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NHAN TO CON NGI/CII TRONG MOI QUAN HE GIITA MOI TRlTClNG - PHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA HOI MAI QUYNH NAM* I CO SO LY LUAN VE NHAN TO CON NGUCII TRONG MOI QUAN HE G I C A M O I TRUING - PHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA HOI Hoat dong cua ngudi dSn den su thay doi moi trudng toan cdu, ngucfi va cac to chiic, the che xa hoi co the nhan thiic mot each that su ro rang dieu de de cac giai phap cho su phat trien Day dang la van de co tinh cap bach khong chi pham vi cac quoc gia ma don b quy mo qude te Van de cc ban dugfc coi la nen tang ly luan cho viec nghien ciiu la: ban than ngudi la san phim cua mdi trudng, hoat ddng cua ngudi cd the kien tao hoac hiiy diet mdi trudng sdng Vay thi va'n de dat la can xem xet cac tac ddng xa hdi ngudi tao nen ddi vdi mdi trudng, nhan thiic dugc rang tac ddng xa hoi dd hudng den phat trien xa hdi, tuan thii cac nguyen tic co ban ciia quan ly xa hdi nhu the nao de cdng muc tieu la'y ngudi lam trung tam Con ngudi vira la muc tieu vira la ddng luc ciia su phat trien Su phat trien dd can tao duoc su can ddi va hai hda cac quan he co ban kinh te, xa hdi, van hda va mdi trudng Viec xac dinh vai trd chii the ciia ngudi hoat ddng nham hudng den muc tieu phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat trien xa hdi mdt each cd ke hoach ddi hdi moi vien xa hdi phai y thirc dugc trach nhieip va nghia vu cua minh viec bao ve sir dung va khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien Logic cua tu nhien va logic cua lich sir loai ngudi khang dinh chic chin ring tai nguyen thien nhien la vd gia nhung khdng phai la vd tan Viec sir dung tai nguyen gin lien vdi viec tri mdi trudng sdng la mot va'n de co ban nham khic phuc cac bien ddi tieu cue ve hau, pha vd mdi trudng sinh thai, gay tac ddng xa'u den su tdn tai khdng chi vdi mot qud'c gia ma vdi ca loai ngudi Cac nghien ciiu ve quan he giira ngudi va mdi trudng cd y nghia co ban ve ly luan nham giai thich su tuong tac tao nen hieu iing gifla xa hdi vdi mdi trudng dd ngudi la tac nhan co ban Chinh hoat ddng cd y thiic cua ngudi da tao nen nhiing di6n bien tdt mdi trudng sdng va han che cac mat tieu cue mdi trudng mang lai Cac nghien ciiu xuat phat tir viec khao sat cac nguyen nhan, hau qua cua nhiing thay ddi mdi trudng, de nhan thirc dau la each iing xir cua ngudi vdi mdi trudng nhiing he luy trudc mlt va lau dai ciia each iing xir muc tieu phat trien xa hdi va quan ly su phat trien xa hdi Ngudi ta nhan tha'y ring nhiing thay ddi ve mdi trudng toan clu ciing cd xua nhu trai dSit Tir 4-5 ty nam trudc, cac qua trinh vat ly, hda hoc va sinh hoc da di6n va tac ddng den su sinh tdn cua trai da't Ngay nay, qua trinh dd di6n ra't nhanh tren hanh tinh cua chiing ta, dd la nhiing thay ddi ve hau, suy giam tang dzdn, su suy giam da dang sinh hoc, hien tugng dxit hda va sa mac hda nan pha rirng Tinh trang ta't nhien dugc ngudi cam nhan hang tir nhirng hau qua ciia mdi trudng tu nhien, ngudi ta nhan tha'y ro cac tac ddng cua hoat ddng kinh te, xa hdi va chinh tri dd ndi bat len la cac muc tieu quan ly xa hdi va'n de dugc xem la nguyen nhan cd su chi phdi he't siic manh me vdi qua trinh PGS.TS Mai Quynh Nam, Vien Ngiiien ciiru Con Nguoi - Vien Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam B Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to nguai moi quan he Hoat ddng cua ngudi keo theo cac thay ddi ve mdi trudng toan cau Xa hdi va ngudi phai ganh chiu dieu dd va phai dieu chinh hoat ddng ciia minh vi muc tieu phat trien ben viing Trong bdi canh dd, nghien ciiu ve vai trd cua ngudi dd'i vdi mdi trudng cang trd nen cd tinh ca'p bach Va'n de dugc dat rat rdng Nd gdm cac khoa hgc xa hdi CO ban nhu khoa hgc chinh tri, phan tich hieu qua cua chinh sach ddi vdi mdi trudng thdng qua cac dinh hudng cua cac the che xa hdi CO ban, dac biet la cua hf thdng the che lap phap va hanh phap ) nghien ciiu vdi viec hoach dinh chinh sach d cac ca'p, d cac cdng ddng dia phuong vdi viec hoach dinh ke hoach chfnh tri d tat ca cac cap Hien nay, nhan loai dang diing trudc su lua chgn bao tdn hay la su hiiy diet mdi trudng sd'ng cua chfnh minh Y thiic ve va'n de ddi hdi cd su lien ke't qud'c te vi cac tuong tac vdi mdi trudng bdi canh phat trien vd cung manh me ciia each mang cdng nghiep, cua su tieu dung nang lugng, ciia nhu cau md rdng thi trudng hang hda va dich vu da din den cac bieu hien ciia su bie'n ddi khf hau cac pham vi rdng ldn ; Ngudi ta Cling di sau vao phan tich quan he giiia dan sd vdi mdi trudng Rd rang la viec tang dan sd gin lien vdi qua trinh di dan, phan bd dan CU, phan cdng lao ddng la mdt nhan td het siic quan trgng lam cho mat ngudi tren cac khu vuc lanh thd tac ddng de'n cac dieu kien sinh thai d dd Cac nha kinh te hgc hudng den viec phan tich mdi quan he giira tang trudng kinh te va mdi trudng Tang trirdng kinh te va su uu tien co ban qua trinh phat trien dac biet d cac qud'c gia cd mirc thu nhap thap Bai toan ve su lgi hai giiia kinh te va mdi trudng dang trd nen ra't phiic tap va ra't khd dugc trung hda Muc tieu bao ve mdi trudng sd'ng phat trien cd the tao nen tie'ng ndi chung ve mat nhan thiic nhung tir nhan thiic de'n hanh ddng ciia ngudi lai la mdt qua trinh, dd CO che ve lgi ich chi phdi ra't manh me Cac xung dot ve lgi fch kinh te va ca lgi ich mdi trudng deu chiu su chi phdi bdi van de an ninh ngudi Vdi tren mdt niia nhan loai hien dang sd'ng tai cac vimg bd bien nang cao muc nudc cac dai duong, bie'n ddng ciia cac so dd bao din de'n viec tang sdng bien cd the gay nen cac hau qua nang ne Gin 46 trieu ngudi hien dang hiing chiu nan lut d cac viing bien sdng gay Vi hoat ddng cua ngudi khdng dat dugc cac bien phap thich hgp su can blng vdi tu nhien nen ngudi ta danh gia ring vdi dan sd nhu hien nay, chi can muc nudc bien tang 50cm la cd tdi 92 trieu ngudi se phai ganh chiu cac nguy co lu lut nghiem trgng Cac hdi nghi thugng dinh ciia Lien hiep qud'c thap ky chuyen tie'p giiia the ky XX va the ky XXI (Hdi nghi Rio - 92 va Johannesburg - 02) da danh da'u mdt budc phat trien mdi cua cdng ddng the gidi, budc phat trien su hai hda giiia tru cdt kinh te - xa hdi va mdi trudng Phat trien ben viing la chil dao Phat trien ben virng trd chie'n luge phat trien ciia toan cau the ky XXI (Truong Quang Hgc, 2008) va'n de phat trien dugc su quan tam ciia khoa hgc xa hdi Cac nha xa hdi hgc tien bdi nhu: A.Comte, F.Spencer da cd su quan tam tdi phat trien Khi dd ngudi ta thudng nhan Cac phan tich ve nhan hgc quan tam nhieu de'n nguyen vgng va trang thai sinh sd'ng cua ngudi su bie'n ddi mdi trudng Mdi quan tam dd ciia cac nganh khoa hgc, dac biet la ciia khoa hgc xa hdi cd uu the d chd nd dat van de mdi trudng vao he thd'ng cau true kinh te xa hdi tdng the, dd bao gdm cac hoat ddng sdng co ban ciia ngudi Nhu vay, cac nghien ciru cd tinh chat ly luan ve nhan to ngudi mdi quan he qua lai giiia mdi trudng, phat trien xa hdi va qUan ly phat trien xa hdi can gin vdi cac muc tieu co ban la: - Dat dugc cac hieu bie't ve quan he phirc tap tdn tai giiia cac chieu canh sinh thai, xa hdi, kinh te, van hda va iing xir tinh than cua ngudi vdi mdi trudng - Sir dung cac thdng tin de quan ly mdi trudng dam bao cho su phat trien ben viing - Tang cudng kha nang giao due y thirc ve mdi trudng, tang cudng kha nang ket hgp Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vUng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngifdi moi quan he manh tdi ye'u td tie'n hda va ddng thdi cung y thirc dugc viec can phai xay dung cac thuye't ve cac giai doan phat tri^n Nhirng nd luc ciia A.Comte thuye't ba giai doan, hay each nhin xa hdi theo kieu sinh hgc cua F.Spencer cho tha'y dieu Vdi tu each la mdt khai niem co ban khdng chi xa hdi hgc phat trien, ban than khai niem phat trien da md rdng hon pham vi anh hudng ddi sd'ng xa hdi Khai niem cho phep nghien ciiu su thay ddi, kha nang thay ddi tCr hoan canh xuat phat ciing nhu pham vi tac ddng cua nd, qua dd cd the giai thich vi cac nguyen nhan va hieu qua ciia phat trien nhim phuc vu cho hoat ddng td chiic va quan ly cac qua trinh xa hdi theo cac dinh hudng xa hdi nha't dinh Khai niem phat trien da tao nhiing cudc tranh luan sdi ndi cac nha chuyen mdn Hien nay, mdt so gidi nghien ciiu ve phat trien va kem phat tri^n ngudi ta la'y ndi dung Lien hiep qud'c dua lam can cii, theo dd phat trien dugc hieu la mdt qua trinh dd toan the loai ngudi ap dung nhiing cdng cu hien dai ciia khoa hgc va cdng nghe vao nhirng muc tieu ciia minh qua nhiing thdi ky khac va vdi tfnh cha't khdng dao ngugc cua qua trinh dd Mdt tai lieu khac cua Uy ban mdi trudng va phat trien the gidi cho ring: 'That trien bao ham mdt su bien ddi kinh te va xa hdi khdng ngirng ca khai niem hep ve su ben viing vat chat ciing ham chiia mdi quan tam vdi binh ding xa hdi, giOa cac the he, mdi quan tam can dugc md rdng mdt each hgp ly tdi su binh dang cac the he" (JeanGuyuaillan Court, 2000) O Viet Nam, phuong thiic phat trien dugc xac dinh la thuc hien cd hieu qua cac muc tieu kinh te xa hdi Chiing ta khdng dd'i lap giira tang trudng kinh te va su thuc hien cac muc tieu xa hdi Su ddi lap dugc coi la mau thuin cd hiiu cua su phat trien theo phuong thiic tu ban cd dien ., , ,, Muc tieu xa hdi phai dua len hang dau su phat trien kinh te, vi n€'u ngudi vira la muc tieu, vifa la ddng luc cho su phat Hgtiien cim Phat trien ben vung, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 • trien thi khdng the hy sinh ngudi cho su phat trien "Chiing ta chgn phuong thiic phat trien kinh te va xa hdi se hda nhap vao Su phat trien khac vdi su tang trudng Tang trudng ve sd Iugng, cdn phat trien cd tfnh cha't lugng Tang trudng la su tien bd cue bd ve kinh \€ Phat trien la su tie'n bd toan dien v^ cac mat kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi, van hda, mdi sinh" (Nguyen Hdng Phong, 2000) Quan diem phat trien toan dien nhu vay dugc dua tren phep bien chiing macxit Phep bien chiing macxit chi ring: ban chat cua phat' trien la su van ddng theo hudng di len ciia ban than su vat, hien tugng va gidi tu nhien, ngudi va xa hdi Theo quan diem vat bien chiing, vat lich sir thi xa hdi dugc ca'u bdi cac quan he xa hdi chat che va phiic hgp: quan he ngudi - ngudi, ngudi - xa hdi, ngudi - tu nhien Su phat trien ciia mdt xa hdi didn bdi cac mau thuin co ban trudc he't la mau thuin san xuat va tieu dung, giiia luc lugng san xua't va quan he san xua't, giiia nhu clu, lgi fch va kha nang dap ling cac nhu cau, lgi fch Do vay, su thiic day xa hdi di len la cac yeu td, lgi ich ngudi, hoat ddng xa hdi, cai tao xa hdi, khic phuc cac ba't binh dang xa hdi, tao nen cac quan he tfch cue co cau xa hdi, hanh vi xa hdi Nen tang ciia phat trien trudc he't chfnh la san xua't vat chat, su tien bd cua- khoa hgc ky thuat, nen dai cdng nghiep, trinh quan ly khoa hgc, quan ly kinh te, xa hdi la nhifng ngudn luc va ddng luc ciia su phat trien Ben canh viec xem ye'u td kinh te la chi sd cd tinh quyet dinh su phat trien xa hdi, cac nha kinh dien chu nghia Mac-Lenin khdng xem nhe cac yeu to tinh than, van hda, chfnh iri, phap quyeh "Quan ly xa hdi theo nghia rdng la hien tugng vd'n cd mdt each cd hiiu ciia he thdng xa hdi, bao dam tri tir tfnh toan ven, su dac thii ve cha't, su tai tao va phat trien ciia nd Quan ly xa hdi theo nghia hep la tac ddng cd y thiic, cd he thdng, cd to chiic dac biet de'n xa hdi nhim cha'n chinh va hoan thien co ca'u Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngudl moi quan he hoat ddng xa hdi ciia nd qua trinh hoach dinh va dat tdi muc dich Quan ly xa hdi nhu la tong the cac co ca;u td chiic va cac mdi lien he quan ly giiia cac ye'u td tdng the dd, de tao nen su tuong tac thdng qua hoat ddng quan ly giiia cac ca nhan, cac nhdm va cac cdng ddng xa hdi, cac thie't che chfnh tri, kinh te cua xa hdi Quan ly xa hdi bao trum mgi khach th^ va qua trinh xa hdi ma trang thai cd y nghia dd'i vdi su tdn tai va phat trien cua he thd'ng xa hdi ddi vdi hoat ddng sd'ng ciia ngudi" (NguySn Tua'n Dung, b d Minh Hgp, 2002) Xet ve ban chat, quan ly xa hdi diSu chinh su tac ddng qua lai mdt each mau thuin giiia lgi fch ciia ca nhan, cua nhdm de thuc hien muc dfch chung Quan ly xa hdi la su dieu tie't nhung mdi quan he xa hdi qua dia vi va vai trd ciia ngudi xa hgi, dinh hudng ve lgi fch va hoat ddng cua hg, ndi dung va cudng ciia hoat ddng Quan ly xa hdi tac ddng de'n quan he xa hdi, trudc het la de'n mdi quan he hinh nen cac lgi fch xa hdi co ban, tren co sd dd xac dinh cac td chiic va cac hoat ddng xa hdi nhim dat tdi cac muc dfch dera Nhu vay, quan ly xa hdi va phat trien xa hdi cd mdi lien he bien chiing Phat trien xa hdi la muc tieu, quan ly xa hdi giiip cho muc tieu ciia su phat trien di diing hudng, su diing hudng dd dugc thilc hien co che cua hoat ddng quan ly, mdi tac ddng cua he thd'ng phap luat, ciia td chiic the che, dd di6n hoat ddng cua ngudi Con ngudi vdi vai trd la chu the qua trinh phat trien, phat trien vi muc tieu nang cao dieu kien sd'ng mdt each toan dien cua ngudi Mdt va'n de ly luan cd tfnh chat co ban dd'i vdi quan ly xa hdi la can xac dinh vi trf cua ngudi nhu la ye'u to hgp ciia he thd'ng xa hdi Dieu ddi hdi dat ngudi CO ca'u xa hdi tdng the Co ca'u xa hdi la mdt cau triic phiic tap, nd quy tu cac ca nhan don le vao he thd'ng td chiic, vao thid't che, gin ngudi vdi cac nghia vu va trach nhiem, tir dd xac dinh cac loi fch co ban cua ngudi, ciia cac nhdm ngudi, cac nhdm va cac tap doan xa hdi Hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi vi muc tieu phat trien xa hdi khdng the khdng chii y tdi cac quan he co ban Co ca'u xa hdi tdng the khdng the tach rdi co sd xa hdi ndi ehung, ciing nhu cua cac he thd'ng tao xa hdi ndi rieng Day la nhflng td vat cha't, tao nen eac gin ke't xa hdi, cac quyet dinh luan xa hdi co ban Day ciing la mdt qua trinh xa hdi bao quat ca cac nang luc vat chat, tinh than ciia ngudi, chi phdi hanh vi xa hdi ciia cac tap doan ngudi Phan tfch ngudi nhu la ye'u td hgp ciia he thd'ng xa hdi, ddi hdi xem xet ngudi mdi quan he giua co ca'u xa hdi va hanh vi xa hdi Cac co ca'u xa hdi co ban nhu su lien ke't lgi fch cac tap doan xa hdi (chang han cac tap doan kinh te, ) cac cdng ddng xa hdi dugc xac dinh bdi tfnh cha't lien he cac hoat ddng td chiic san xua^t, td chiic cu trii, hoac cac thie't che xa hdi CO ban nhu thiet che nha nudc, thie't che nha trudng, thie't che gia dinh, deu la nhflng to quy dinh cac gia tri xa hdi, cac chuan muc xa hdi, tao nen su kiem soat va che udc xa hdi ddi vdi ngudi Ndi each khac la hanh ddng cua ngudi khdng the tach rdi cac khung khd cua cac he thd'ng xa hdi dd Hanh ddng ciia ngirdi de dap iing nhu cdu ciia chfnh ngudi, ddng thdi tao nen cac tuong tac xa hdi, cac tuong tac dd cd the true tie'p, cung cd the gian tie'p chi phdi hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi cua cac chii the quan ly Va'n de dat la de hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi trd nen cd hieu qua thi chfnh hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi mdt mat phai de dugc cac dinh hudng co ban su phat thin chung Mat khac, hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi cung phai nhan thirc dugc nhung su khac biet ca'u triic ciia he thd'ng xa hdi, dac biet la cac quan he lgi fch, de tfl dd de xua't va thuc thi cac khung khd hgp ly vi muc tieu quan ly Dieu cho tha'y chflc nang xa hdi ciia hoat ddng quan ly Day la va'n de cd y nghia ra't quan trgng de nhan thfle sau sic ve vi tri ciia ngudi nhu la yeu td hgp ciia he thdng xa hdi - bdi xa hdi dugc tao nen su ke't hgp lai ciia ngudi theo mdt kieu nao dd, vao mdt td chflc nao dd Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vUng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngUdi moi quan he Chfnh hoat ddng ciia ngudi dan de'n su sinh tdn va phat trien cua xa hdi Nhung khdng phai luc nao va didu kien nao hoat ddng thuc tidn cua ngudi cung dien theo xu hudng dd Vi muc tieu td'i thugng ciia kinh te, ngudi, bang cac hanh ddng lgi ciia minh da pha huy mdi trudng sd'ng, sdng Thi Vai bi buc tfl la vi vay Viec phan tich CO ca'u xa hdi cho tha'y rang lgi ich xa hdi dang phan hda mdt each sau sic bdi canh ciia nen kinh te' thi trudng hien Lgi ich xa hdi, trudc he't la cac lgi fch kinh te' cd nguy CO din de'n cac xung dot xa hdi d cac nhdm, cac tap doan xa hdi khac Gidi chil thu dugc lgi nhuan tfl cac san pham ciia Vedan Nhung ngudi ndng dSn dgc bd sdng Thi Vai bi lam hdng ngudn nudc, bi pha huy dieu kien sinh ke Ndng dan phai di kien Vedan Tinh trang tren cho thay hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi ndi chung va quan ly xa hdi ve mdi trudng ndi rieng de hudng den muc tieu phat trien ben vflng, dang la mdt van de cap thie't, song Cling dang dflng trudc cac thach do, cac rao can Quan he lien quan toan dien den muc tieu va dinh hudng phuong phap quanly IL THUC TRANG VE MOI QUAN HE TAC DONG G I U A CON NGUC)I TRONG MOI QUAN HE G I C A MOI TRUING vA PHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA H O I De nhan thfle thuc trang ve mdi quan he tac ddng giua ngudi vdi mdi trudng phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat trien xa hdi, chung tdi tap trung vao viec phdn tich trucmg hop quan he gifla ru'ng va thiiy dien Day la mdt trudng hgp dien hinh ma chung tdi cho rdng rat cd y nghia vdi chu de nghien ciiu dugc dat d phan Theo thiennhien.net, de tao IMW dien, phai lay di 10-30 rimg, de cd dugc 1.000 lam thuy dien, phai san bang 1.000-2.000 da't thugng ngudn Neu qua thuc cac nhan dinh tren day ciia cac chuyen gia dugc dang tai tren phuong tien truyen thdng dai chung la dung, thi vdi hang ngan du an thuy Nghien cUu Phat then ben vCmg, so f29j - Thang 12/2010 dien da va dang dugc trien khai, lieu chung ta cd cdn rflng? Tinh de'n nay, tdng sd du an thuy dien nhd ke' hoach phat trien ciia cac dia phuong da ien de'n hang ngan, dd rieng Tay Nguyen da cd 335 du an, khdng ft dia phuong khdng cd danh muc cua ban quy hoach ban dau, cung xua't hien vdi hang chuc va tham chi hang tram du an, nhu d Lao Cai, Quang Nam, Gia Lai - Kon Tum Trong buoi tga dam: "Lu lut tai mien Trung Tay Nguyen: y kien ciia cac nha khoa hgc" Lien hiep cac hdi khoa hgc td chflc 24/11/2009 da ban luan ve chu de Viec quan sat cac y kien cho thay cd the coi day la mdt phan tfch trudng hgp ve mdi quan he gifla rflng, thuy dien, mdi trudng va vai trd cua ngudi, cu the la cac nha quan ly He tfl khda dugc phan tfch la thiiy dien "Idn" rimg = thien tai Trudc he't, hay nhd lai cac ky vgng mdt vai nam trudc, nhieu dia phuong da xem thuy dien la phat trien kinh te', thiiy dien dugc dua vao Nghi quye't cua Hdi ddng nhan dan va Nghi quye't ve phat trien kinh te" Tdn that qua ldn tfl hai bao Ketsana va Mirinae vao thang 11/2009, ngudi ta mdi thay Id dien su tan pha cua nhflng tran giac nudc dugc su kfch hoat cua thiiy dien viec huy hoai rflng phdng hd Hai dgt lu da tan pha gan 100 nghin ngdi nha d mien Trung, lam tdn tha't 20 nghin ty ddng (Trinh Thi Kim Nggc, 2009) Nguyen nhan la diet rflng lam cho lu quet manh hon PGS Nguydn Dinh Hoe (Hdi Bao ve thien nhien va mdi trudng Viet Nam) khang dinh tai budi tga dam "TImy dien Id nguyen nhdn c/uan trgng khie'n lu to hon vd nhanh hcfn" Ong cho rang: "Viec gia tang lu CO ban xuat phat tfl ban chat ciia thuy dien mien Trung: quy md nhd, vua va nhieu bac Vi vay, lu ve, thuy dien lam cho cac ddng lu vdn da manh trd nen dfl va keo dai hon, lam gia tang thiet hai cho vung luu" Nhu vay la, tham hga "lu nhan tao" da chdng la'n len lu tu nhien thuy dien mien Trung phat trien d at Ro rdng Id, co mgt khodng cdch xa giua thirc te thuy dien ldn rirng tgi mien Trung vd Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngudi moi quan he su mong dgi o nghi trudng Quoc hgi Tai phien tra ldi cha't va'n dai bieu Qud'c hdi sang 19/11/2009, Thil tudng Nguydn Tan' Dung nha'n manh: viec xay dung thuy dien phai dam bao ba muc tieu chfnh: 1) cung edp dien; 2) dieu tiet lu; 3) ca'p nudc cho mua khd, gdp phdn phat trien kinh te' dia phuang Can efl vao ba muc tidu nay, ngudi ta tha'y rd Nha nudc cd dinh hudng dung ve mue tieu phat trien ben vflng, nhung thuc te' thi diln theo chieu ngugc lai Pha rimg lam cho lu quet manh hon, din de'n nguy co han han, tham thuc vat tu nhien bi xam hai Vi vay, su lo ngai rang ne'u khdng tfnh toan kheo thi vide giai quyet hau qua bao lut, han han se cdn ton kem hon lgi fch tfl thuy dien mang lai Nhu vay, va'n de thuy dien da tac ddng de'n van de an ninh mdi trudng Sd tien ma thuy dien bd de giu rflng la dau tu true tie'p nhung su pha hoai lau dai rung phdng hd bi pha huy cdn ldn hon gap bdi Luu y rang, mflc chi tra binh quan hien la 250 nghin ddng/ha/nam Cac phan tfch tren day cho tha'y cd cac quan he sau day: i) Quan he giua mdi trudng vdi ngudi; va ii) vai trd cua hoat ddng quan ly vi muc tieu phat trien ben vung Theo each hieu rdng nhat, mdi trudng la cai bgc cudc sd'ng cua ngudi Cai bgc dd cd ca phan tu nhidn va xa hdi Ngay tfl sau Hdi nghi The' gidi lan thfl nha't ve mdi trudng tai Stockholm (Thuy Dien), ngudi ta da nhain dinh rang hanh tinh ciia chung ta da dflng trudc cac nhu cau cua loai ngudi dang tang len nhanh chdng Mat khac, chfnh nhflng hoat ddng cua ngudi lai gay tac ddng den mdi trudng tu nhien va xa hdi Dd la tinh trang d nhiem khdng khf va ngudn nudc, su can kiet tai nguyen ldng dat, su huy hoai he sinh thai, su tan pha rflng Sau Hdi nghi thfl nha't ve mdi trudng tai Stockholm 20 nam, tai Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Lien hiep qud'c trieu tap Hdi nghi the' gidi lan thfl hai, tap trung ve va'n de mdi trudng va phat trien Nhflng van de cu the dugc neu la: - Bao ve tang quyen; - Chd'ng nan pha rflng; - Chd'ng sa mac hda va han han; - Bao ve su da dang sinh hgc; Bao ve tai nguyen nudc; Xfl ly cac cha't thai ddc hai; Nang cao va cai thien dieu kien sd'ng; Bao ve sflc khoe ngudi; Chain dflt su thoai hda cua mdi trudng, V.V., Nhu vay, mdi trudng hien la va'n de edp bach ciia toan cdu, dd Viet Nam khdng phai la trudng hgp ngoai le (Mai Quynh Nam, 1998) Dd'i chie'u tinh trang thuc te' d mien Trung vdi nhflng tidu chf qud'c td', ngudi ta thdy ro rang la thuy dien da ddn de'n nan pha riing, tao nen han han, huy diet su da dang sinh hgc, lam tdn thdt tai nguyen nudc Tdm lai, ddn de'n su thoai hda mdi trudng sd'ng cua ngudi Viec di tim su hai hda gifla rflng va thuy dien, gifla tang trudng kinh te' va bao ve mdi trudng vdn la cau hdi edp bach Phai nhan thdy rang, su nhdn thfle hdi hcrt d nguydn ly ve tfnh thd'ng nhdt vat chdt cua the gidi la CO sd thd'ng nhdt bien chflng gifla ngudi va xa hdi tu nhidn da khdng dugc coi trgng, tham chf bi xam hai Su hinh he thd'ng tu nhien, ngudi, xa hdi gdn lien vdi qua trinh tie'n hda cua xa hdi vat chdt, cu the cua sinh quyen va su phat trien cua xa hdi loai ngudi Con ngudi va xa hdi loai ngudi la nhflng bd phan khdng the tach rdi va dac thu ciia tu nhien Vay ma hien nay, mdt ngudi hoac mdt so ngudi ke't lai vdi nhdm hoac cac tap doan xa hdi, da vi nhflng muc dfch lgi feh cd the la trudc mat nhanh mang de'n lgi nhuan hoac vi su kem hieu bie't, tham chf ea su da tam, da lam mdi trudng bi xam hai Lgi fch kinh te' trudc mdt d thuy dien mien Trung la cai dfch true tiep ma cac nha dau tu hudng tdi Cdn he luy xa hdi va mdi trudng thi da khdng dugc xem xet ddy du Mdn tien den bu cho ngudi dan hoac cho nhflng cdng ddng ngudi dan cd thdm gi vdi nan that hgc nhflng thdt bat ve kinh te" tfl hai tran lu d mien Trung ma chfnh ban than cai hg phai ganh chiu Trong dd, hgc vdn dugc coi la cflu canh co ban nhdt ddi vdi muc tieu thoat ngheo Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vOng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngudi moi quan he Va'n de quan trgng d day la, phai xay dung duge mdi quan he va co che' dam bao su thd'ng nhdt cua he thd'ng ngudi, xa hdi, tu nhien Co che' cd muc tieu td'i thugng dam bao cho sir phat trien ben vung Muc tieu kinh te' la edp thie't, dieu dy hien nhien rdi Nhung chi vi muc tieu kinh te' ma ddn de'n tinh trang pha huy mdi trudng, lam mat can bang sinh thai nhu mdi quan he gifla rflng va thuy dien d mien Trung trudng hgp trdn, tdt ye'u cung la hien nhien Vi vay, muc tieu phat trien ben vflng, de cao su lau dai, chdi tfl su xam hai, vdi nhan quan xa rdng se ddn de'n su hai hda nhu cdu true cua cac quan he tu nhien vd'n cd ffl PHAN TICH CAC NGUYEN NHAN Viec phan tfch cac nguyen nhan cua tinh trang mdi trudng hien cd y nghia thuc tien rdt to ldn dd'i vdi yeu cdu nhan thfle mdi quan he giua nhan td ngudi dd'i vdi mdi trudng hoat ddng cua ngudi vi muc tieu phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat trien xa hdi -: Vdn de ddu tidn cdn xac dinh la mdi quan he gifla ngudi va mdi trudng hien dugc dat bdi canh xa hdi nao? Va tinh trang mdi trudng nhu da phan tfch chiu su chi phdi cua cac tac ddng kinh td' xa hdi sao? Chung ta dang xay dung nen kinh te thi trudng, tuu cua qua trinh da ddn de'n su tang trudng kinh te' dang khfch le, mflc tang trudng vao khoang 7-9% thap nien cudi ciia the' ky XX la mdt sd dang khfch le Trong bdi canh khung hoang kinh td' toan cau, nam 2009, kinh te' Viet Nam vdn tang trudng d mflc 5% Dieu cho thdy cac nd luc thoat ngheo cua nha nudc va cua nhan dan ta Tang trudng kinh te' ddn de'n su phan hda xa hdi Phdn ldn ngudi ngheo d khu vuc ndng thdn, vflng sau, mien nui, lam cho viec tie'p can cac ngudn luc xa hdi cua hg rat khd khan Dieu ddn de'n cac bat binh dang xa hdi Tinh trang dang cd chiSu hudng gia tang Cung vdi nen kinh te' thi trudng, Viet Nam dang nd luc xay dung nha nudc phap quyen Nghien cUu Phat trien ben vUng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 cua dan, dan, vi dan Nha nudc phap quyen de cao vai trd cua phap luat, phap luat la tdi thugng Trong cac nam qua, he thd'ng phap luat d Viet Nam dang dugc hoan thien Nam 1993, Luat Bao ve mdi trudng da dugc ban hanh Luat dugc sfla ddi, bd sung, hoan thien va ban hanh vao nam 2005 Chi thi 36/CT-TW, Nghi quye't 41/NQ-TW cua Dang va nhieu nghi dinh, quye't dinh ciia Chfnh phu ve mdi trudng da dugc ban hanh Nha nudc da lap Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng, de thuc hien chflc nang quan ly nha nudc ve mdi trudng "Ngan sach cho cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng hien chie'm tren 1% tdng chi ngan sach thudng xuydn, ngoai cdn cd cae ehuang trinh muc tidu qud'c gia nhu: "Phu xanh ddt trd'ng ddi trgc", "Chie'n luge ve nudc sach va ve sinh mdi trudng", "Chd'ng bien doi khf hau", "Ke' hoach hanh ddng qud'c gia ve da dang sinh hgc" (Dao Thi Minh Huong, 2009) Viet Nam, vai trd cua cac td chflc xa hdi cung cd tac ddng dang ke de'n vdn de mdi trudng O cac dd thi, ngudi ta nhan thdy cd cac doan dudng xanh, sach dep cac td chflc phu nfl va thie'u nien quan ly Che' tu quan vdi mdi trudng cua cac hdi, cac td chflc xa hdi da cd cac ddng gdp lam cho tinh trang cua mdi trudng dugc cai thien Viec cac hdi vidn Hdi Ndng dan tap the d Ddng Nai dang kien Vedan lam d nhiem sdng Thi Vai la mdt vf du dien hinh ve su phan flng tap the cua ngudi ndng dan mdi trudng bi xam hai Trong mdt thap nidn trd lai day, vdn de mdi trudng d Viet Nam da trd mdi quan tam bflc xue ciia nha nudc va cua ca ngudi dan Day la nguydn nhan co ban tao nen tieng ndi chung va hanh ddng chung cua nha nudc va cua nhan dan Phai khang dinh rang viec Nha nudc ban hanh Luat Bao ve mdi trudng da tao nen khung phap ly cho viec giai quye't cac van de lien quan den mdi trudng He thd'ng phap luat ndi chung va Luat Bao ve mdi trudng ndi rieng nham dieu hda cac quan he xa hdi lidn quan de'n mdi trudng Luat la chuan muc xa hdi dl xem xet cac hanh vi tac ddng de'n mdi trudng ciia ngudi Viec khen thudng Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngudi moi quan he va xu phat dugc dat tren che' tai phap ly Day la mdt nguyen nhan co ban tac ddng de'n tinh trang mdi trudng d Viet Nam hien Nhdn manh vai trd cua phap luat vdn de mdi trudng Khdng phai khdng cd ly ngudi ta ndi de'n mflc phai xfl phat nang tdi xam hai mdi trudng Vdn de la phai xay dung dugc cac khung phap ly phu hgp va hieu qua Cd nhu vay mdi chdm dflt hoac la giam bdt dugc tdi pham lam tac chd'ng lai kiem lam, hoac xa nudc thai chua qua xfl ly vao cac ddng sdng gay d nhiem trdm trgng Dang cd su xung dot gifla lgi fch kinh te' va lgi fch mdi trudng Van de lgi fch mdi quan he vdi mdi trudng d ta hien chua dugc giai quye't thda dang Day la nguydn nhan ddn de'n su xam hai mdi trudng eua mdt bd phan xa hdi ddi vdi mdt bd phan xa hdi khac Su can dd'i mdi trudng sinh thai dien mdt thdi ky dai vdi cac didn bie'n hda hgc va vat ly ciia trai da't vdi eac quan he van hda gdn vdi dieu kien sinh sd'ng, phong tuc tap quan cua cac bd phan dan cu cd the bi dao ldn de'n mflc cd the trd tham hga mdi trudng Dieu ddn de'n eac xung dot lgi ich, ngudi dan phan dd'i viec xay dung cac bai thai, phan dd'i viec chie'm dung ddt ndng nghiep lam cac khu che' xudt la vi vay Viec tang trudng kinh td' nhu da ndi trdn la yeu cdu thie't ye'u de thoat ngheo, de tang cudng dau tu Song cung vi muc tieu tang trudng kinh te' da ddn den hien tugng huy hoai mdi trudng sd'ng Trong nhieu trudng hgp lgi bdt cap hai Trong cac tuong tac xa hdi co ban hien thi mdi lien he giua kinh te' xa hdi va mdi trudng ed vai trd het sflc to ldn O vao mdi quan he dd, ngudi gifl vai trd quyd't dinh vi chinh hoat ddng cua ngudi tao cac san pham kinh te', tao nen cac bie'n ddi xa hdi va mdi trudng Su phat trien hai hda cac ITnh vuc ndi tren cd the lam cho qua trinh phat trien di dung hudng Nd'u hoat ddng quan ly ye'u kem thi mdi quan he dien theo chieu hudng bat lgi Day la mdt mau thudn can dugc nhan thuc sau sdc va toan dien hoat ddng quan ly Vdn de dat la tang m trudng kinh te la muc tieu phai dat dugc dieu kien cu the cua nudc ta hien Cd tang trudng kinh te' thi nha nudc mdi cd tich luy, thu nhap eua ngudi dan mdi dugc nang cao, mdi cd tai san xudt md rdng Kinh te' phat trien la dieu kien quan trgng de cai thien cac quan he xa hdi va thue hien cac muc tieu xa hdi Thanh tuu xda ddi giam ngheo cua Viet Nam dugc the' gidi cdng nhan khdng chi' ndi len su tie'n bd ve kinh te' ma quan trgng hon la nd khdc phuc cac bdt binh dang ve mat xa hdi Kinh td' tang trudng, ddi sd'ng cua ngudi dugc cai thien se tao nen cac chudn muc, cac gia tri xa hdi mdi, theo dd quan he xa hdi cung cd nhung bien ddi va tac ddng tfch cue de'n tinh trang mdi trudng Hoat ddng quan ly mdi trudng chi cd the dat dugc hieu qua tren co sd y thfle ve mdi trudng cua chu the quan ly va khach the quan ly didn cung chidu Su xung ddt ve y thfle se ddn de'n su xung dot ve hanh vi Phai nhan thdy rang viec giao due y thfle mdi trudng da dugc cai thien dang ke nhung chua theo kip dien bien phflc tap cua tinh trang mdi trudng hien Nhan thfle ve mdi trudng chua du de han ehe' cac bieu hien xam hai ve mdi trudng, nhdt la lgi fch true tie'p va trudc mdt cua mdt so ngudi hoac mdt sd tap doan ngudi duge kfch thfch Vdn de dao dflc mdi trudng cung phu thudc vao y thfle mdi trudng Dao dflc mdi trudng cung nhu phap ly ve mdi trudng hien chua du de han che' cac hanh vi xam hai mdi trudng Nhu da ndi d trdn dao dflc mdi trudng gdn vdi cac chuan muc dd'i vdi mdi trudng, cac gia tri eua mdi trudng Vi vay, nd chd' udc hanh vi flng xfl vdi mdi trudng Thuc te la dao dflc mdi trudng dang bi xem nhe Vai trd cua cac to chflc xa hdi chua tuong flng vdi cac yeu cdu can phai cd hoat ddng bao ve mdi trudng Trong cac xa hdi truyen thd'ng, huong udc, le lang rat dugc coi trgng Cdc td chflc xa hdi tu nguyen, ndi rdng hon la xa hdi dan su cflng quan tam den van de mdi trudng ddi sd'ng cua cae cdng ddng dan cu Vdn de d ta da dugc quan tam va cung cd truyen thd'ng nhung rd rang Id Nghi§n ciru Phat trien ben vung, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngudi moi quan he tac ddng cua he thd'ng xa hdi chua du de ngan chan nan xam hai mdi trudng Vi vay, rflng vdn bi pha, bi dot Cac sdng vdn bj ngan ddng chay de dai vang mdt each vd td chflc Viee xay dung cac khu cdng nghiep ddn de'n viec chie'm rudng ddt canh tac ndng nghiep cua ndng dan Cac khu vuc dd thi cdng nghiep dugc tao lap ddn de'n viec tfch tu dan cu Su qua tai d khu vuc dd thi va cdng nghiep tao nen bdi qua trinh di dan, tfch tu lao ddng lam viec phan bd dan cu trd ndn bdt hgp ly, keo theo dd la su ddi hdi cac nhu cdu xa hdi khac ciia ngudi nhu toan bd he thd'ng dich vu xa hdi, nhu cdu cung cap nudc sach, vdn de dam bao ve sinh mdi trudng Qua trinh dd thi hda cudng bflc ddn de'n su mdt can bang d mdi trudng sd'ng tai cae khu dd thi va cdng nghiep Phai nhan thay rang viec danh gid cac nguyen nhan ddn de'n tinh trang mdi trudng hien khdng the tach rdi hoat ddng truyen thdng mdi trudng Cac phuong tien truyen thdng dai chung vdi iru the' la phuong tien cd kha nang quang ba cac thdng tin ve mdi trudng, da chflng td kha nang anh hudng tdi cdng chung Day la nhflng kdnh chfnh thfle cua nha nude va cua cac td chflc chfnh tri xa hdi cd nhiem vu gido due toan dien y thfle ve mdi trudng eho ngudi ddn Nhiing vdn de ve Luat bao ve mdi trudng, ve tinh trang mdi trudng bi xam hai, ve su tham gia ciia ngudi dan bao ve mdi trudng da dugc cac phuang tien truyen thdng dai chung truyen tai tao nen du luan xa hdi dd'i vdi quan ly mdi trudng Cung vdi cac phuong tien truyen thdng dai chung, hoat ddng tuydn truyen vien true tie'p ve vdn de mdi trudng dugc thuc hien d cac cdng ddng dan cu gdn vdi cac ddi tugng cdng chung cu the, d eac khu vuc qudn cu cu the cung rdt cd tdc dung viec tao lap hanh vi than thien vdi mdi trudng cua ngudi dan Y thfle dao dflc ve mdi trudng la mdt vdn de rdt co ban mdi quan he gifla ngudi vdi mdi trudng va qua trinh phdt trien va quan ly xa hdi Dao dflc la dao ly, Nghien cihi Phat trien ben vurng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 viec dd'i xfl vdi mdi trudng can dua tren ca sd phap ly la he thd'ng phap luat, song dao dflc cung gdn vdi cac chuan muc xa hdi, cac gia tri xa hdi Do dd nd chi phdi mdt each tu giac, ben bi tren tinh thdn tu nguyen, bdng hoat ddng nhan thfle tao ndn hanh vi than thien vdi mdi trudng cua ngudi dan Vi vay, dao dflc mdi trudng can dugc giao due va thuc te nd la mdt yd'u td co ban mdi tac ddng cua ngudi dd'i vdi mdi trudng Viec phan tfch cac nguyen nhan ve nhan td ngudi mdi quan he vdi mdi trudng cdn chi rd cae ye'u kem co ban he thd'ng quan Iy Bai hgc cua cac qud'c gia phat trien cho thdy hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi khdng chi dinh hudng cho su phat trien xa hdi ma nd cdn la dieu kien de thuc day su phat trien Nhat Ban sdm nhan dieu va cung da phai tra gia sud't hai thap ky 60 va 70 cua the' ky trude viec giai bai toan mdi trudng mdi quan he vdi kinh td' vd xa hdi O gdn ta, thdnh tuu cua Singapore cung cho thdy rd vai trd cua the che' quan ly xa hdi su phat trien xa hdi ndi ehung va vdn de bao ve mdi trudng ndi ridng IV f)i XUAT QUAN DIEM VA GIAI PHAP Trudc he't cdn phai khang dinh rdng hoat ddng quan ly ndi chung vd hoat ddng quan ly vd mdi trudng de dam bao su phat trien xa hdi theo xu hudng phdt trien ben vflng ehi cd the dua tren ca sd phap Iy Viec ban hanh hd thd'ng phap luat, cac van ban, nghi dinh, quy che' ve mdi trudng phai du manh de giai quyet nhflng vdn de ve mdi trudng khung khd cua che' dinh luat phap Luat Mdi trudng da dugc ban hanh, song thuc te' dien bien ve mdi trudng cho thdy rd su didu tiet cac quan he xa hdi nhu mdt ydu cdu can ban cua phap luat da dien khdng nhu luat dinh Vi vay, hoat ddng quan Iy nha nudc ve mdi trudng cdn tang cudng phd bien giao due phap luat va thuc hien cac che' dinh ve xfl phat-nghiem minh Hoat ddng quan ly Nha nudc ve mdi trudng cdn dugc su chia se cua cac bd phan xa hdi khac nhu cac doanh nghiep, xa hdi dan su m Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngudi moi quan he Trong cac du an ddu tu ma cac doanh nghiep tien hanh cdn cd su danh gia ve tdc ddng mdi trudng Cac chieu canh co ban cua su tac ddng: kinh te, xa hdi, van hda phai duge xem xet toan dien Viec cdng khai hda mue tidu va quy md cua cac du an la dieu kien edn thiet de ngudi dan bay td thai ung hd hay phan dd'i, day chfnh la su phan bien xa hdi, su bay td eua du luan xa hdi Du luan dd cd the de'n tfl cac td chflc chfnh thfle nhu nha nudc, cac td chflc dodn the nhan dan hoac tfl cac bd phan khac xa hdi dan su deu can dugc nghiem tuc xem xet, vi nd ham chfla Idi khuydn cho ke hoach va muc tieu phat trien Su tham gia cua ngudi dan cung vdi Nha nudc hoat ddng td chflc va quan ly mdi trudng cdn dap flng cac muc tieu: hieu qua, cdng bang, ben vflng va su tham gia cua ngudi dan Su tham gia cua ngudi dan la nhan td quye't dinh de tao nen mdi quan he hai hda gifla ngfldi, mdi trudng va xa hdi Hg cd the vfla la chu the quan Iy, vfla la khach the mdi quan he Ngudi dan se bay td thai cua minh vdi cac thie't che' cd trach nhiem ve nhflng van de lien quan de'n bao ve mdi trudng, nhung chinh hanh vi cua hg, cd the chi la mdt tan Ifla cham thud'c cung ddn den viec thieu chay ea mdt canh rflng Vi vay, dinh hudng cho su tham gia cua ngudi dan gdn ke't vdi cac lgi ich cua hg se lam cho quan he gifla ngudi va mdi trudng trd ndn ben vung Tfnh hieu qua the hien d ehd cac muc tieu phan anh mdi quan he cua mdi trudng, ngudi va xa hdi, du cd uu tidn cho kinh te nhung nhdt quyet khdng the coi Igi kinh te id td'i thugng Van de hieu qua cdn dugc xem xet nhu la mdt ket qua tdng hgp cua cac nhan td co ban tac ddng den mdi trudng, tao dieu kien de ngudi phat trien Van de su dung hieu qua cae ngudn luc mdi trudng can phai dugc xem xet mdt each lau dai va co ban, nhat quyet khdng the xudt phat tfl cac Igi nhuan true tiep, hieu qua ben vung chi cd the thuc hien dugc tren CO sd gdn vdi mdt chie'n luge quan ly mdi trudng toan dien Su cdng bdng ve co hdi sd'ng, dieu kien thang tie'n xa hdi, cac dam bao vd an sinh xa hdi Id mdt nguyen ly can ban di dam bao su hai hda mdi quan he gifla ngudi, mdi trudng va xa hdi Bdt binh ddng, trudc he't la ba't binh dang ve kinh te la hien tugng phd bie'n ddn den su xam hai mdi trudng Lgi nhuan true tiep va trude mdt ve kinh te' phan ldn roi vao tui cae nha ddu tu Ngudi dan chiu canh mdt ddt, mdt rflng ddn den mdt di cdc ngudn thu nhap, va theo dd la suy thodi ve van hda vd Id'i sd'ng Su khdng cdng bang Id nguydn nhan ciia cac xung dot xa hdi, nhieu rat gay gdt Ben vflng nghia la phat trien hdm ma khdng phuong hai den mai Su phuang hai cac tdn thdt ve mdi trudng gay cd the rdt trdm trgng Tram trgng de'n ndi ddn den cac he luy, khdng chi ridng he luy kinh te Trong phdt trien ngudi, vd'n de ben vung cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng, nd lidn quan den cdc chi tieu co ban nhu tinh hinh thu nhap, kha nang hudng thu cac dich vu y te, dich vu giao due, he thd'ng cdn dam bao cho ngudi phdt tridn toan dien Con ngudi phdt tridn ben vung, vi vay khdng tach rdi vdn de mdi trudng noi ma dd toan bd hoat ddng sd'ng cua ngudi dien Hoat ddng truyen thdng ve mdi trudng ed vai trd dac biet quan trgng Hoat ddng eung edp cdc thdng diep cho nhan dan ve vai trd cua mdi trudng ddi sd'ng, hudng ddn cho ngudi dan hieu dugc tam quan trgng cua mdi trudng mdi quan he vdi hoat ddng sd'ng cua hg Hdnh vi than thien vdi mdi trudng chi cd the dugc tao ndn tfl viec cung edp thdng tin va viec hudng ddn tao lap hdnh vi Cdc phuong tien truyen thdng cd vai trd quan trgng viec kiem soat mdi trudng, xfl ly nhflng xung dot tfl mdi trudng, tao didu kien de ngudi dan tham gia vao hoat ddng quan ly mdi trudng Vdn de xay dung dao dflc mdi trudng dang trd ndn rdt edp bach Dao dflc Id dao ly, cung vdi phap luat la phap ly se quy dinh hdnh vi flng xfl cua ngudi vdi mdi Nghien ciAi Phat trien ben vUng, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to ngudi moi quan he trudng Dao due mdi trudng ham chfla cac gia tri va chudn muc vi vay nd dugc quy dinh bdi chfnh tinh trang thuc te' cua mdi trudng Y thfle dao dflc la mdt dang cua y thfle xa hdi vi the' nd cdn duge bdi dudng qua trinh nhan thfle cua ngudi dan Hanh vi ung xfl vdi mdi trudng ne'u xudt phat tfl dao dflc thi se trd nen rdt co ban va ben vflng, dd la cdch iing xfl tu giac, tu nguyen tren co sd nhan thfle gia tri ve mdi trudng Cd the ddn day ldi phdt bilu cua LeviStrauss budi tra ldi phdng vdn trdn ddi truyen hinh Phap vdo nam 2005: "Trai dat da qua ddng dan sd ndn khdng cdn dd chiu nfla Tdi cam thdy bdt an ket thuc cudc ddi the gidi ma minh khdng cdn ydu thuong, nhieu ddng thuc vat va cac loai sinh vat khac dang bi huy diet den mflc dang sg chfnh trang thai qua ddng due Loai dugc ggi la ngudi dudng nhu dang sdng hoan canh gay hai cho nhau" (Suong Mai, 2009) Tam su ciia nha nhan hgc - xa hdi hgc VI dai Levi-Strauss lam ta tinh ngd vd ddi hdi hanh ddng lam de loai ngudi va mudn loai hda hgp, lodi ngudi tra dugc on nghia cho tu nhidn ma khdng phai la ke tan pha tu nhien./ TAI LIEU THAM K H A O Dao Thi Minh Hucmg: Phat trie'n ngudi va tinh trang d nhilm mdi trudng, mot so' van de thirc tiln a Viet Nam (trong sach Con ngudi: Van hoa, Quyin va Phat trien); Mai Quynh Nam chu bien; Nxb Tut dien Bach khoa; Ha Noi, 2009 Nghien cUu Phat then ben vung, so (29) - Thang 12/2010 Jean-Guyuaillan Court: Phat trien l^en virng: nguon gd'c va khai niem; Tap chf Xa hoi hoc, sd (70)/2000 Jacques Vernier: Mdi trudng sinh thai; Nxb The gidi, 1993 JIII Jager: Su thay ddi mdi trudng toan cau: mdt thach thiic dd'i vdi khoa hpc xa hoi (trong sach Khoa hpc xa hpi tren the gidi); Nxb Dai hpc qud'c gia; Ha Npi, 2006 Mai Quynh Nam: Dinh hudng gia tri ldi sd'ng, xay dung mpt Id'i sd'ng cd chat lupng hai hoa vdi moi trudtig tu nhien va xa hpi (trong sach: "Van hoa, Id'i sd'ng vdi mdi trudng"; Chu Khdc Thuat, Nguydn Van Thu chu bien); Nxb Van hda Thdng tin, 1998 Mai Quynh Nam: Du luan xa hpi ve mdi trudng; Tap chi Nghien cuu tam ly, 4/1998 Nguydn Hong Phong: Mpt so' van de ve hinh thai kinh te xa hdi van hoa va phat trien; Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2000 Nguyin Tuan Dung, D5 Minh Hop: Tir dien Quan ly xa hpi; Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, 2002 Suong Mai: Levi-Strauss - Nha tu tudng xua "Tu da sinh", cha de ciia "Chii nghia cau true" da vinh biet chiing ta; Tap chf Nghien ciru Con ngudi, sd 6/2009 10 Trinh Tiii Kim Ngoc: An ninh ngudi bdi canh bien doi khf hau toan ciu; Tap chf Nghien ciiu Con ngudi, sd' 6/2009 11 Truong Quang Hpc: Tir phat trien de'n phat trien l>ln virng: nhin til goc dp giao due va nghifin cuu khoa hpc (Ky yeu hpi thao khoa hpc: Khoa hpc phat trien ly luan va thuc tiln a Viet Nam); Dai hpc qude gia Ha Npi, Vien Viet Nam hpc va khoa hpc phat trien; Ha Npi, 2008 ... cac thach do, cac rao can Quan he lien quan toan dien den muc tieu va dinh hudng phuong phap quanly IL THUC TRANG VE MOI QUAN HE TAC DONG G I U A CON NGUC)I TRONG MOI QUAN HE G I C A MOI TRUING... the gian tie'p chi phdi hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi cua cac chii the quan ly Va'n de dat la de hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi trd nen cd hieu qua thi chfnh hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi mdt mat phai de dugc... mflc chi tra binh quan hien la 250 nghin ddng/ha/nam Cac phan tfch tren day cho tha'y cd cac quan he sau day: i) Quan he giua mdi trudng vdi ngudi; va ii) vai trd cua hoat ddng quan ly vi muc tieu
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