doe lap, rieng re, eac to chire XHDS Dai Loan dan dan duge to chirc hoa, the che hoa, lien ket rgng rai theo chieu ngang Cho den nay, cae to ehiie XHDS Dai Loan da phai tricn manh me, xep vao loai tot d chau A Nhan xet nay, dupe riit tir danh gia, khao sat ciia CIVICUS nam 2006 Cae chi so danh gia boat dpng cua cac to chuc XHDS Dai Loan bao gom chieu eanh la: cau true, moi trudng, gia trj va tac dgng Diem so dat dugc ciia chieu canh "mo hinh XHDS hinh thoi" cua Dai Loan da minh chirng cho sy phat tricn khong ngiing ciia XHDS Dai Loan - Do ddi sdm han, nen XHDS d ehau Au dugc nghien ciiu rit bai ban, da dua edc ly thuyet ro rang, cu thi Cac t l chiic, thi chi hoa cac XHDS rit chat che Con d Ddi Loan, ddi sau, nen cdc t l chirc XHDS cham duge the c h i hoa, phai dim lung budc di Neu d chau Au, ty hoa, dan ehii hoa da phat trien manh me tir phong trao Khai sdng tir thi ky XVIII, va dan dit phong trao XHDS phat trien manh me din thi d Dai Loan, Quoe Dan Dang da dp dat lenh gidi nghiem, da kim ham sy ddi va phdt triln CLia XHDS (tir nam 1947 - 1987) Sau bai bo lenh gidi nghiem (1987) XHDS Dai Loan mdi dan tirng budc trudng va phat triln Trai qua cac thdi ky lu ly hoa den dan chii Bdng 4: So sanh cac chi so danh giii XI IDS tai mpt so nude vii viing lanh tho ciia chau Au va ch;i u A (2(106) Do'n vi: diem/3diem Quoc gia, viing liinh tho Can triic Moi truong Gia tri Tac dong A Chau Au CIILB Due 1.6 2,3 2.2 CII Ireland -^ 1,8 2.4 2.1 2.1 LS Ba Lan 1.2 1.7 2.1 Bulgarv 1.1 -1 T T Rumania 1.4 n -) 2.2 I ^•^ 22 B Chau A Dai Loan \.f 2.2 2.3 2.0 Vicl Nam 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.2 Nuiwii: I Ciriria ll tu hi twciiihly Couulrv repiirl : iriPin I'hii iCIuihh'ii yillS,- \,Th,juk 006 u luol \o mil tic L hon lor " ,\.\'llTn Ihirc lia Viii S LOul Dlu \iiojii; a.ui Ik' l.'lhin^} \;^h!cn uhi chi nen XHDS Diu Loankleni h III ve \n Ihnui ;^ni i niii; ( oni; cmi Ihiinh men ' I '\ ban ilianli men qtiiic ^ui, line II ihiiiii ^la coii^ h cnii Ihanh men laiheil :00' l\aln ml Youlh CII Ydlilh PiihliL B, Nhung van de KINH TE VA CHiNH TRI THE GIO'l So 11 1247) 2016 — — I'arlni/iiilni Iraile ii\i Ihii Vai trb cua cac to chii'cxghOidan sy.- Dinh Cong Tuan Nhin vao bang so sanh XHDS d cac nude chau Au vdi Ddi Loan va Viet Nam, tac gid co miy nhan xet nhu sau: - XHDS d cdc nude phat triln ehau Au (EU 15) nhu CHLB Diic, CH Ireland, chieu canh XHDS dlu xIp vao loai khd trd Ien - mpt trinh phdt Uiln vira phai, chua bdng nhom eac nude phat tiikn (EU 15) la cdc nude chuyin dli Dong Au nhu Ba Lan, Hungary, Romani Cae chi s l tii "cau tnie", "moi trudng", "gid trj", "tac dgng" dlu dat miic dilm trung binh thip, trung binh khd, kha Dilu noi Ien ring, yen dudng chuyin doi "tir ehinh tri, xa hpi, kinh tl, luat phap " eac nude Dong Au phai tiln hanh dan dan eac cdi each Va XHDS d cac nude chuyin dli cung phai tudn ty phdt triln tir thip din cao Muln hpi nhap sdu vdi thi gidi, nhit thiet phai phat trien ding bp ca ba tru cot: nha nude phdp quyen, kinh tl thi trudng va XHDS Ty hoa, dan chil hoa, phdt triln XHDS la phuang lien de trg giiip dat nude phat trien - Tuy ddi sau (tir sau nam 1987) nhung ede to chirc XHDS d Dai Loan da co sy phat trien "than ky" Chi gan 30 nam xay dyng va phat trien nhung XHDS Dai Loan, thong qua diem so "Mo hinh XHDS hinh thoi" (eau true, moi Irudng, gia trj, tae dpng) da dat den irinh dp diing hang dau eac nude chau A, gan ngang vdi cac nude phat trien d ehau Au (EU 15) So sanh diem so "Mo hinh XHDS hinh thoi" ciia Dai Loan vdi Dire va Ireland, chiing ta c6 the thay rang XHDS Dai Loan c6 "cau tnic" tuang doi tot Ngudi dan tham gia cac to chirc XHDS tuong dli rpng khdp tCr cac hiep hpi ngudi lieu dimg bao ve moi trudng, dam bao an sinh xa hpi, to chirc lir thien nhan dao cac to chirc ton giao, bao vc ngudi yeu th£ irong xa hpi, cac quy, to chirc cong doan, nong dan, giao vicn, hpc sinh phu nii ngirdi gia va cac hoat dgng co t l chiic dugc the che hda, cd sy lien kit vdi cac t l chdc nude, nude ngoai chat chg Mdt khdc cac t l chiic XHDS Ddi Loan dugc hoat dgng "moi trudng t i t " tir moi trudng kinh t l , chinh tri, van hda, x§ hgi, phap ly, tu vd quyin lgi co bdn dac biet m l i quan he giiia XHDS vdi Nha nude vdi da dugc cai thien va phdt triln ddng ke Moi quan he giiia XHDS vdi cdc doanh nghiep thi trudng eiing da bdt diu dugc cdi thien dua tren sy ton trgng luat phdp eae nude va XHDS Dai Loan ydi qua nhung nam thang phat triln thang y i m tir sy khing ehi doe tdi ciia nha nude QuIc Dan Dang (1947 - 1987) din giai doan "dgc tai m i m " (1987 - 1997) va da tiln din giai doan phat huy su doc lap, tu chu, tir ty boa, din dan ehii hoa, da dang, biu cu ty va phap quyin nhu Do la XHDS Dai Loan da phdt huy manh mc nhirng "gia Ui" thye hanh dan ehu, minh bach hoa, phat huy tinh khoan dung, phi bao lyc, thyc hien tot nhiing muc tieu binh dang gidi, xoa doi ngheo, thyc hien muc tieu xay dyng moi trudng ben viing Va ket qua la nhCrng hoat dpng ciia XHDS da CO "lae dpng" tich eye den edc quyet saeh cua Chinh quyen Nhu Chinh quyen phai thyc hien trach nhiem giai trinh, xay dyng nhung ehinh sach cong cpng dung dan, tang cudng vai tro giam sat, phan bien xa hgi eiia ngudi dan, dieu dap ung duge nhirng moi quan tam va nhung doi hoi, nhu cau ciia xa hpi Do la nhung kinb nghiem tot ciia Dai Loan ma Viet Nam co the hgc hoi duge Nhin vao dicm so "Mo hinh XHDS hinh ihoi" eiia Viet Nam chung ta thay rang tieu chi ve "cau true" dat 1.6 diem, "gia tri" dat 1,7 dicm, "moi irudng" dat 1.4 dicm - nhu vay dai mii'c lir trung binh trd len Rieng ticu chi "lac dpng" dat 1,2 diem, d mirc trung binh thap, pbai co gang ban Vicl Nam la quoc gia phai chiu nhicu kho khan, gian kho cuoc - Nhiyng vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRj THE GIO'l S6 11 (247) 2016 Plnh Cong Tuan Vai tro cua cac t l chirc xa hgi dan sy khdng chien chIng Phdp, My d l I^ Trong suot qud trinh xay dung dit nude, cung luon gap nhiing thach thiic tir bSn ngoai (chiln tranh bien gidi Tay Nam, chiln tranh bi6n gidi phia Bdc, bi xam pham chii quyin d biln Dong hi$n nay) Tuy vay, nhan ddn Viet Nam quyit tam khic phuc kho khdn, chung tay xay dyng dat nude Tii 1986, Viet Nam dd tiln hdnh eong cu6e dli mdi ddt nude vdi mue tieu xdy dyng Vi$t Nam trd ddt nude: "dan gidu, nude manh, dan ehii, cong bang, van minh" Trong try cot phat trien, Vi§t Nam da va dang xdy dyng "nha nude phap quyen cua dan, dan, vi dan" Quoc hpi hang nam da thong qua hdng tram bg ludt mdi Viet Nam cung dang xdy dung "nin kinh t l thi trudng djnh hudng xa hgi chii nghTa" Vira phdt trien kinh te, vira thye hien tit edc chinh sdch phdt yien an sinh xa hgi, dam bdo c6ng bang eho mgi ngudi dan, Trong Imh vuc xa hpi dan sy, Viet Nam da sdm y thirc dugc viec xay dung va thyc hien no Ngay tu nam 1946, Dieu 10 ciia ban Hien Phdp dau tien ciia nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa eo quy dinh: Cong dan Viet Nam co quyen Ty to chirc va hpi hgp Dieu da khang dinh: XHDS la mpt lyc lugng dugc quy dinh Hien phap Nam 1957, Chil tich Ho Chi Minh da ky sac lenh ve vice lap Hpi, Nhung vi dat nude bj chien tranh tan pha, nen viec lap Hpi chua duge thye hien hoan thien Nhung nam 1998, Chinh phii Viet Nam da ky Nghi dinh "dan ehii ca sd" tao nen tang phap ly dc thyc hien nhung boat dpng cua cac to ehiic XHDS Nam 2013, ban Hien Phap sira doi cua nude CHXHCN Vicl Nam da noi ve vice lap Hoi Den nay, QuIc hpi Viet Nam dang sira doi de thong qua "Luat ve I Igi" Ro rang, cac to chirc XHDS Viet Nam da va dang hoat dong manh me, trcn nen tang ciia luat phap Viet Nam nham dam bao ^liUp'//wvvw moj gov vn/vbpq/lisls/vn%20bn%20php%20 lul/view dclail aspx''itemid^536 phat huy tinh tich eye cua toan ddn, thyc hien t i t chii chuong: "dan biit, ddn ban, dan lam, dan kiim tra" Ngudi dan dugc d l cao, vdi ehii truong: "dan vi bdn" (dan la glc), "chd thuyin la dan, lat thuyin la dan" Hien nay, d Viet Nam da CO su biing n l cdc to chiic xd hgi thuge tdt cd cac loai, gdm cdc loai hinh nhu sau: i) Cdc to chiic chtnh tti xa hpi; ii) Cae t l chdc chinh trj xa h6i nghi nghiep; iii) Cae hpi nghi nghiSp va hiep hpi ngdnh nghi; iv) Cdc to chiie khoa hpc eong nghe ngoai cong lap; v) Cae quj? xa hpi, quy tir thien; vi) Cac cd sd bao trg xa hgi; vii) Cac to ehiie cpng dong, cdc to chiic phi lgi nhuan; viii) Cdc to chiic phi chinh phii quoc te Tuy chua co so thong ke chinh xdc, nhung udc tinh theo Bp Ngi vu Viet Nam, hien eo khodng 500 hgi cip Trung uong; 4.000 hpi cap tinh va 10.000 hpi cip huyen, xa; 1.800 to ehirc phi chinh phii gom eac to chiie khoa hpc ngodi cong lap, bao ve moi Irudng, y te, giao due Co 150 hiep hpi nganh nghe, khoang vai tram quy va tren 900 to chiic phi chinh phu quoc te dang hoat dpng d Viet Nam Ba ldn ciia Viet Nam la Ha Npi, Ho Chi Minh, Da Nang, lan lugt eo han 500 hpi, gan 600 hpi va 445 hoi (theo Thdi bao Kinh tl Sai Gon 23/7/2015) Ngoai ra, theo mgt danh gia quoe lc Viet Nam co khong dudi 14.000 CBO (Td chirc dya vao cgng dong), nhimg l l chire chua CO hanh lang phap ly dac thii ciia minh, dang hoat dpng^ Tam hoat dgng va Imh vyc hoat dpng cung da dang va ky nang hoat dpng cang thuan thuc va dugc nang cao Thdi gian gan day, cac to chuc xa hgi co sy tham gia cang nhicu hon vao cac boat dgng tu van, phan bien, giam sat chinh saeh^ Thco Carl Thayer (2009) " Pham Bich San (2015): "To' chirc xa hrh ddn sir vd m phdi tnen lanh li iht tnrdng cr Viet Nam ", Hoi thao quoc ta "The role of Social Organizations in a modern market economy", p h i H i C h I Minh, 28/10 Nhung vin di KINH T ^ VA C H I N H TR! T H ^ GIO'l So 11 (247) - ^35 Dinh Cong Tudn Vai tro cGa cac td chifc xa hpi dan sy Qua nghien ciiu mo hinh XHDS Dai Loan, chiing toi cho rang co nhieu kinh nghiem hay co thi ggi md eho Viet Nam Trong qua trinh toan cau hoa va hgi nhap quoc te sau sac hien nay, nhiing gia tri nhan loai can duge tiep thu Do cung chinh Id each tiep can khoa hgc, mang tinh thdi dai Tuy Vi§t Nam va Dai Loan co sy khac bi6t ve dae diem che nhung hai ben eo the hpc hoi lan nham muc tieu chung la xay dyng dat nude "dan giau, nude manh, dan chu, eong bang, van minh" Viet Nam eo the hgc hoi d Dai Loan tinh than quyet liet cac phong trao xa hgi ddu tranh chong edi bao thii, lae hau, co tae hai xiu den xa hpi Do la cdc phong trao bao ve ngudi tieu diing (Dai Loan da di trudc Viet Nam 30 nam) Day la phong trao xa hpi ma hien Viet Nam dang tien hanh rim rp, manh me Viet Nam eung co thi hpc tap d Dai Loan phong trao bao ve moi trudng Cach ma Dai Loan da diu tranh vdi cac tap doan kinh te vdi cdc nhdm lai phiet hg xay dung va van hanh nhiing nha may gay nhilm, phd hoai moi trudng nhu Tap doan Formosa dd lam tai Viet Nam Viet Nam eiing hgc tap dugc d Dai Loan v l phuang thiic t l chiic thi c h i hoa cae t l chiic xa hgi, cac phong trao xa hgi Gdn liin vdi viec phdt trien theo be rpng cdc to chiic xa hpi la viee tap trung phdt trien theo hB sau cac to chiic xa hpi, phong trao xa hpi Dae biet de eao tinh than phdp quyen Gan vice xay dyng to chiie xa hgi vdi viec dam bao eo sd phdp ly eho to chiie, phong trao Dieu ndy se trdnh dugc nhihig hoat dgng ty do, vo ky luat cua phong trao xa hgi Viet Nam eiing eo the hoe hoi d Dai Loan cdch to chiic, lien kit edc hoat dpng XHDS theo chieu ngang, vdi eac to chtic XHDS quoc te, dac biet thdi dai toan ciu hoa, hpi nhap quoc te sau sac, tiep thu nhiing gid tri tinh hoa eiia nban loai* Chu thich: [1] Hi Sy Quy (2015): -Doc lai "hoa rdng" vd ddn chu a Ddi Loan" Nghe An, 23/9/2015 Bao dien tu Van hoa [2, 41 Lam Dire Xuong (Lin de Chang, 2007): •'Nghien ciru chi lieu xd hoi dan su Ddi Loan kiem hdn ve su tham gia cdng cdng cua nien ", Uy ban trg giup Thanh nien, Vicn Hanh chinh Dai Loan, Dai Loan nam 2007 (Tiing Trung QuIc) [31 Isin - Huang Michael Hsiao (1990)- "Cdc phong trao xd hdi ndi len vd gia lang doi hoi xd hdi ddn sir a Ddi Loan (Emerging Social Movement)-' ASIAN SURVEY, The Austmlian Journal of Chines Affairs, No 24, July 1990 15 61 Dinh Cong Tuin_(2010); "Mdi sS vdn dC- ly ludn vd thuc tih vi xd hoi ddn sit a Lien minh chdu Au ', \ h a xuat ban Khoa hgc Xa hpi, I la Npi [7| Pham Bich San (2015):^ -'To chiic xd hdi ddn sir vd su phdt triin kinh li ihi tru&ng a Viel \am , Hpi thao quoc te "The role of Social Organizations in a modern market economy", Ihanh Ho Chi Minh, 28/10 181 Du an CIVICUS- "Ddnh gid han dau ve XHDS lai Viel Nani\ w^^^^^^civicus or^ |9I Anhcir K H v^i Carlson L ct all 2004- Global civil ocietv, Dimen.sions of mm profits seclor lialiinior Vol / ,/ [ lOi Anhcir K H v^, Carlson L, el all 1999, Cihhal civil socicly Dimension, „/ „„„ „,.„/;,, sector, liallimore ' |1 IJ Camicgi, UK Trust (2007) For ihe common gooj? The changing role of anil ocicly in Ihc bk and Ireland Camiegie UK Trust, 2007 - WfiOng ran tfji KINH TE VA CHiNH TR! THE GIOI S6 11 (247)2016 ... gidi, CO Dai Loan vao nam 2006 Cuoi eiing, da dua mgt ban bao cao day du, toan dien ve cae chi tieu XHDS Dai Loan, chi ro hien trang phat triln XHDS Dai Loan, va vai tro XHDS phat trien kinh tl -... ban trg giup Thanh nien, Vicn Manh chinh Dai Loan Dai Loan nam 2007 (Tieng Trung Quoc) Nhung vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRI TH^ GIQI S6 11 (247) 2016- Vai trd cOa cac t6 chi>c xS hQidansy Binh Cong... vin di KINH T ^ VA C H I N H TR! T H ^ GIO'l So 11 (247) - ^35 Dinh Cong Tudn Vai tro cGa cac td chifc xa hpi dan sy Qua nghien ciiu mo hinh XHDS Dai Loan, chiing toi cho rang co nhieu kinh nghiem